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FIGURE 10 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications

FIGURE 10. Dendrogram of average linkage (between groups)-squared euclidean distance in the hierarchical cluster analysis of 42 populations (OTUs).

FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications

FIGURE 9. Dendrogram of average linkage (between groups)-Manhattan distance in the hierarchical cluster analysis of 42 populations (OTUs).

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications

FIGURE 2. Measurements of quantitavive characters related to leaf (µm) ― 21˗RPL: row number of parenchymatous cells at leaf section, 22a˗UPW: width of upper epidermal cells at leaf section, 22b˗UPL: length of upper epidermal cells at leaf section, 23a˗LOW: width of lower epidermal cells at leaf section, 23b˗LOL: length of lower epidermal cells at leaf section, 24a˗PLW: width of parenchymatous cells at leaf section, 24b˗PLL: length of parenchymatous cells at leaf section, 25a˗XEW: width of xylem elements at leaf section, 25b˗XEL: length of xylem elements at leaf section, 26a˗PMW: width of phloem elements at leaf section, 26b˗PML: length of phloem elements at leaf section, 27˗RSI: ratio of stoma index (not indicated on figure).

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications

FIGURE 1. Measurements of quantitavive characters (µm). A, B. Root; 1˗CXW: width of cortex region at root section, 2a˗ERW: width of epidermal cells at root section, 2b˗ERL: length of epidermal cells at root section, 3a˗EXW: width of exodermal cells at root section, 3b˗EXL: length of exodermal cells at root section, 4a˗COW: width of cortex parenchymatous cells at root section, 4b˗COL: length of cortex parenchymatous cells at root section, 5˗RER: row number of endodermal cells at root section, 6˗RPR: row number of pericycle cells at root section, 7a˗ENW: width of endodermal cells at root section, 7b˗ENL: length of endodermal cells at root section, 8a˗PEW: width of pericycle cells at root section, 8b˗PRL: length of pericycle cells at root section, 9˗NPR: number of protoxylem at root section, 10˗NMR: number of metaxylem elements at root section, 11a˗MXW: width of metaxylem elements at root section, 11b˗MXL: length of metaxylem elements at root section. C, D. Scape; 12˗DSS: diameter of scape section, 13˗ANP: the average number of cell in pith at scape section, 14a˗EPW: width of epidermal cells at scape section, 14b˗EPL: length of epidermal cells at scape section, 15a˗CLW: width of collenchyma cells at scape section, 15b˗CLL: length of collenchyma cells at scape section, 16a˗PAW: width of parenchymatous cells at scape section, 16b˗PAL: length of parenchymatous cells at scape section, 17˗RSS: row number of sclerenchyma cells at scape section, 18a˗PHW: width of phloem elements at scape section, 18b˗PEL: length of phloem elements at scape section, 19a˗SSW: width of sclerenchyma cells at scape section, 19b˗SSL: length of sclerenchyma cells at scape section, 20a˗XYW: width of xylem elements at scape section, 20b˗XYL: length of xylem elements at scape section.

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications

FIGURE 3. Grouping and coding the character states of a quantitative character on a modified Whisker's graph.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Woody encroachment of grasslands: near-surface thermal implications through the lens of an astronomical event

Temperature has long been understood as a fundamental condition that influences ecological patterns and processes. Heterogeneity in landscapes that is structured by ultimate (climate) and proximate (vegetation, topography, disturbance events, and land use) forces serve to shape thermal patterns across multiple spatio-temporal scales. Thermal landscapes of grasslands are likely shifting as woody encroachment fragments these ecosystems and studies quantifying thermal fragmentation in grassland systems resulting from woody encroachment are lacking. We utilized the August 21st, 2017 solar eclipse to mimic a rapid sunrise/sunset event across a landscape characterized as a grassland to experimentally manipulate levels of solar radiation in the system. We then quantified changes in near surface temperatures resulting from changes in solar radiation levels during the eclipse. Temperatures were monitored across three grassland pastures in central Oklahoma that were characterized by different densities (low, medium, and high) of Juniperus virginiana to understand the impact of woody encroachment on diurnal temperature patterns and thermal heterogeneity in a grassland's thermal landscape. The largest temperature range across sites that occurred during the eclipse was in the mixed grass vegetation. Similarly, the largest change in thermal heterogeneity occurred in the grassland with the lowest amount of woody encroachment. Thermal heterogeneity was lowest in the highly encroached grassland, which also experienced the lowest overall change in thermal heterogeneity during the eclipse. Time-series models suggested that solar radiation was the most influential factor in predicting changes in thermal heterogeneity as opposed to ambient temperature alone. These results suggest that highly encroached grasslands may experience lower diurnal variability of temperatures at the cost of a decrease in the overall thermal heterogeneity of that landscape. It appears that fine-scale spatio-temporal thermal variation is largely driven by solar radiation, which can be influenced by vegetation heterogeneity inherent within a landscape.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Data from: Implications of landscape evolution and climate fluctuation on bird species diversification in Neotropics

Among several factors proposed as drivers of species diversification in the American tropics, the riverine barriers hypothesis plays a central role in Amazonian biogeography, being observed in many species. Although the hypothesis has great evolutionary importance, some species deviate from the expected biogeographic pattern. Their evolutionary histories are better explained when considering climatic oscillations or joint action of climatic fluctuations and river dynamics. Here, we used reduced representation genome sequencing and species distribution models to better understand the implications of landscape dynamics and climate shifts on species diversification in the Neotropics. The blue-crowned Manakin (Lepidothrix coronata) has one of the widest distributions amongst Manakin, with remarkable phenotypic variation across its distribution, thus an excellent model for this sort of study. We found evidence for the existence of four, geographically structured, evolutionarily independent lineages that diverged close to the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary. Despite distribution models indicating habitat suitability crossing the rivers, we found no evidence of gene flow between the lineages, suggesting that the diversification process was mainly triggered by vicariant events, such as the establishment of the Amazonian rivers and the rise of the northern Andes.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Supplemental Datafiles for the manuscript "Crustal structure of northern Borneo from VDSS: Implications for subduction termination and the tectonic reconstruction of SE Asia"

Processed waveform data (windowed/filtered) from the seismic stations for the Virtual Deep Seismic Sounding (VDSS) study in northern Borneo.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Evolutionary processes in an undescribed eucalypt: implications for the translocation of a critically endangered species

Background and Aims Knowledge of the evolutionary processes responsible for the distribution of threatened and highly localised species is important for their conservation. Population genomics can provide insights into evolutionary processes to inform management practices, including the translocation of threatened plant species. In this study, we focus on a critically endangered eucalypt, Eucalyptus sp. Cattai, which is restricted to a 40 km 2 area of Sydney, Australia and is threatened by increased urbanisation. Eucalyptus sp. Cattai is yet to be formally described in part due to its suspected hybrid origin. Here, we examined evolutionary processes and species boundaries in E. sp. Cattai to determine whether translocation was warranted. Methods We used genome-wide scans to investigate the evolutionary relationships of E. sp. Cattai with related species, and to assess levels of genetic health and admixture. Morphological trait and genomic data were obtained from seedlings of E. sp. Cattai propagated in a common garden to assess their genetic provenance and hybrid status. Key Results All analyses revealed that E. sp. Cattai was strongly supported as a distinct species. Genetic diversity varied across populations, and clonality was unexpectedly high. Interspecific hybridisation was detected, and was more prevalent in seedlings compared to in situ adult plants, indicating that post-zygotic barriers may restrict the establishment of hybrids. Conclusions Multiple evolutionary processes (e.g., hybridisation and clonality) can operate within the one rare and restricted species. Insights regarding evolutionary processes from our study were used to assist with the translocation of genetically 'pure' and healthy ex situ seedlings to nearby suitable habitat. Our findings demonstrate that it is vital to provide an understanding of evolutionary relationships and processes with an examination of population genomics in the design and implementation of an effective translocation strategy.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Implications of climate change for environmental niche overlap between five Cuscuta pest species and their two main host crop species

Some parasitic plants are major pests in agriculture, but how this might be affected by climate change remains largely unknown. In this study, we assessed this for five generalist holoparasitic Cuscuta species (Cuscuta approximata, C. australis, C. chinensis, C. europaea, C. japonica) and two of their main Leguminosae host crop species (Glycine max and Medicago sativa). For each of the five Cuscuta species and the two crop species, we ran MaxEnt models, using climatic and soil variables to predict their potential current distributions and potential future distributions for 2070. We ran species distribution models for all seven species for multiple climate-change scenarios, and tested for changes in the overlap of suitable ranges of each crop with the five parasites. We found that annual mean temperature and isothermality are the main bioclimatic factors determining the suitable habitats of the Cuscuta species and their hosts. For both host species, the marginally to optimally suitable area will increase by 2070 for all four RCP scenarios. For most of the Cuscuta species, the marginally to optimally suitable area will also increase. As the suitable area for both the hosts and the parasites will overall increase, Schoener's D, indicating the relative overlap in suitable area, will change only marginally. However, the absolute area of potential niche overlap may increase up to six-fold by 2070. Overall, our results indicate that larger parts of the globe will become suitable for both host species, but that they could also suffer from Cuscuta parasitism in larger parts of their suitable ranges.

FIGURE 3 in Diversity and distribution of Lentibulariaceae in Bahia state, Brazil: implications for phytogeography and conservation

FIGURE 3. Distribution of Lentibulariaceae species in Protected Areas of Chapada Diamantina. APA = Environmental Protection Area, PARNA = National Park, PNM = Municipal Natural Park.

FIGURE 4 in Diversity and distribution of Lentibulariaceae in Bahia state, Brazil: implications for phytogeography and conservation

FIGURE 4. Distribution of Lentibulariaceae species in Protected Areas north (above) and southwest (below) of Chapada Diamantina. APA = Environmental Protection Area, ARIE = Area of Relevant Ecological Interest, MONA = Natural Monument, PE = State Park, PNM = Municipal Natural Park.

FIGURE A1 in Diversity and distribution of Lentibulariaceae in Bahia state, Brazil: implications for phytogeography and conservation

FIGURE A1. Protected Areas in Bahia state that cover the natural distribution of Lentibulariaceae species. Strictly Protected Areas: MONA = Natural Monument (II), PARNA = National Park (II), PE = State Park (II), PNM = Municipal Natural Park (II), REBIO = Biological Reserve (Ia), REVIS = Wildlife Refuge (III). Areas of Sustainable Use: APA = Environmental Protection Area (V), ARIE = Area of Relevant Ecological Interest (IV), PM = City Park (V), RESEX = Extractive Reserve (VI), RPPN = Private Reserve of Natural Heritage (IV).

FIGURE 7. A–B. U in Diversity and distribution of Lentibulariaceae in Bahia state, Brazil: implications for phytogeography and conservation

FIGURE 7. A–B. U. longifolia; C. U. myriocista; D. U. nana; E–F. U. nelumbifolia; G. U. neottioides; H. U. nephrophylla; I. U. nervosa; J. U. parthenopipes; K. U. poconensis; L. U. praelonga; M–N. U. purpureocaerulea; O–P. U. pusilla; Q. U. resupinata; R. U. rostrata; S. U. simulans; T. U. subulata; U–V. U. trichophylla; W. U. tricolor; X–Y. U. triloba. (Photos A, B, D, G, I, J, L, N, O–Q, S, T, W–Y by F.M. Guedes; C, U, V by S. Guzmán; E, F by N.G. Silva; H by J. Allen; K by M.F. Cardoso; M by P.M. Gonella; R by N. Rebbert).

FIGURE 6. A in Diversity and distribution of Lentibulariaceae in Bahia state, Brazil: implications for phytogeography and conservation

FIGURE 6. A. Genlisea aurea; B. G. exhibitionista; C. G. filiformis; D. G. guianensis; E. G. lobata; F. G. repens; G. G. tuberosa; H. G. uncinata; I. Utricularia adpressa; J–K. U. amethystina; L–M. U. blanchetii; N. U. breviscapa; O. U. costata; P. U. cucullata; Q. U. erectiflora; R. U. flaccida; S. U. foliosa; T. U. gibba; U. U. guyanensis; V. U. hydrocarpa; W. U. jamesoniana; X. U. juncea; Y. U. laxa. (Photos A by J.C. Zamora; B by C. Rohrbacher; C by Z. Miranda; D, E, G, H by P.M. Gonella; F, Y by H. Dolsan; I–M, Q, R, U, X by F.M. Guedes; N, O by J. Fabricante; P by M. Hopkins; S. by Y. Canalli; T by A. Nepomuceno; V by G.S. Garcia; W by Y. Gouveia).

FIGURE 5 in Diversity and distribution of Lentibulariaceae in Bahia state, Brazil: implications for phytogeography and conservation

FIGURE 5. Distribution of Lentibulariaceae species in Protected Areas at northern and southern coast of Bahia. APA = Environmental Protection Area, ARIE = Area of Relevant Ecological Interest, MONA = Natural Monument, PARNA = National Park, PE = State Park, PM = City Park, PNM = Municipal Natural Park, REBIO = Biological Reserve, RESEX = Extractive Reserve, REVIS = Wildlife Refuge, RPPN = Private Reserve of Natural Heritage.

FIGURE 7 in The complete mitochondrial genome of Thereuopoda clunifera (Chilopoda: Scutigeridae) and phylogenetic implications within Chilopoda

FIGURE 7. Nucleotide-based phylogenetic tree of 25 Myriapoda species with one Merostomata species as an outgroup. Numbers at nodes represent the posterior probability for the Bayesian analysis and bootstrap values for Maximum Likelihood analysis. "-" indicates this clade not supported by ML analysis.

FIGURE 4 in The complete mitochondrial genome of Thereuopoda clunifera (Chilopoda: Scutigeridae) and phylogenetic implications within Chilopoda

FIGURE 4. Evolutionary rates of PCGs among T. clunifera and other 8 species of Chilopoda. Ka: nonsynonymous substitution rate; Ks: synonymous substitution rate. Box and whisker plots represented the value of Ka/Ks for each PCGEvolutionary rates of PCGs among T. clunifera and other 8 species of Chilopoda. Ka: nonsynonymous substitution rate; Ks: synonymous substitution rate. Box and whisker plots represented the value of Ka/Ks for each PCG.

Figure 10 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications

Figure 10. Schematic representation of the monociliated sensory cells of the glandular proboscis epithelium in Nemertea based on the ultrastructure of the studied species. *inner microvilli in the case of receptor processes with a double ring of microvilli.

Figure 6 in Proboscis sensory cells in Nemertea: comparative morphology and phylogenetic implications

Figure 6. Transmission electron micrographs of proboscidial monociliated sensory cells of palaeonemertean species. A, Carinina yushini, longitudinal section through a group of sensory cells (asterisks). B, Carinina yushini, transverse section of the receptor process of a sensory cell. C, Carinina yushini, longitudinal section through the globular ciliary tip of a sensory cell. D, Carinina yushini, longitudinal section of a dendrite within the apicolateral junctions (black arrowheads) of a sensory cell. Bundles of microvillar filaments (white arrowheads) are terminated at the cytoplasmic membrane. E, Carinina yushini, transverse section of the proximal region of the dendrite of a sensory cell. Centrally located axial rootlets (asterisk) are surrounded by bundles of microvillar filaments (mf). F, Carinina yushini, transverse section of a distal region of the dendrite of a sensory cell. Arrowheads point to axial rootlets. G, Tubulanus punctatus, longitudinal section of a sensory cell with axial rootlets (white arrowheads). The filament bundles (black arrowheads) of the microvilli extending into the dendrite and terminating into the cytoplasmic membrane (back arrow) below apicolateral junctions