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Fig. 6 in Unusual shell anatomy and osteohistology in a new Late Cretaceous panchelid turtle from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 6. The holotype of the panchelid turtle Rionegrochelys caldieroi gen. et sp. nov. (MPCA-AT 258) from Parrita site, Upper Cretaceous. Thoracic vertebrae 1–3 in dorsal (A), ventral (B), and lateral (C) views. Photographs (A1–C1) and explanatory drawings (A2–C2).

Fig. 4 in Unusual shell anatomy and osteohistology in a new Late Cretaceous panchelid turtle from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 4. Photographs of the holotype of the panchelid turtle Rionegrochelys caldieroi gen. et sp. nov. (MPCA-AT 258) from Parrita site, Upper Cretaceous. Carapace in dorsal (A) and visceral (B) views. Plastron in ventral view (C). Carapace and plastron in anterior (D) and lateral (E) views. Note suturally attached pelvic girdle.

Fig. 3. A in Unusual shell anatomy and osteohistology in a new Late Cretaceous panchelid turtle from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 3. A. General view of the Upper Cretaceous outcrops of the "El Anfiteatro" area, northern Patagonia, Argentina, where the holotype of Rionegrochelys caldieroi gen. et sp. nov. was found. B. In situ photograph of the holotype of Rionegrochelys caldieroi gen. et sp. nov. C. Levels of the Plottier Formation (arrow indicates the location of specimen). D. Transportation of the holotype.

Fig. 2 in Unusual shell anatomy and osteohistology in a new Late Cretaceous panchelid turtle from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic profile of the Plottier Formation outcrop, showing the levels where Rionegrochelys caldieroi de la Fuente, Maniel, and Jannello gen. et sp. nov. was recovered. Colours of deposits are indicated accord to Rock-Color Chart Committee (1991). Modified from Salgado et al. (2009).

Fig. 5 in Unusual shell anatomy and osteohistology in a new Late Cretaceous panchelid turtle from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 5. Explanatory drawings of the holotype of the panchelid turtle Rionegrochelys caldieroi gen. et sp. nov. (MPCA-AT 258) from Parrita site, Upper Cretaceous. Carapace in dorsal (A) and visceral (B) views. Plastron in ventral view (C). Carapace and plastron in anterior (D) and lateral (E) views. Note suturally attached pelvic girdle.

Fig. 7 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 7. Sediment-filled conellae on phosphorite internal moulds of Late Oxfordian Amoeboceras serratum (Sowerby, 1813) (RUB-Pal 7-11293, body chambers) from Rybaki locality in Moscow region, Russia. Group of conellae, note the small gap between conellae and internal mould (A1), conella with irregular outline showing a microboring, conella partially covered by nacre tablets suggesting that the conellae formed within the shell, was temporarily hollow and subsequently filled with sediment (A3,A5), framboid pyrite within the sediment fill of conellae (A4), matrix rich in radiolaria (so far unidentified) (A6).

Fig. 6 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 6. Various inclusions in sediment-filled conellae. A, C. Sand grains in the conellae on the body chamber of Middle Callovian macroconch Rondiceras sp. from Nikitino locality, Ryazan region, Russia. A. GIN MPC 4/16, large sand grain on the top of conella. C. GIN MPC 4/17, small sand grain in the sediment which infilled the conella. B. Sand grain in the conella on phosphorite phragmocone of Late Volgian Virgatites virgatus (Buch, 1830) (GIN MPC 4/18) from Borsheva locality, Moscow region, Russia. D. Various algal microfossils in the internal mould of a body chamber and a conella, Amoeboceras serratum (Sowerby, 1813) [M] (GIN MPC 4/19) from Late Oxfordian, Rybaki locality in Moscow region, Russia.

Fig. 9. A in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 9. A. Aragonitic conellae in an injured area close to the aperture of Recent Nautilus pompilius Linnaeus, 1758 (RUB-Pal 11292) from Philippines; the conellae are comparable in size with fossil examples (A1, A2). Note ultrathin organic membrane is preserved and a growth from the shell surface towards the center of the fluid filled blister is proposed. B. Aragonitic and calcitic conellae-like structures in an injured area (pathological band-slit: forma aegra verticata) of the Late Callovian ammonite Quenstedtoceras sp. (GIN MPC 4/20) from Dubki, Saratov region, Russia; overview (B1), SEM image showing the shell microstructure (B2).

Fig. 5. A in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 5. A very large single sediment-filled conella on the phosphatized fragment of body chamber of Late Volgian macroconch of Craspedites sp. (GIN MPC 4/15) from Kuntsevo locality in the Moscow region, Russia. SEM image of conella showing the minute surface structure (A1), general view of the specimen (A2).

Fig. 1 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 1. Calcite conellae on internal moulds of siphuncle of Middle Ordovician endocerids from Leningrad region of Russia. A. GIN MPC 4/1, conellae in remnants of nautiloid siphuncle endocones; in top (A1) and lateral (A2) views, and close up, lateral view (A3). B. GIN MPC 4/2, single conella on the surface of pointed end of the endocerid siphuncle (spiculum). C. GIN MPC 4/3, single conella on the surface of spiculum, both with longitudinal and horizontal lines; in lateral (C1) and anterior (adapertural) (C2) views. D. GIN MPC 4/4, group of conellae on the spiculum internal mould.

Fig. 4 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 4. Sediment-filled conellae on phosphorite internal moulds of Late Oxfordian Amoeboceras serratum (Sowerby, 1813) (body chambers) from Rybaki locality in the Moscow region, Russia. A. GIN MPC 4/9, typical conella of tepee-like shape. B. GIN MPC 4/10, conella of more complex shape, note irregular outline. C. GIN MPC 4/11, groups of sediment-filled conellae with different heights. D. GIN MPC 4/12, shape of the neighbouring conellae differ significantly. E. GIN MPC 4/13, lateral view of a single conella. F. GIN MPC 4/14, conellae on the ventral keel (body chamber), with seemingly two growth phases and a lower conella in front.

Fig. 8 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 8. Limonite conellae on the internal mould of Late Devonian orthoconic nautiloid (SNSB-BSPG 2014 XXI 81216) from Morocco. Overview on the preserved two specimens composed of five preserved chambers each (A1, A2), close up of limonitic conellae of different heights (A3, A4).

Fig. 2 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 2. Calcite conellae on Late Oxfordian Amoeboceras serratum (Sowerby, 1813) [M] internal moulds from Rybaki locality in the Moscow region, Russia. A. GIN MPC 4/5, pair of calcite conellae on the last septum with partially preserved aragonite; A2, detail. B. GIN MPC 4/6, single calcite conella on internal mould of the last septum; B2, detail. C. GIN MPC 4/7, calcite conellae in the rear part of phosphorite internal mould of the body chamber.

Fig. 3 in Conellae, enigmatic structures on cephalopod shells -shapes, distribution, and formation

Fig. 3. Calcite conellae on the area of annular elevation of Late Callovian Quenstedtoceras lamberti (Sowerby, 1819) [M] (GIN MPC 4/8) from Peski locality in the Moscow region, Russia. Overview of the specimen (A1), note the transition from phragmocone to body chamber at about the middle of the preserved outer whorl. Close-up of tightly packed aggregates of conellae (A2, A3).

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Fig. 3 in Early Cambrian "soft-shelled" brachiopods as possible stem-group phoronids

Fig. 3. Schematic reconstruction of lingullotretid brachiopod Lingulosacculus nuda gen. et sp. nov. Abbreviation: ap, anterior projection.

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Fig. 2 in Early Cambrian "soft-shelled" brachiopods as possible stem-group phoronids

Fig. 2. Anterior portion of lingullotretid brachiopod Lingulosacculus nuda gen. et sp. nov. (GSC−34952) in low−angle light, showing lophophore arms.

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Fig. 1 in Early Cambrian "soft-shelled" brachiopods as possible stem-group phoronids

Fig. 1. Light micrographs (A1, B1) and camera lucida drawings (A2, B2) of lingullotretid brachiopod Lingulosacculus nuda gen. et sp. nov. A. GSC−34952, with the smaller oval−shaped dorsal valve superimposed on the larger coniform ventral valve. B. GSC−34953 (holotype), with the smaller dorsal valve largely obscured by the superimposed ventral valve; white arrows in B1 indicate the margins of the propareas on the ventral pseudointerarea.

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Fig. 3 in A new soft-shelled trionychid turtle of the genus Khunnuchelys from the Upper Cretaceous Bostobe Formation of Kazakhstan

Fig. 3. The trionychid turtle Khunnuchelys lophorhothon sp. nov. from Baykhozha, northeastern Aral Sea region, Kazakhstan, Bostobe Formation, Santonian–lower Campanian, Upper Cretaceous; ZIN PH 1/146, a partial skull; in ventral (A), dorsal (B), lateral (C), and posterior (D) views.

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Fig. 1 in A new soft-shelled trionychid turtle of the genus Khunnuchelys from the Upper Cretaceous Bostobe Formation of Kazakhstan

Fig. 1. Map showing main localities of Cretaceous trionychids in Middle Asia and Kazakhstan. A, Dzharakuduk; B, Baybishe; C, Shakh-Shakh; D, Kyrkkuduk I; E, Kansai; F, Kylodzhun; G, Baykhozha. See Vitek and Danilov (2010, 2012, 2013) and Danilov and Vitek (2013) for data on localities other than Baykhozha.