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Data set for: Leaf trait association in relation to herbivore defense, drought resistance, and economics in a tropical invasive plant
<p><strong><span>Premsie</span></strong><span>: </span><span>Exploring how functional traits vary and covary is important to understand plant responses to environmental change. However, we have limited understanding of the ways multiple functional traits vary and covary within invasive species.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Methods</span></strong><span>:</span> <span>We measured 12 leaf traits of an invasive plant <em>Chromolaena odorata</em>, associated with plant or leaf economics, herbivore defense, and drought resistance on 10 introduced populations from Asia and 12 native populations from America, selected across a broad range of climatic conditions, and grown in a common garden</span><span>.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Results</span></strong><span>: </span><span>Species'</span> <span>range and climatic conditions influenced leaf traits, but trait variation across climate space differed between the introduced and native ranges. Traits that confer defense against herbivores and drought resistance were associated with economic strategy, but the patterns differed by range. Plants from introduced populations that were at the fast-return end of the spectrum (high photosynthetic capacity) had high physical defense traits (high trichome density), whereas plants from native populations that were at the fast-return end of the spectrum had high drought escape traits (early leaf senescence and high percentage of withered shoots).</span></p> <p><strong> <span>Conclusions</span></strong><span>:</span> <span>Our results indicate that invasive plants can rapidly adapt to novel environmental conditions. <em>C. odorata</em> showed multiple different functional trait covariation patterns and clines in the native and introduced ranges. Our results emphasize that interaction between multiple traits or functions should be considered when investigating the adaptive evolution of invasive plants.</span></p>
Leaf trait covariation and controls on leaf mass per area (LMA) following cotton domestication
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The process of domestication has driven dramatic shifts in plant functional traits including leaf mass per area (LMA). It remains unclear whether domestication has produced concerted shifts in the lower-level anatomical traits that underpin LMA and how these traits in turn affect photosynthesis. </span><span>In this study, we investigated controls of LMA and leaf gas exchange by leaf anatomical properties at the cellular, tissue and whole leaf levels, comparing 26 wild and 31 domesticated genotypes of cotton </span><span>(<em>Gossypium</em>). </span><span>As expected, domesticated plants expressed lower LMA, higher photosynthesis and stomatal conductance</span><span>, suggesting a shift towards the 'faster' end of the leaf economics spectrum. At whole-leaf level, variation in LMA was predominantly determined by leaf density (LD) both in wild and domesticated genotypes. At tissue level, higher leaf volume per area (<em>V</em><sub>leaf</sub>) in domesticated genotypes was driven by a simultaneous increase in the volume of epidermal, mesophyll and vascular bundle tissue and airspace, while lower LD resulted from a dilution effect of lower increased volume of palisade tissue and vascular bundle of high mass density by higher increased volume of epidermis and airspace of low mass density. The volume of spongy mesophyll exerted direct control on photosynthesis in domesticated genotypes but only indirect control in wild genotypes. At cellular level, a shift to larger but less numerous cells with thinner cell walls underpinned a lower proportion of cell wall mass, and thus a reduction in LD. </span><span>Taken together, cotton domestication has triggered synergistic shifts in the underlying determinants of LMA but also photosynthesis, at cell, tissue and whole-leaf level, resulting in a marked shift in plant ecological strategy.</span></p>
Phenotypic plasticity and the leaf economics spectrum: plasticity is positively associated with specific leaf area
<p>Phenotypic plasticity is a key mechanism by which plants respond to changing or heterogeneous conditions. Efforts to predict phenotypic plasticity across plant species have mainly focused on environmental variability or abiotic conditions, i.e., site characteristics. However, the considerable variation in phenotypic plasticity within sites calls for alternative approaches. Different functional groups are thought to differ in their plasticity levels. Further, traits such as leaf specific area (SLA), leaf area (LA) and maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) reflect central aspects of plant strategies. Lower values of SLA, LA and Amax are indicative of a resource-conservative strategy, which is thought to be associated with lower phenotypic plasticity. We used meta-analytical data to test whether plant functional group (herbs, woody deciduous and woody evergreens) and SLA, LA and Amax are associated with phenotypic plasticity in four trait types: biomass allocation, plant size, leaf morphology and physiology. We obtained data from 168 plant species and accounted for phylogenetic relationships in all analyses. We found a positive relationship between SLA and phenotypic plasticity in biomass allocation, leaf morphology and physiology, with differences across functional groups. In contrast, there was no evidence of greater plasticity in plant size in species with higher SLA; rather the opposite was true for woody evergreens. Amax and LA showed similar, but less consistent associations with phenotypic plasticity. Our results show the potential of building predictive frameworks for phenotypic plasticity based on easily measured plant functional characteristics. Results also provide insights into plant strategies and suggest the existence of potential compromises: resource-conservative, low-SLA species tend to be more stress-tolerant but may be less able to cope with variable conditions due to their generally lower phenotypic plasticity. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms and the potential implications of this association.</p>
Data from: Trading water for carbon in the future: effects of elevated CO2 and warming on leaf hydraulic traits in a semiarid grassland
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk96844723"></a><span>The effects of climate change on plants and ecosystems are mediated by plant hydraulic traits, including interspecific and intraspecific variability of trait phenotypes. Yet, integrative and realistic studies of hydraulic traits and climate change are rare. In a semiarid grassland, we assessed the response of several plant hydraulic traits to elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (+200 ppm) and warming (+1.5</span><span><span> to </span></span><span><span>3</span></span><span><span>℃;</span></span><span><span> day to night). For leaves of five dominant species (three graminoids, two forbs), and in replicated plots exposed to seven years of elevated CO<sub>2</sub>, warming, or ambient climate, we measured: stomatal density and size, xylem vessel size, turgor loss point, and water potential (pre-dawn). Interspecific differences in hydraulic traits were larger than intraspecific shifts induced by elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and/or warming. Effects of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> were greater than effects of warming, and interactions between treatments were weak or not detected. The forbs showed little phenotypic plasticity. The graminoids had leaf water potentials and turgor loss points that were 10 to 50% less negative under elevated CO<sub>2</sub>; thus, climate change might cause these species to adjust their drought resistance strategy away from tolerance and toward avoidance. The C4 grass also reduced allocation of leaf area to stomata under elevated CO<sub>2</sub>, which helps explain observations of higher soil moisture. The shifts in hydraulic traits under elevated CO<sub>2</sub> were not, however, simply due to higher soil moisture. Integration of our results with others' indicates that common species in this grassland are more likely to adjust stomatal aperture in response to near-term climate change, rather than anatomical traits; this contrasts with apparent effects of changing CO<sub>2</sub> on plant anatomy over evolutionary time. Future studies should assess how plant responses to drought may be constrained by the apparent shift from tolerance (via low turgor loss point) to avoidance (via stomatal regulation and/or access to deeper soil moisture).</span></span></p>
Leaf thickness measurements of plants
<p># Analysis Scripts for 'Leveraging Plant Dynamics Using Physical Reservoir Computing'</p> <p>There is leaf thickness and physiological data available from three experiments: a control experiment and two strawberry experiments. In each experiment, the environmental conditions of a growth chamber are modulated (light intensity, temperature and relative humidity) and a single strawberry plant is located inside the chamber. Leaf thickness measurement clips are mounted on the plant except for the control experiment. In this case a plant is still inserted but the clips are not mounted. Physiological data of the plant is collected in all three experiments using a LI6400XT photosynthesis system.</p> <p>An overview of the available parameters is included below. N/A refers to a sensor that is not calibrated and/or temperature compensated. Calibration data is available TODO</p> <p>| parameter | unit | description |<br> |-----------------------------------------------------|-----------|----------------------------------------------------|<br> | light_sensor_lux | lux | light intensity (humain) |<br> | leaf_thickness_1_um | um | thickness of leaf clip 1 |<br> | leaf_thickness_1_nc_au | N/A | thickness of leaf clip 1 |<br> | leaf_temp_1_nc_au | N/A | temperature of leaf clip 1 |<br> | leaf_thickness_2_um | um | thickness of leaf clip 2 |<br> | leaf_thickness_2_nc_au | N/A | thickness of leaf clip 2 |<br> | leaf_temp_2_nc_au | N/A | temperature of leaf clip 2 |<br> | leaf_thickness_3_um | um | thickness of leaf clip 3 |<br> | leaf_thickness_3_nc_au | N/A | thickness of leaf clip 3 |<br> | leaf_temp_3_nc_au | N/A | temperature of leaf clip 3 |<br> | leaf_thickness_4_um | um | thickness of leaf clip 4 |<br> | leaf_thickness_4_nc_au | N/A | thickness of leaf clip 4 |<br> | leaf_temp_4_nc_au | N/A | temperature of leaf clip 4 |<br> | leaf_thickness_5_um | um | thickness of leaf clip 5 |<br> | leaf_thickness_5_nc_au | N/A | thickness of leaf clip 5 |<br> | leaf_temp_5_nc_au | N/A | temperature of leaf clip 5 |<br> | leaf_thickness_6_um | um | thickness of leaf clip 6 |<br> | leaf_thickness_6_nc_au | N/A | thickness of leaf clip 6 |<br> | leaf_temp_6_nc_au | N/A | temperature of leaf clip 6 |<br> | leaf_thickness_7_um | um | thickness of leaf clip 7 |<br> | leaf_thickness_7_nc_au | N/A | raw leaf thickness measurement |<br> | leaf_temp_7_nc_au | N/A | temperature of leaf clip 7 |<br> | leaf_thickness_8_um | um | thickness of leaf clip 8 |<br> | leaf_thickness_8_nc_au | N/A | thickness of leaf clip 8 |<br> | leaf_temp_8_nc_au | N/A | temperature of leaf clip 8 |<br> | ref_mon_0 | N/A | monitor of the 3.3V ADC reference (board 0) |<br> | ref_mon_1 | N/A | monitor of the 3.3V ADC reference (board 1) |<br> | ref_mon_2 | N/A | monitor of the 3.3V ADC reference (board 2) |<br> | ref_mon_3 | N/A | monitor of the 3.3V ADC reference (board 3) |<br> | soil_water_content_nc_au | N/A | soil water concentration |<br> | air_temperature_C | degree C | air temperature |<br> | relative_humidity_percent | % | relative humidity |<br> | li6400xt_external_probe_air_temperature_C | degree C | air temperature of external probe |<br> | li6400xt_external_probe_relative_humidity_percent | % | rel. humidity of external probe |<br> | li6400xt_photosynthetic_rate_umol/m2/s | umol/m2/s | photosynthetic rate |<br> | li6400xt_stomatal_conductance_mol/m2/s | mol/m2/s | stomatal conductance |<br> | li6400xt_transpiration_rate_mmol/m2/s | mmol/m2/s | transoration rate |<br> | li6400xt_vapour_pressure_deficit_kPa | kPa | vapour pressure deficit |<br> | li6400xt_sample_cell_air_temperature_C | degree C | air temperature in the sample cell |<br> | li6400xt_leaf_temperature_C | degree C | temperature of leaf inside sample cell |<br> | li6400xt_ref_cell_CO2_conc_umol/mol | umol/mol | CO2 concentration in the reference cell |<br> | li6400xt_sample_cell_CO2_conc_umol/mol | umol/mol | CO2 concentration in the sample cell |<br> | li6400xt_ref_cell_H2O_conc_mmol/mol | mmol/mol | H2O concentration in the reference cell |<br> | li6400xt_sample_cell_H2O_conc_mmol/mol | mmol/mol | H2O concentration in the sample cell |<br> | li6400xt_ref_cell_relative_humidity_conc_percent | % | Rel. humidity in the reference cell |<br> | li6400xt_sample_cell_relative_humidity_conc_percent | % | Rel. humidity in the sample cell |<br> | li6400xt_PAR_inside_chamber_umol/m2/s | umol/m2/s | PAR inside leaf chamber |<br> | li6400xt_PAR_outside_chamber_umol/m2/s | umol/m2/s | PAR outside leaf chamber |<br> | li6400xt_air_pressure_kPa | kPa | air pressure |<br> | time | time | sample time |<br> | train_val_test_split | | data split on da day-basis, all days equal |<br> | train_val_test_split2 | | data split on da day-basis, train focus on first 5 |<br> | di_2 | | discard interval for +-2h from center of night |<br> | di_4 | | discard interval for +-4h from center of night |<br> | di_6 | | discard interval for +-6h from center of night |<br> | di_9 | | discard interval for +-9h from center of night |<br> | di2_2 | | discard interval for +-2h from center of night |<br> | di2_4 | | discard interval for +-4h from center of night |<br> | di2_6 | | discard interval for +-6h from center of night |<br> | di2_9 | | discard interval for +-9h from center of night |</p> <p>Non-calibrated variables are usually RAW ADC readout values. The ADC range is 0-3.3V, where the midpoint is at 1.65V (0x0).</p> <p>`train_val_test_split` interleaves the train and test splits, such that drift in the system is automatically compensated for, while `train_val_test_split2` does not. The test data is always at the end of the analysis. `train_val_test_split` should be used with `di_`, and `train_val_test_split2` should be used with `di2_`.</p> <p>Three data formats are available: `data`, `full_data` and `mini_data`. `data` was used to generate the results. It is a cropped version of `full_data` that discards part of the start of the experiment and end to remove transient effects at the start. `mini_data` is a subsampled dataset, with sample spacing of 60s (sample interval), which is useful for plotting and fast analysis.</p>
Age and phenology control photosynthesis and leaf traits in the understory woody species, Rhamnus cathartica and Prunus serotina
<p>Dataset contains leaf physiological variables and leaf traits from Rhamnus cathartica (buckthorn) and Prunus serotina (Black cherry) measured in Summer 2019 at Macalester College's Ordway Field Station. All data were collected on understory individuals from 4 sites within the forest in late May and early July, 2019. We sampled from 'tree' individuals and seedlings of both species. All methods and measurement protocols are published in Heskel et al. 2022 in <em>AoB-PLANTS</em>, currently in revision.</p> <p>Data includes: <br> Vcmax (umol m2-s-1)</p> <p>Jmax (umol m2-s-1)</p> <p>Fv/Fm (no units)</p> <p>Leaf Stomatal Density (stomata mm-2)</p> <p>Dark respiration (umol m2-s-1)</p> <p>Asat (umol m2-s-1)</p> <p>A400 (umol m2-s-1)</p> <p>Carbon Gain Efficiency (CGE, no units)</p> <p>CGE_400 (CGE at 400 PAR, no units)</p> <p>Leaf Mass per Are (LMA, g m-2)</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Single, but not dual, attack by a biotrophic pathogen and sap-sucking insect affects the oak leaf metabolome
<p>Plants interact with a multitude of microorganisms and insects, both belowand above ground, which might influence plant metabolism. Despite this, we lack knowledge of the impact of natural soil communities and multiple aboveground attackers on the metabolic responses of plants, and whether plant metabolic responses to single attack can predict responses to dual attack. We used untargeted metabolic fingerprinting (gas chromatographymass spectrometry, GC-MS) on leaves of the pedunculate oak, <em>Quercus robur</em>, to assess the metabolic response to different soil microbiomes and aboveground single and dual attack by oak powdery mildew (<em>Erysiphe alphitoides</em>) and the common oak aphid (<em>Tuberculatus annulatus</em>). Distinct soil microbiomes were not associated with differences in the metabolic profile of oak seedling leaves. Single attacks by aphids or mildew had pronounced but different effects on the oak leaf metabolome, but we detected no difference between the metabolomes of healthy seedlings and seedlings attacked by both aphids and powdery mildew. Our findings show that aboveground attackers can have species-specific and non-additive effects on the leaf metabolome of oak. The lack of a metabolic signature detected by GC-MS upon dual attack might suggest the existence of a potential negative feedback, and highlights the importance of considering the impacts of multiple attackers to gain mechanistic insights into the ecology and evolution of species interactions and the structure of plant-associated communities, as well as for the development of sustainable strategies to control agricultural pests and diseases and plant breeding.</p>
Leaf enzyme plays a more important role in leaf nitrogen resorption efficiency than soil properties along an elevation gradient
<p>1. Nitrogen (N) resorption is a strategy for plant N conservation through which plants withdraw N from senescing leaves prior to litterfall and its underlying mechanisms are important for better understanding of N cycling. However, most current studies focused on the impacts of soil and leaf nutrients on leaf N resorption efficiency (NRE), and plant physiological regulation that is species-dependent is still unclear.</p> <p>2. Here, we conducted a field experiment to investigate the variations of leaf NRE along an altitudinal gradient in a temperate forest of Northeastern China.</p> <p>3. Results showed that leaf NRE of Q. mongolica and F. mandshurica increased with altitude, while leaf NRE of T. amurensis, A. mono and A. pseudosieboldianum exhibited an opposite trend, although the relationships were not significant for F. mandshurica and A. mono. The inconsistent responses of leaf NRE of different species to increasing altitude were primarily due to the effect of leaf Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), an enzyme responsible for N translocation. Leaf GDH activity in senescing leaves explained the variation of NRE more than soil and climate factors did, suggesting that different plant species had different physiological regulation strategies for their N conservation under similar environment.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Our study highlights the role of leaf enzyme as a pivotal regulator of leaf NRE and helps us better understand and predict N cycling under climate change in forest ecosystems.</p>
Additional movies for a manuscript titled 'Leaf epidermal cells respond to application and removal of mechanical force by distinct cytosolic calcium waves'
<p>This repository provides 21 additional videos that highlight the spectrum of mechanically stimulated calcium responses observed in the leaf epidermis of <em>Arabidopsis t</em>. expressing the genetically encoded calcium indicator R-GECO1. These movies correspond to figures in a manuscript entitled 'Leaf epidermal cells respond to application and removal of mechanical force by distinct cytosolic calcium waves'. In each movie, a cantilever exerts approximately 5 mN force to the epidermis (where the cantilever looks like a shadow in the movies). Each movie contains a scale bar and the relative time (hr:min:sec). Placement of the cantilever generally occurs after approximately 1 minute.</p>
The coordination between leaf and fine root litter decomposition and the difference of their controlling factors
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> As the two largest components of plant detritus input, leaf and root litter together determines ecosystem vegetation turnover and nutrient cycling rates. However, it remains unknown the similarities and differences between the controlling factors for their decomposition. We evaluated the relationship between leaf and fine root litter decomposition across biomes, and analyzed how litter traits, climate, soil conditions and decomposers shape their relationship.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Global.</p> <p><strong>Time Period:</strong> 1984–2020.</p> <p><strong>Major Taxa Studied</strong>: Vascular plant.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We collected 352 paired leaf and fine root decomposition rates (k values) and ancillary traits, climate, soil condition and decomposer abundance data from 88 sites spanning the major global biomes. Boosted regression trees (BRTs) were applied to partition the factors that control root and leaf decomposition rates.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Averaged across all biomes, leaf litter decomposes significantly faster (kleaf=0.72) than fine root (kroot=0.42). The BRTs indicated that plant traits best explained the variance in both leaf and root litter decomposition. The key chemical traits of leaf litter and fine root, including C:N, [P], N:P, [lignin], [cellulose], [NSCs] and [tannins], were positively correlated. Therefore, leaf and fine root k values were positively correlated within and across biomes, even after removing the influence of climate, soil conditions and decomposers. However, climate and decomposers had different impacts on leaf and fine root decomposition. Climate induced a greater impact on fine root litter decomposition, whereas decomposers had a greater influence on leaf litter decomposition.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions:</strong> Our finding indicates that plants evolve a coordinated nutrient supply and demand strategy. The high nutrient demand plants produce labile leaf and fine root litter, which decompose fast to meet their high nutrient requirements. However, leaf and fine root decomposition are also mediated by different combinations of trait, climate, soil condition and decomposer factors, which weakens the coordination between leaf and fine root decomposition.</p>
Bamboo climatic tolerances are decoupled from leaf functional traits across an Andean elevation gradient
Widespread changes in temperature and precipitation patterns present plant species with new and combined stresses that affect their performance and distribution. Functional traits are indicators of plant resource use-acquisition strategies and thus they are commonly used to understand the geographic distributions of plant species and species' potential responses to climate change. To date, most studies have targeted a few easy-to-measure leaf traits even though other traits, such as climatic tolerances, could provide valuable information directly related with species' current and future distributions. Here, we measured both leaf functional traits and indices of physiological tolerance to heat (T50) and drought (Cell Membrane Stability) in 28 woody bamboo populations from 22 narrow-ranged species along a > 3000 m elevation gradient in the southern Peruvian Andes. We found that bamboo leaf functional traits remain fairly constant with a combination indicative of an acquisitive strategy (low leaf mass area and high nitrogen per mass) along the elevation gradient, despite drastic changes in environment and fast species turnover. Heat and drought tolerances of bamboos varied widely along the gradient and were negatively correlated to each other. Drought tolerance of bamboo populations was positively related with elevation and with precipitation seasonality while heat tolerance decreased at higher, colder elevations. When analyzed for individuals within each species or for individuals within each elevation, the two metrics of climatic tolerances did not show a consistent relationship, contrasting with the expectation of a potential trade-off between heat and drought tolerance. We also found that the measured leaf functional traits were not good predictors of climatic tolerances. Our results illustrate the diversity and complexity of the relationships between functional strategies and environmental gradients and highlight the limitations of using basic (i.e., "soft") leaf traits to understand plant distributions and climatic tolerances.
Data from "Projections of leaf turgor loss point shifts under future climate change scenarios" (Tordoni et al. 2022 Global Change Biology)
<p>The dataset includes four sheets representing the average turgor loss point (tlp) values at grid cell level (tlp_data) and the climatic variables and related climate change scenarios derived from the three models used in this study (HadGEM2-ES-RACMO22E, EC-EARTH_RACMO22E, EC-EARTH_CCLM4-8-17, respectively).</p> <p>The sheet "tlp_data" reports the cell ID (OGU) and the average tlp values for each taxonomic group considered in this study (gymnosperms, angiosperms, herbaceous and woody angiosperms). </p> <p>Each of the other three sheets reports the cell ID (OGU), coordinates of the cell centroid (Long, Lat) and a set of six climatic variables: 95<sup>th</sup> percentiles of average temperature (BIO1.95, °C), temperature seasonality (BIO4, °C), annual consecutive frost days where temperature was ≤ 0 °C (CFD.ann, n° days), annual consecutive dry days where precipitation was < 1 mm (CDD.ann, n° days), 5<sup>th</sup> percentiles of cumulate annual precipitation (BIO12.5, mm), and precipitation seasonality (BIO15, %). For each model, "hist" refers to historical data encompassing the period 1970-2005, whereas "RCP2.6" and "RCP8.5" reports the average value of future projections for the period 2080-2100 in two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5).</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Changes in the foliar fungal community between oak leaf flushes along a latitudinal gradient in Europe
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> To advance our understanding of how foliar fungal communities are structured and assembled, we assessed to what extent leaf flush and latitude can explain the within- and among-tree variation in the foliar fungal community in a foundation tree species, the pedunculate oak <em>Quercus robur</em>.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> A latitudinal gradient spanning <em>c</em>. 20 degrees in latitude in Europe.</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied:</strong> The foliar fungal community on <em>Quercus robur.</em></p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We examined the main and interactive effects of leaf flush and latitude on the foliar fungal community by sampling 20 populations of the pedunculate oak <em>Quercus robur</em> across the tree's range, spanning <em>c</em>. 20 degrees in latitude.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Species composition, but not species richness, differed between leaf flushes. Across the latitudinal gradient, species richness was highest in the central part of the oak's distributional range, and foliar fungal community composition shifted along the latitudinal gradient. Among fungal guilds, the relative abundance of plant pathogens and mycoparasites was lower on the first leaf flush, and the relative abundance of plant pathogens and saprotrophs decreased with latitude.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Changes in community composition between leaf flushes and along the latitudinal gradient were mostly a result of species turnover. Overall, our findings demonstrate that leaf flush and latitude explain 5-22% of the small- and large-scale spatial variation in the foliar fungal community on a foundation tree within the temperate region, with major consequences for plant health, species interactions and ecosystem dynamics.</p>
Leaf traits predict water‐use eficiency in U.S. Pacific Northwest grasslands under rain exclusion treatment
<p>Does drought stress in temperate grasslands alter the relationship between plant structure and function? Here we report data from an experiment focusing on growth form and species traits that affect the critical functions of water‐ and nutrient‐use efficiency in prairie and pasture plant communities. A total of 139 individuals of 12 species (11 genera and four families) were sampled in replicated plots maintained for three years across a 520-km latitudinal gradient in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Rain exclusion did not alter the interspecific relationship between foliar traits and stoichiometry or intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE). Rain exclusion reduced iWUE in grasses, and effect was primarily species‐specific, although leaf morphology, life history strategy, and phylogenetic distance predicted iWUE for all 12 species when analyzed together. Variation in specific leaf area explained most of the variation in iWUE between different functional groups, with annual forbs and annual grasses at opposite ends of the resource‐use spectrum. Our findings are consistent with expected trait‐driven tradeoffs between productivity and resource‐use efficiency and provide insight into strategies for the sustainable use and conservation of temperate grasslands.</p>
Data from: Leaf litter breakdown along an elevational gradient in Australian alpine streams
<p>These data were generated to investigate the rate of leaf litter breakdown and how temperature and other factors such as microbial and and invertebrate activities were influenced over elevational and temporal gradients. Breakdown of allochthonous organic matter is a central step in nutrient cycling in stream ecosystems. There is concern that increased temperatures from climate change will alter the breakdown rate of organic matter with important consequences for ecosystem functioning of alpine streams. Dried leaves of Snow Gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) and cotton strips were deployed in coarse (6mm) and fine (50µm) mesh size bags along an 820 m elevation gradient. Loss of mass in leaf litter and cotton tensile strength per day (k per day), fungal biomass measured as ergosterol concentration, invertebrate colonization of leaf litter and benthic organic matter (mass and composition) were determined. Both microbial and macroinvertebrate activities were equally important in leaf litter breakdown with the abundance of shredder invertebrate taxa. The overall leaf litter breakdown rate and loss of tensile strength in cotton strips (both k per day) were greater during warmer deployment periods and at lower elevations with significant positive relationships between mean water temperature and leaf breakdown and loss of tensile strength rate, but no differences between sites, after accounting for the effects of temperature. Despite considerably lower amounts of benthic organic matter in streams above the tree line relative to those below, shredders were present in coarse mesh bags at all sites. Ergosterol concentration was greater on leaves in coarse mesh bags than in fine mesh bags, implying differences in the microbial communities. The importance of water temperatures on the rate of leaf litter breakdown suggests potential effects of climate change-induced temperature increases on ecological processes in such streams.</p>
Text-fig. 5. Pyracantha coccinea M.ROEM. (Cottbus, herbarium Striegler). Scale bar 10 mm. in New Leaf Species From The Upper Miocene Flora Of The Leaf-Bearing Wischgrund Clay (Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, Germany)
Text-fig. 5. Pyracantha coccinea M.ROEM. (Cottbus, herbarium Striegler). Scale bar 10 mm.
Text-fig. 3. Lower Lusatian Tertiary Forest in Cottbus: Taxodium swamp. in New Leaf Species From The Upper Miocene Flora Of The Leaf-Bearing Wischgrund Clay (Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, Germany)
Text-fig. 3. Lower Lusatian Tertiary Forest in Cottbus: Taxodium swamp.
Figs 1–7 in New records of leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Megalopodidae: Zeugophorinae) from Russia
Figs 1–7. Imago of Zeugophora spp. 1–3 – Z. nigricollis, male: 1– habitus, dorsal view; 2
Figs 17–31 in AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF LEAF BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) OF KOREA, WITH COMMENTS AND NEW RECORDS
Figs 17–31. Cassidinae (17–29) and Chrysomelinae (30, 31). 17 – Aspidomorpha dif-
Figs 47–61 in AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF LEAF BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) OF KOREA, WITH COMMENTS AND NEW RECORDS
Figs 47–61. Chrysomelinae (47–52) and Galerucinae (53–61). 47 – Phaedon brassicae;
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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