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FIGURES 14–20 in Expended range of Gomphonema firmum (Bacillariophyceae), once considered a Lake Baikal endemic, with notes on the identity of G. lanceolatum var. maximum

FIGURES 14–20: Gomphonema firmum from Gyrgyntui, external views, SEM. Fig. 14. Frustules in valve (a) and girdle (b) views. Figs. 15, 16. Frustules from external view. Fig. 17. Headpole showing the marginal spine and plicate ribs along the junction of valve face and mantle (arrows). Fig. 18. Footpole showing terminal raphe fissure and bisected pore field, which is separated from the adjacent striae by transverse hyaline strip. Fig. 19. Detail of central portion of the valve showing proximal raphe endings, round stigma opening and scattered impressions. Fig. 20. Areolae with volate occlusions; areolae with more than one vola are indicated by arrows.

FIGURES 21–26 in Expended range of Gomphonema firmum (Bacillariophyceae), once considered a Lake Baikal endemic, with notes on the identity of G. lanceolatum var. maximum

FIGURES 21–26: Gomphonema firmum from Gyrgyntui, internal views, SEM. Fig. 21. Valve with cingulum consisting of two open valvocopulae. Fig. 22. Detail of central portion of the valve showing hemispherical central nodule, proximal raphe endings (black arrows) and slit-like stigma opening (white arrow), note the pattern of strongly silicified virgae and alveolae containing internal areolar openings. Fig. 23. Headpole showing pseudoseptum (black arrow) and distal raphe ending on helictoglossa (white arrow). Fig. 24. Footpole showing pseudoseptum (black arrow) that masks apical pore field, distal raphe ending on helictoglossa (white arrow), note very small, hardly recognizable paired stubs (small white arrows). Fig. 25. Headpole, valvocopula with septum, which masks helictoglossa (white arrow). Fig. 26. Footpole, valvocopula with septum, note porelli of the bisected pore field (arrows).

FIGURES 1–13 in Expended range of Gomphonema firmum (Bacillariophyceae), once considered a Lake Baikal endemic, with notes on the identity of G. lanceolatum var. maximum

FIGURES 1–13: Gomphonema firmum from Gyrgyntui, valve view, LM. Size diminution series including specimens shorter than previously described. Scale bar: 10 µm.

FIGURE 10. Kerevata species, A–B in Kerevata Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) is no longer a Papua New Guinean endemic with descriptions of three new species from the Indomalayan Region

FIGURE 10. Kerevata species, A–B, Keravata hammondi Butcher & Quicke, A) first metasomal tergite, dorsal view, B) metasomal tergites 2 & 3, dorsal view, C–F, Kerevata jamesmayi Butcher & Quicke, C) habitus, lateral view, D) mesosoma, lateral view, E) metasoma, dorsal view, F) wings.

FIGURE 8 in Kerevata Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) is no longer a Papua New Guinean endemic with descriptions of three new species from the Indomalayan Region

FIGURE 8. Kerevata pacifica Belokobylskij, paratype, female A) metasoma, dorsal view, B) metasoma, lateral view, C) wings, D) submedial part of fore wing, E) ovipositor and hind tibia, F) tarsal claw.

FIGURE 7 in Kerevata Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) is no longer a Papua New Guinean endemic with descriptions of three new species from the Indomalayan Region

FIGURE 7. Kerevata pacifica Belokobylskij, paratype, female A) habitus, lateral view, B) head, anterior view, C) head, dorsal view, D) head, lateral view, E) mesosoma, lateral view, F) mesosoma, dorsal view.

FIGURE 6 in Kerevata Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) is no longer a Papua New Guinean endemic with descriptions of three new species from the Indomalayan Region

FIGURE 6. Kerevata longi Belokobylskij, sp. nov., holotype, female A) basal antennomeres, B) metasoma, lateral view, C) wings, D) submedial part of fore wing, E) first metasomal tergite, dorsal view, F) metasomal tergite 2 & 3, dorsal view.

FIGURE 5 in Kerevata Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) is no longer a Papua New Guinean endemic with descriptions of three new species from the Indomalayan Region

FIGURE 5. Kerevata longi Belokobylskij, sp. nov., holotype, female A) habitus, lateral view, B) head, anterior view, C) head, dorsal view, D) head, lateral view, E) Mesosoma, lateral view, F) mesosoma, dorsal view.

FIGURE 4 in Kerevata Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) is no longer a Papua New Guinean endemic with descriptions of three new species from the Indomalayan Region

FIGURE 4. Kerevata kethai Ranjith, Quicke & Priyadarsanan, sp. nov., holotype, female A) propodeum, dorsal view, B) metasoma, lateral view, C) wings, D) basal part of fore wing, E) first metasomal tergite, dorsal view, F) metasomal tergite 2 & 3, dorsal view.

FIGURE 3 in Kerevata Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) is no longer a Papua New Guinean endemic with descriptions of three new species from the Indomalayan Region

FIGURE 3. Kerevata kethai Ranjith, Quicke & Priyadarsanan, sp. nov., holotype, female A) habitus, lateral view, B) head, anterior view, C) head, dorsal view, D) head, lateral view, E) mesosoma, lateral view, F) mesosoma, dorsal view.

FIGURE 2 in Kerevata Belokobylskij (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) is no longer a Papua New Guinean endemic with descriptions of three new species from the Indomalayan Region

FIGURE 2. Kerevata orientalia Ranjith, Quicke & Priyadarsanan, sp. nov., holotype, female A) propodeum, dorsal view, B) metasoma, lateral view, C) wings, D) basal part of fore wing, E) first metasomal tergite, dorsal view, F) metasomal tergite 2 & 3, dorsal view.

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dryad32/100

Diversification of the orchid genus Tridactyle: origin of endemism on the oceanic islands of São Tomé & Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea

Aim: Oceanic islands have played an important role in our understanding of the diversification of organisms, and phylogenetic estimates have been used in this context to investigate the origin of island diversity and its relationship to the continent. Using a typical orchid genus rich in island endemics and with widespread continental relatives, we aim to compare alternative hypotheses of diversification with a focus on island endemism. Location: Tropical Africa and the Gulf of Guinea Islands of São Tomé & Príncipe, Central Africa. Taxon: Tridactyle genus (Orchidaceae). Methods: We used genome skimming to sequence the whole chloroplast genome and nuclear ribosomal genes from 157 individuals of 34 Tridactyle species and 15 individuals of 12 other orchid genera (outgroups) to infer a time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of the genus Tridactyle. We also used multiple statistical methods to infer the geographic ranges of the ancestral nodes from the estimated phylogeny. Alternative hypotheses for the origins of endemism on the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe were investigated based on the biogeographic reconstruction of the genus. Results: The estimated phylogeny of Tridactyle and reconstruction of geographic ranges for the ancestral nodes suggested a general history of allopatric speciation for the genus, in particular via colonisation of the islands of the Gulf of Guinea that induced a long period of geographic isolation. The most parsimonious hypothesis to explain island endemism in Tridactyle involved 6 independent colonisations of the islands from the continent. Main conclusions: In contrast to other cases of oceanic island endemism that involved adaptive radiation on an island or within an archipelago, endemism in Tridactyle is better explained by multiple colonisation events from the continent to São Tomé and Príncipe, with subsequent divergences due to geographic isolation but only one potential instance of further diversification on the islands.

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A global analysis of mosses reveals low phylogenetic endemism and highlights the importance of long-distance dispersal

Aim: Digitization of herbarium specimens and DNA sequencing efforts in the past decade have enabled integrative analyses of patterns of diversity and endemism in a phylogenetic context. Here, we compare the best available floristic databases to a comprehensive specimen database to examine spatial patterns of moss phylogenetic assembly. We test the hypotheses that 1) mosses exhibit phylogenetic regionalization, 2) islands contain significantly high phylogenetic diversity, and 3) that moss phylogenetic endemism is low on a global scale. Location: Global Taxon: Mosses Methods: We developed a phylogeny of 3,654 moss species using 25 markers and compiled a global specimen database from online repositories. We calculated floristic and phylogenetic measures of diversity and endemism and performed randomizations to test for significant deviations from expectations. We use rarefaction and extrapolation to alleviate substantial differences in sampling effort across the globe. We used both phylogenetic and floristic methods to test for spatial regionalization. We compare our specimen-based results to those obtained using a floristic dataset. Results: Phylogenetic diversity is more robust to missing data than species richness. Mean phylogenetic distance was significantly higher than expected in areas with high species richness, indicating that reported richness in these areas is likely a product of repeated colonization. Phylogenetic endemism is low globally. Phylogenetic regionalizations cluster into a Holarctic/Holantarctic temperate region, a pantropical region, and a region composed of Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Main Conclusions: Future efforts for collecting, sequencing, and databasing moss species should focus on the tropics, particularly Africa and Southeast Asia. We provide further evidence to support several important theories developed in moss biogeography, including the role of long-distance dispersal in shaping floristic patterns, the dominance of anagenesis in driving patterns of island diversity, and the role of climatic instability in driving patterns of assembly in the Holarctic.

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FIGURE 4. A in Rediscovery and IUCN threat assessment of Themeda saxicola (Poaceae: Andropogoneae), an endemic grass from the Eastern Ghats, India

FIGURE 4. A. Estimation of habitat distribution from Google Earth. B. Google Earth Image of Raisili Hill.

FIGURE 2 in Rediscovery and IUCN threat assessment of Themeda saxicola (Poaceae: Andropogoneae), an endemic grass from the Eastern Ghats, India

FIGURE 2. Themeda saxicola Bor: A. Habit, B. Raceme; Involucral spikelet: C. Spikelet, D. Lower glume, E. Upper glume, F. Lower lemma, G. Upper lemma; Sessile spikelet: H. Spikelet, I. Lower glume, J. Upper glume K. Upper lemma; Pedicelled spikelet: L. Spikelet, M. Lower glume, N. Upper glume, O. Lower lemma.

FIGURE 4. Graptopetalum trujilloi. A–B. Rosette adaxial and abaxial sides. C. Pendant crowded rosettes. D–E and G in Graptopetalum trujilloi (Crassulaceae), a new haplostemonous and critically endangered species endemic to western Mexico: comments on taxa of subg. Glassia

FIGURE 4. Graptopetalum trujilloi. A–B. Rosette adaxial and abaxial sides. C. Pendant crowded rosettes. D–E and G. Flowers with reflexed stamens (side and upright views). F. Dissected flower showing nectaries, and shape of carpels. H. Full panicle. I. Pendant ramose habit with distally curved stems. Photographs: A–B and I by Santiago Rosales, C–H by J. Etter & M. Kristen.

FIGURE 5 in Graptopetalum trujilloi (Crassulaceae), a new haplostemonous and critically endangered species endemic to western Mexico: comments on taxa of subg. Glassia

FIGURE 5. Habit and habitat of Graptopetalum trujilloi. A–B, D. Pendant rock-dwelling rosettes. C. Tropical dry forest in the Tapalpa micro watershed, San Gabriel, Jalisco. E. Santiago and Carlos Rosales reaching pendant rosettes. Photographs: A by Julia Etter & M. Kristen, B–D by Santiago Rosales and E by Endy Martínez.

FIGURE 2. Comparison among morphologically close species. Graptopetalum superbum A–D, A. Decumbent rosettes, B. Basal leaves wide, C in Graptopetalum trujilloi (Crassulaceae), a new haplostemonous and critically endangered species endemic to western Mexico: comments on taxa of subg. Glassia

FIGURE 2. Comparison among morphologically close species. Graptopetalum superbum A–D, A. Decumbent rosettes, B. Basal leaves wide, C. Inflorescence branches long and bifurcated, D. Flowers with red-wine petal tips. G. rosanevadoense E–H, E. Pendant rosettes, F. Basal leaves narrow, G. Inflorescence branches of intermediate length, H. Flowers with red striped petal tips. G. trujilloi. I–L. I. Prostrate rosettes. J. Subequal basal leaves. K. Inflorescence branches short. L. Greenish flowers with inconspicuous red stripes. Photographs: A–I and K–L by J. Etter & M. Kristen, J by Santiago Rosales.

FIGURE 3 in Reestablishing Dicranopteris spissa (Gleicheniaceae, Polypodiopsida) from synonymy, an endemic species from Brazil

FIGURE 3. Map showing the distribution of Dicranopteris spissa and Dicranopteris rufinervis, endemic species of Brazil.

FIGURE 2 in Reestablishing Dicranopteris spissa (Gleicheniaceae, Polypodiopsida) from synonymy, an endemic species from Brazil

FIGURE 2. Dicranopteris rufinervis (Salino 16256). A. Abaxial surface. B. Detail of the main bifurcation showing the dormant bud covered with hairs. C. Bud hairs. D–E. Detail of the abaxial surface showing the indument. F. Detail of a rhizome hair. G. Rhizome. Scale bar: B, D, E and G = 1mm, C and F = 0.2 mm.