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Supplementary material 7 from: Paez-Triana L, Herrera G, Vega L, Garcia-Corredor D, Pulido Medellín MO, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Muñoz M, Ramírez JD (2023) Metagenomic exploration of endosymbionts and pathogens in the tropical lineage of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) ticks in Colombia. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 7: e109085. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.7.109085
Metadata and information regarding the genomes included in the analysis for endosymbiont and pathogen identification
Supplementary material 5 from: Paez-Triana L, Herrera G, Vega L, Garcia-Corredor D, Pulido Medellín MO, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Muñoz M, Ramírez JD (2023) Metagenomic exploration of endosymbionts and pathogens in the tropical lineage of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) ticks in Colombia. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 7: e109085. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.7.109085
Results of dereplication, as well as phylogenomics analysis and pangenome exploration of all samples (including longer MAGs)
Supplementary material 10 from: Paez-Triana L, Herrera G, Vega L, Garcia-Corredor D, Pulido Medellín MO, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Muñoz M, Ramírez JD (2023) Metagenomic exploration of endosymbionts and pathogens in the tropical lineage of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) ticks in Colombia. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 7: e109085. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.7.109085
p-values obtained between departments and sexes within each department using the Wilcoxon test on the relative abundances of each genus (Bacteria and Archaea)
Fig. 1 in Molecular characterization of 'Candidatus Borrelia tachyglossi' (family Spirochaetaceae) in echidna ticks, Bothriocroton concolor
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on flaB, groEL, glpQ and gyrB gene sequences, and concatenated gene sequences of 'Candidatus Borrelia tachyglossi' genotypes A, B, and C identified in Bothriocroton concolor ticks from echidnas. Brachyspira pilosicoli (AY241832), Treponema pallidum (NZ_CP010566), Escherichia coli (X56907) and Spirochaeta lutea (JNUP01000064) were used as outgroups for each gene, respectively. Sequences determined in this study are indicated in bold type. Node labels represent posterior probabilities. Bars, substitutions per nucleotide position.
Data from: Metabolomic and transcriptomic responses of ticks during recovery from cold shock reveal mechanisms of survival
<p>Ticks are blood-feeding ectoparasites but spend most of their life off-host where they may have to tolerate low winter temperatures. Rapid cold-hardening (RCH) is a process commonly used by arthropods, including ticks, to improve survival of acute low temperature exposure. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms in ticks associated with RCH, cold shock, and recovery from these stresses. In the present study, we investigated the extent to which RCH influences gene expression and metabolism during recovery from cold stress in Dermacentor variabilis, the American dog tick, using a combined transcriptomics and metabolomics approach. Following recovery from RCH, 1,860 genes were differentially expressed in ticks, whereas only 99 genes responded during recovery to direct cold shock. Recovery from RCH resulted in an upregulation of various pathways associated with ion binding, transport, metabolism, and cellular structures seen in the response of other arthropods to cold. The accumulation of various metabolites, including several amino acids and betaine, corresponded to transcriptional shifts in the pathways associated with these molecules, suggesting congruent metabolome and transcriptome changes. Ticks receiving exogenous betaine and valine demonstrated enhanced cold tolerance, suggesting cryoprotective effects of these metabolites. Overall, many of the responses during recovery from cold shock in ticks were similar to those observed in other arthropods, but several adjustments may be distinct from other currently examined taxa.</p>
Distribution. WC core and SE peninsula of Sulawesi, including Mt Kanino, Mt Nokilalaki, Mt Lehio, Rano Rano, and Mamasa regions, Quarles Range, Mt Rantemario, and Mt Latimojong. Descriptive notes. er 155-242 mm, tail 138-190 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hind-foot 28-45 mm; weight 95-170 g. The Montane Hill Rat is the largest member of the B. fratrorum species group, with broad head, long rostrum, and robust body. Pelage is moderately long, soft, and lustrous, with shortish blackish guard hairs mixed throughout. Dorsum is brownish gray, speckled with buff that is a mix of dark gray underfur and overhairs with brown tips and buffy bands, being dark gray for the most part. Sides are paler grayish brown and fade into ventral pelage. Sides of muzzle are white. Venter is grayish white or dark grayish white, although some are grayish buff, with gray hairs and unpigmented tips or unpigmented altogether, respectively. Juveniles are duller and darker, with more grayish white underparts. Feet are long and slender, with white digits. Ears are large, covered in short unpigmented hair, rubbery, and gray and brown hues. Tail is 88-102% of head-body length and mainly bicolored, brownish gray to blackish gray dorsally and glossy white ventrally, with white tip most of the time. Scrotum is gray. Skull is large, with long and wide rostrum and narrow zygomatic plate. Fleas (e.g. Sigmactenus, Stivalius, Musserella, and Dasypsyllus), ticks (Rhipicephalus) pseudoscorpions (Magachernes and Chiridiochernes), and nematodes (Bunomystrongylus and Sibulura) have been recorded from the Montane Hill Rat. There are two pairs of inguinal mammae. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 42, FN = 60 (females) or FN = 61 (males). in Muridae
Distribution. WC core and SE peninsula of Sulawesi, including Mt Kanino, Mt Nokilalaki, Mt Lehio, Rano Rano, and Mamasa regions, Quarles Range, Mt Rantemario, and Mt Latimojong. Descriptive notes. er 155-242 mm, tail 138-190 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hind-foot 28-45 mm; weight 95-170 g. The Montane Hill Rat is the largest member of the B. fratrorum species group, with broad head, long rostrum, and robust body. Pelage is moderately long, soft, and lustrous, with shortish blackish guard hairs mixed throughout. Dorsum is brownish gray, speckled with buff that is a mix of dark gray underfur and overhairs with brown tips and buffy bands, being dark gray for the most part. Sides are paler grayish brown and fade into ventral pelage. Sides of muzzle are white. Venter is grayish white or dark grayish white, although some are grayish buff, with gray hairs and unpigmented tips or unpigmented altogether, respectively. Juveniles are duller and darker, with more grayish white underparts. Feet are long and slender, with white digits. Ears are large, covered in short unpigmented hair, rubbery, and gray and brown hues. Tail is 88-102% of head-body length and mainly bicolored, brownish gray to blackish gray dorsally and glossy white ventrally, with white tip most of the time. Scrotum is gray. Skull is large, with long and wide rostrum and narrow zygomatic plate. Fleas (e.g. Sigmactenus, Stivalius, Musserella, and Dasypsyllus), ticks (Rhipicephalus) pseudoscorpions (Magachernes and Chiridiochernes), and nematodes (Bunomystrongylus and Sibulura) have been recorded from the Montane Hill Rat. There are two pairs of inguinal mammae. Chromosomal complement is 2n = 42, FN = 60 (females) or FN = 61 (males).
No net effect of host density on tick-borne disease hazard due to opposing roles of vector amplification and pathogen dilution
<p>To better understand vector-borne disease dynamics, knowledge of the ecological interactions between animal hosts, vectors and pathogens is needed. The effects of hosts on disease hazard depends on their role in driving vector abundance and their ability to transmit pathogens. Theoretically, a host that cannot transmit a pathogen could dilute pathogen prevalence but increase disease hazard if it increases vector population size. In the case of Lyme disease, caused by <em>Borrelia burgdorferi </em>s.l. and vectored by Ixodid ticks, deer may have dual opposing effects on vectors and pathogen: deer drive tick population densities but do not transmit <em>B. burgdorferi</em> s.l. and could thus decrease or increase disease hazard. We aimed to test for the role of deer in shaping Lyme disease hazard by using a wide range of deer densities while taking transmission host abundance into account. We predicted that deer increase nymphal tick abundance while reducing pathogen prevalence. The resulting impact of deer on disease hazard will depend on the relative strengths of these opposing effects. We conducted a cross-sectional survey across 24 woodlands in Scotland between 2017 and 2019, estimating host (deer, rodents) abundance, questing<em> Ixodes ricinus</em> nymph density and <em>B. burgdorferi</em> s.l. prevalence at each site. As predicted, deer density was positively associated with nymph density and negatively with nymphal infection prevalence. Overall, these two opposite effects cancelled each other out: Lyme disease hazard did not vary with increasing deer density. This demonstrates that, across a wide range of deer and rodent densities, the role of deer in amplifying tick densities cancels their effect of reducing pathogen prevalence. We demonstrate how non-competent host density has little effect on disease hazard even though they reduce pathogen prevalence, because of their role in increasing vector populations. These results have implications for informing disease mitigation strategies, especially through host management.</p>
FIGURES 11–16 in A new species of tick (Acari: Ixodidae) from seabirds in New Zealand and Australia, previously misidentified as Ixodes eudyptidis
FIGURES 11–16. Female spiracles: 11, Ixodes laridis. 12, Ixodes eudyptidis. Female anal grooves: 13, Ixodes laridis. 14, Ixodes eudyptidis. Male epimeral plates and spiracles: 15, Ixodes laridis. 16, Ixodes eudyptidis [only anterior portions of epimera shown. A: anterior, D: dorsal].
FIGURES 40–45 in A new species of tick (Acari: Ixodidae) from seabirds in New Zealand and Australia, previously misidentified as Ixodes eudyptidis
FIGURES 40–45. Males, ventral views: 40, Ixodes eudyptidis. 41, Ixodes laridis. Anal and adanal plates: 42, Ixodes eudyptidis. 43, Ixodes laridis. Sternal plates (jugular, pregenital) and genital aperture: 44, Ixodes eudyptidis. 45, Ixodes laridis.
FIGURES 23–28 in A new species of tick (Acari: Ixodidae) from seabirds in New Zealand and Australia, previously misidentified as Ixodes eudyptidis
FIGURES 23–28. Ixodes laridis nymph: 23, scutum; 24, hypostome. 25, capitulum dorsal view, 26, capitulum ventral view [both without setae]. 27, coxae and trochanters (I–IV). 28, tarsi (I, IV).
FIGURES 7–10 in A new species of tick (Acari: Ixodidae) from seabirds in New Zealand and Australia, previously misidentified as Ixodes eudyptidis
FIGURES 7–10. Ixodes laridis: 7, female hypostome. 8, female tarsi (I–IV). 9, male capitulum, dorsal view. 10, male capitulum, ventral view [both without setae and hypostomal dentition].
FIGURES 34–39 in A new species of tick (Acari: Ixodidae) from seabirds in New Zealand and Australia, previously misidentified as Ixodes eudyptidis
FIGURES 34–39. Female scuta: 34, Ixodes eudyptidis. 35, Ixodes laridis. Figs 36–39, capitulum: 36, Ixodes eudyptidis, dorsal view. 37, Ixodes laridis, dorsal view. 38, Ixodes eudyptidis, ventral view. 39, Ixodes laridis, ventral view.
FIGURES 1–6 in A new species of tick (Acari: Ixodidae) from seabirds in New Zealand and Australia, previously misidentified as Ixodes eudyptidis
FIGURES 1–6. Female basis capituli [without setae and hypostomal dentition]: Ixodes laridis: 1, dorsal view. 2, ventral view. Ixodes eudyptidis: 3, dorsal view. 4, ventral view. Scuta: 5, Ixodes laridis. 6, Ixodes eudyptidis.
FIGURE 46 in A new species of tick (Acari: Ixodidae) from seabirds in New Zealand and Australia, previously misidentified as Ixodes eudyptidis
FIGURE 46. Distribution of Ixodes laridis (blue circles) and Ixodes eudyptidis (red squares) in New Zealand (including Chatham Islands, lower right insert) and south-eastern Australia (top left insert), and Ixodes kohlsi in Australia (yellow triangles). The three maps are drawn at different scales.
FIGURES 17–20. Males. Ixodes laridis. 17, body dorsal view. 18, body ventral view. 19, hypostome. Ixodes eudyptidis. 20 in A new species of tick (Acari: Ixodidae) from seabirds in New Zealand and Australia, previously misidentified as Ixodes eudyptidis
FIGURES 17–20. Males. Ixodes laridis. 17, body dorsal view. 18, body ventral view. 19, hypostome. Ixodes eudyptidis. 20, posterior region, ventral view.
FIGURES 29–33 in A new species of tick (Acari: Ixodidae) from seabirds in New Zealand and Australia, previously misidentified as Ixodes eudyptidis
FIGURES 29–33. Ixodes laridis larva: 29, body dorsal view. 30, body ventral view. 31, capitulum ventral view. 32, capitulum dorsal view [without setae and hypostomal dentition]. 33, tarsi (I, III).
Fig. 2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showing the hard tick morphology. a in parasitised feathered dinosaurs as Cretaceous amber assemblages revealed
Fig. 2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showing the hard tick morphology. a Habitus in ventral view of the Cornupalpatum burmanicum nymph associated with feathers. Scale bar, 0.2 mm. b Detail of the gnathosoma and coxal area in ventral view revealing the absence of genital pore. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. c Dorsal view detail of the gnathosoma and anterior part of the scutum (arrow indicates the lateral margin of the scutum). Scale bar, 0.1 mm
FIGURE 3 in A new subgenus of hard ticks, Filippoviella n. subgen. (Acari: Ixodidae) comprising Ixodes trianguliceps Birula, 1895 and I. ghilarovi Filippova & Panova, 1988, parasites of small mammals in Europe and Asia
FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic tree inferred from the concatenated nucleotide sequences of the nuclear small and large ribosomal subunits (18S and 28S) of 8 ticks, including representatives of 7 of the 23 subgenera of Ixodes. The numbers above the branches indicate Bayesian Inference posterior probability supports inferred by MrBayes.
FIGURE 2 in A new subgenus of hard ticks, Filippoviella n. subgen. (Acari: Ixodidae) comprising Ixodes trianguliceps Birula, 1895 and I. ghilarovi Filippova & Panova, 1988, parasites of small mammals in Europe and Asia
FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree inferred from the concatenated nucleotide sequences of 10 protein-coding genes of the mitochondrial genomes of 35 ticks, including representatives of 17 of the 23 subgenera of Ixodes. The numbers above the branches indicate Bayesian Inference posterior probability supports inferred by MrBayes and the numbers below the branches indicate Maximum Likelihood bootstrap support inferred by RAxML.
FIGURE 1 in A new subgenus of hard ticks, Filippoviella n. subgen. (Acari: Ixodidae) comprising Ixodes trianguliceps Birula, 1895 and I. ghilarovi Filippova & Panova, 1988, parasites of small mammals in Europe and Asia
FIGURE 1. Mitochondrial genome of Ixodes (Filippoviella) trianguliceps. Protein coding genes are in green, tRNAs are in pink, rRNAs are in red, and the control region is in blue. Protein-coding genes are labelled with their four-character abbreviations, tRNAs are labelled with their one-letter amino-acid abbreviations and the control region is labelled as CR. The size of the mitogenome is indicated in brackets
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