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FIGURE 17 in Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile

FIGURE 17. Positive relationship between echeme duration and ambient temperature in Chilecicada impartemporaria.

PLATE 1 in Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile

PLATE 1. Living habitus of Chilecicada species. A. C. citatatemporaria PARATOPOTYPE, Región de Valparaíso, Provincia de Petorca; B. C. culenesensis PARATOPOTYPE specimen PL714, Región Metropolitana; C. C. impartemporaria PARATYPE, Región de Valparaíso, Provincia de Petorca; D. C. magna HOLOTYPE specimen JM037, Región del Maule; E. C. mapuchensis HOLOTYPE specimen PL518, Región Metropolitana; F. C. occidentis Región Metropolitana, Provincia de Santiago; G. C. oraria PARATOPOTYPE, Región del Maule, Provincia de Cauquenes; H. C. parrajaraorum HOLOTYPE specimen PL722, Región O'Higgins; I. C. partemporaria; J. C. pehuenchesensis PARATYPE specimen PL516, Región Metropolitana; K. C. trifascia HOLOTYPE specimen PL430, Región O'Higgins; L. C. trifasciunca PARATOPOTYPE specimen PL515, Región Metropolitana; M. C. viridicitata PARATOPOTYPE, Región O'Higgins, Provincia de Cochagüa.

PLATE 2 in Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile

PLATE 2. Waveforms of Chilecicada songs. Left column 5 s oscillogram windows show echemes and echeme sequences, right column 0.5 s windows show pulses and syllables within echemes.

FIGURE 3. Chilecicada curacaviensis n in Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile

FIGURE 3. Chilecicada curacaviensis n, sp.: A, Holotype male habitus; B, holotype male dorsum; C, holotype male timbal; D, holotype male operculum; E, holotype male lateral view of genitalia; F, holotype male posterior view of genitalia. Scale bar: A, 2 cm; B, 2 mm; C–F, 1 mm.

FIGURE 2. Chilecicada culenesensis n in Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile

FIGURE 2. Chilecicada culenesensis n. sp.: A, Holotype male and paratype female habitus; B, holotype male dorsum; C, holotype male timbal; D, paratype male operculum; E, paratype female operculum; F, paratype male lateral view of genitalia; G, paratype male posterior view of genitalia; H, paratype female lateral view of genitalia; I, paratype f female ventral view of genitalia. Scale bar: A, 2 cm; B, 2 mm; C–G, 1 mm; H–I, 2 mm.

FIGURE 4. Chilecicada impartemporaria n in Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile

FIGURE 4. Chilecicada impartemporaria n. sp.: A, Holotype male and paratype female habitus; B, holotype male dorsum; C, holotype male timbal; D, paratype male operculum; E, paratype female operculum; F, paratype male lateral view of genitalia; G, paratype male posterior view of genitalia; H, paratype female lateral view of genitalia; I, paratype female ventral view of genitalia. Scale bar: A, 2 cm; B, 2 mm; C–G, 1 mm; H–I, 2 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile

FIGURE 7. Chilecicada occidentis (Walker, 1850): A, Male and female habitus; B, male dorsum; C, male timbal; D, male operculum; E, female operculum; F, male lateral view of genitalia; G, male posterior view of genitalia; H, female lateral view of genitalia; I, female ventral view of genitalia. Scale bar: A, 2 cm; B, 2 mm; C–G, 1 mm; H–I, 2 mm.

FIGURE 5. Chilecicada magna n in Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile

FIGURE 5. Chilecicada magna n. sp.: A, Holotype male and paratype female habitus; B, holotype male dorsum; C, holotype male timbal; D, holotype male operculum; E, paratype female operculum; F, paratype male lateral view of genitalia; G, paratype male posterior view of genitalia; H, paratype female lateral view of genitalia; I, paratype female ventral view of genitalia. Scale bar: A, 2 cm; B, 2 mm; C–G, 1 mm; H–I, 2 mm.

FIGURE 11. Chilecicada pehuenchesensis n in Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile

FIGURE 11. Chilecicada pehuenchesensis n, sp.: A, Holotype male habitus; B, holotype male dorsum; C, holotype male timbal; D, paratype male operculum; E, paratype male lateral view of genitalia; F, paratype male posterior view of genitalia. Scale bar: A, 2 cm; B, 2 mm; C–F, 1 mm.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

dryad32/100

Weather driven demography and population dynamics of an endemic perennial plant during a 34-year period

1. Increased anthropogenic influence on the environment has accentuated the need to assess how climate and other environmental factors drive vital rates and population dynamics of different types of organisms. However, to allow distinction between effects of multiple correlated variables, and to capture the effects of rare and extreme climatic conditions, studies extending over decades are often necessary. 2. In this study we used an individual-based dataset collected in three populations of Pulsatilla vulgaris subsp. gotlandica during 34 years, to explore the effects of variation in precipitation and temperature on vital rates and population dynamics. 3. Most of the observed conspicuous variation in flowering among years was associated with differences in precipitation and temperature in the previous summer and autumn with a higher incidence of flowering following summers with high precipitation and low temperatures. In contrast, climatic variables had no significant effects on individual growth or survival. 4. Although the weather-driven variation in flowering had only moderate absolute effects on the population growth rate, simulated persistent changes in average precipitation and temperature resulted in considerable reductions in population sizes compared with current conditions. Analyses carried out with with subsets of data consisting of 5 and 10 years yielded results that strongly deviated from those based on the full data set. 5. Synthesis: The results of this study illustrate the importance of long-term demographic monitoring to identify key climatic variables affecting vital rates and driving population dynamics in long-lived organisms.

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Data from: Species boundaries in the messy middle – testing the hypothesis of micro-endemism in a recently diverged lineage of coastal fog desert lichen fungi

Species delimitation among closely related species is challenging because traditional phenotype-based approaches, e.g., morphology, ecological, or chemical characteristics, often produce conflicting results. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing, it has become increasingly cost-effective to acquire genome-scale data which can resolve previously ambiguous species boundaries. As the availability of genome-scale data has increased, numerous species delimitation analyses, such as BPP and SNAPP+Bayes factor delimitation (BFD*), have been developed to delimit species boundaries. However, even empirical molecular species delimitation approaches can be biased by confounding evolutionary factors, e.g., hybridization/introgression and incomplete lineage sorting, and computational limitations. Here we investigate species boundaries and the potential for micro-endemism in a lineage of lichen-forming fungi, Niebla Rundel & Bowler in the family Ramalinaceae. The species delimitation models tend to support more specious groupings, but were unable to infer robust, consistent species delimitations. The results of our study highlight the problem of delimiting species, particularly in groups such as Niebla, with complex, recent phylogeographic histories.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

FIGURE 5. Magnolia faustinomirandae. A-B in Three new species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) endemic to the north-wet-arc in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala

FIGURE 5. Magnolia faustinomirandae. A-B. Flower at male phase. C. Isolated trees. D. Mature polyfollicles. E. Dehiscing fruit. F. Seeds, fruit after dehiscence. Photographs by E. Tribouillier.

FIGURE 4. Magnolia veliziana A. Habit. B in Three new species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) endemic to the north-wet-arc in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala

FIGURE 4. Magnolia veliziana A. Habit. B. Flower in the female phase. C, D. Flower in male phase E-H. Gynoecium and pubescence. F. Holotype. G. Polyfollicles after dehiscence. I. Seeds and dehiscing fruits. Photographs by E. Tribouillier.

FIGURE 1 in Three new species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) endemic to the north-wet-arc in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala

FIGURE 1. Distribution of Magnoliaceae in Guatemala. Map A shows the full set of known Magnoliaceae localities for species occurring in Guatemala and extent rectangles for five closeup maps B–F; maps B, D, E represent Magnolia localities for species from section Magnolia, including close up to the North-Wet-Arc (B), to the zone of Huehuetenango and western Quiché (D); to Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz and eastern Quiché (E); map C is a closeup to the localities for species from section Talauma; map F is a closeup to the known confirmed localities of M. hondurensis and M. yoroconte.

FIGURE 2. Magnolia javieri. A. Flower after male phase. B-C. Flowering branches and leaves. D. Dehiscing fruit. E in Three new species of Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) endemic to the north-wet-arc in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala

FIGURE 2. Magnolia javieri. A. Flower after male phase. B-C. Flowering branches and leaves. D. Dehiscing fruit. E. Abaxial side of leaf. F. Seedlings. Photographs by F. Archila.

FIGURE 3 in Speciation and secondary contact in a fossorial island endemic, the São Tomé caecilian

FIGURE 3 Results of demographic modelling (δaδi; Gutenkunst et al., 2009) and demographic parameter estimation (G-PHOCS; Gronau et al., 2011) analyses. (a) Stylized representation of the best supported model from δaδi with parameters superimposed from G-PHOCS. (b) The fit between the best-supported model and the data is shown using the two-dimensional site frequency spectrum (2D-SFS) and plots of the residuals

FIGURE 2 in Speciation and secondary contact in a fossorial island endemic, the São Tomé caecilian

FIGURE 2 Results of the HIEST version 2.0 (Fitzpatrick, 2012) analysis. (a) Joint maximum likelihood estimates of ancestry (S value) and interclass heterozygosity (H value) for Schistometopum thomense (S. thomense) and Schistometopum ephele (S. ephele) for 41 diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Individuals are coloured by morphology (yellow, unflecked = yellow; brown, flecked = grey) indicating that most admixed individuals (intermediate S and H values) are flecked. (b) H values plotted against latitude show that admixed individuals are restricted to the centre of the island at the contact zone. Individuals are coloured according to S values (≥0.9 or ≤0.1)

FIGURE 1 in Speciation and secondary contact in a fossorial island endemic, the São Tomé caecilian

FIGURE 1 Schistometopum sampling on São Tomé Island. (a) Map shows distribution of genomic samples with the size of circles proportional to the number of individuals at that site. Individuals with at least 90% ancestry assigned to Schistometopum thomense (S. thomense) are shown in purple, 90% ancestry assigned to Schistometopum ephele (S. ephele) in green, and admixed individuals in orange. Site abbreviations are as follows: AA, Anselmo Andrade; BO, Bombaim; BS, Bom Sucesso; CN, Contador Valley North; CS, Contador Valley South; CV, Canavial; JA, Java + Abade; LB, Lemba River; ML, Rio Maria Luisa; ON, Obo National Park; PA, Porto Alegre; QI, Quisinda; RD, Rio d'Ouro; SF, Santa Fe; SL, Santa Luzia. The type locality of S. ephele (Água Izé, 400–700 m) is probably between the coastal community of Água Izé (indicated by black star) and Java. (b) Plot of ancestry coefficients estimated with ADMIXTURE version 1.3.0 (Alexander et al. (2009) for K = 2. Circles above the plot show the haplotype of each individual from the mitochondrial ND4 locus, and morphological assignment (yellow, unflecked = yellow; brown, flecked = grey). (c) ND4 haplotype network for new samples and previously published data (Stoelting et al., 2014) estimated in PopART (Leigh & Bryant, 2015). Twenty-six mutations separate the haplotype groups. (d) Principal component analysis (PCA) of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data with individuals coloured according to their ancestry assignment from (b). Photo credits: A. Stanbridge

FIGURE 4 in Speciation and secondary contact in a fossorial island endemic, the São Tomé caecilian

FIGURE 4 Summary of environmental space occupancy analyses. (a) Photos of habitat in representative dry (top) and wet (bottom) regions of São Tomé Island. (b) Violin plot of precipitation values at sites for pure and admixed caecilians (top), bar plots of land cover (middle), and bar plots of soil types and ages (bottom). (c) Annual precipitation (mm) across the island, with drier habitat in the north and wetter habitat in the south (top), land cover across the island, adapted from Soares (2017; middle), and soil types and ages across the island, adapted from Caldeira and Munhá (2002) and Stoelting et al. (2014; bottom). Photo credits: J. Shevock, A. Stanbridge