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Associations among cotyledon developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity in response to shading and burial depth in five herbaceous species at early seedling stage
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Premise of research. </span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Cotyledons have important functions in early seedling stage and have important effects on later stages, but we know little about the relationships among developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity in cotyledons. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Methodology. </span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>We conducted </span><span><span>a field</span></span><span> experiment with five herbaceous species, by subjecting them to contrasting light conditions and burial depths and measuring their cotyledon size and fluctuating asymmetry (random deviation from perfect bilateral symmetry, indicating developmental stability or instability), coefficient of variation and plasticity of cotyledon size,</span><span> </span><span>to investigate the relationships among</span><span> </span><span>cotyledon developmental stability, canalization and plasticity in response to shading and deep burial. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Pivotal </span><span><span>r</span></span><span>esults. </span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><em><span>Pharbitis purpurea</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>Convolvulus arvensis</span></em><span> and </span><em><span>Carpesium</span></em><span> </span><em><span>abrotanoides</span></em><span> had increased cotyledon size in response to shading at both burial depths;</span><em><span> Abutilon theophrasti</span></em><span> showed reduced cotyledon size in response to shading vs. full light at shallow depth, but greater cotyledon size </span><span>in response to </span><span>both shading and deep burial. </span><span>Shading increased cotyledon fluctuating asymmetry of</span><em><span> </span></em><em><span>P</span></em><em><span><span>.</span></span></em><em><span> purpurea</span></em><span> and </span><em><span>C</span></em><em><span><span>.</span></span></em><span> </span><em><span>abrotanoides</span></em><span>, while deep burial decreased it. Cotyledon fluctuating asymmetry had positive correlations with coefficient of variation and plasticity in response to shade in shading, with little correlation between coefficient of variation and plasticity. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span><span>C</span></span><span>onclusions. </span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Results suggested</span><span> </span><em><span>A</span></em><em><span><span>.</span></span></em><em><span> theophrasti</span></em><span> </span><span>may have greater tolerance for multiple stresses than the other species,</span><span> and deep burial may improve shade tolerance of cotyledons through moderate level of stress selection</span><span>. Both developmental instability</span><span> and decreased canalization may indicate </span><span><span>the</span></span><span> state of faster growth. </span><span>Developmental instability</span><span> can facilitate more-active response to shading in cotyledon, while the relationship between canalization and plasticity should be more complex. </span></p>
FIGURE 2 in Description of the fourth-stage larva and pupa of Stegomyia edwardsi Barraud (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 2. Pupa of Stegomyia edwardsi. (A). Cephalothorax; (B). Trumpet; (C). Male abdomen; (D). Paddle.
FIGURE 1 in Description of the fourth-stage larva and pupa of Stegomyia edwardsi Barraud (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 1. Larva of Stegomyia edwardsi. (A). Head; (B). Dorsomentum; (C). Thorax; (D). Abdomen (I–VI); (E). Abdomen (VII–X) showing saddle with marginal spines; (F). Variation in comb and pecten scales.
Figure 8 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula intermedia Birula (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Figure 8. Dolichovespula sylvestris (Scopoli) (♂). (a–d) From Xinjiang. (a) Head, anterior view. (b) Habitus, lateral view. (c) Genitalia, ventral view. (d) Genitalia, dorsal view. (e, f) from France. (e) Genitalia, dorsal view. (f) Head, lateral view.
Figure 7 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula intermedia Birula (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Figure 7. Ultrastructures of Dolichovespula intermedia Birula (scanning electron micrographs). (a) Right maxilla, ventrofrontal view. (b) Labium. (c) Right labial palp. (d) Parts of palate. (e) Antenna. (f) Spiracle. (g) Clypeus and part of labrum. (h) Paramere, inner view.
Figure 6 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula intermedia Birula (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Figure 6. Dolichovespula intermedia Birula, mature stages. (a) Part of mouth parts, showing maxillary palp, galea, labial palpi and spinneret. (b) Head of mature larva, dorsal view. (c) Part of mouth parts, showing maxillary palp, galea, labial palpi and spinneret. (d) Spiracle. (e) Labrum, frontal view, showing minute setae and conical papillae. (f) Palate and part of mandible.
Figure 5 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula intermedia Birula (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Figure 5. Dolichovespula intermedia Birula, development of mandible. (a) First larval instar, anterior view. (b) Second larval instar. (c) Third instar larva. (d, e) Fourth instar larva. (f) Mature larva.
Figure 4 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula intermedia Birula (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Figure 4. Dolichovespula intermedia Birula, immature stages. (a) First larval instar, ventral view. (b) Second instar, ventral view. (c, d) Fourth instar, ventral view. (e) Mature larva, ventral view. (f) Mature larva, lateral view. (g) Pupa. (h) Egg.
Figure 3 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula intermedia Birula (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Figure 3. Dolichovespula intermedia Birula (1930) (♂). (a, b) Nest from Gongnaisi. (c–i) Nest from Jiayuguan. (d, e) Three layers of combs. (f–h) Three layers of combs from nest. (i) The upper comb, dorsal view.
Figure 2 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula intermedia Birula (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Figure 2. Dolichovespula intermedia Birula (1930) (♂). (a) Head, anterior view. (b) Habitus, lateral view. (c) Right antenna; terminal five segments of antenna. (d) Genitalia, lateral view. (e) Genitalia, ventral view. (f) Genitalia, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ae, aedeagus; cu, cuspis; di, digitus; pa, paramere; DMP, dorsal margin of paramere; PP, parameral process; PS, parameral spine.
Figure 1 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula intermedia Birula (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Figure 1. Dolichovespula intermedia Birula (1930). (a) Queen (♀q) habitus, dorsal view. (b) Worker (♀w) habitus, dorsal view. (c) Male (♂), habitus, dorsal view. (d) Queen (♀q) head, anterior view. (e) Queen (♀q) habitus, lateral view. (f) Worker (♀w) head, anterior view. (g) Worker (♀w) habitus, lateral view.
Figure 1 in Description of first zoeal stage of Cardisoma crassum Smith, 1870 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinidae)
Figure 1. Cardisoma crassum. (a), lateral view zoea I; (b), cephalothorax dorsal view; (c), antennule; (d), antenna; (e), mandible; (f), maxilla; (g), maxillule; (h), first maxilliped; (i), second maxilliped; (j), abdomen and telson. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
Figure 6. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula stigma Lee (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with a new synonym
Figure 6. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986, mature larva. (a) Spiracle; (b) part of mouth parts, showing maxillary palp, galea, labial palpi and spinneret; (c) palate and part of mandible; (d) left half of labrum, frontal view, showing minute setae and conical papillae; (e) part of gena, showing dense short setae; (f) cuticle integument with scattered, short setae and dense minute spicules.
Figure 5. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula stigma Lee (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with a new synonym
Figure 5. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986, immature stages. (a) Egg (slightly deteriorated); (b) young larva, ventral view (slightly deteriorated); (c) mature larva, lateral view; (d, e) pupa; (f) head of mature larva, anterior view; (g) ibid, dorsal view; (h) mouth parts of mature larva; (i) mouth parts of young larva.
Figure 3. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula stigma Lee (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with a new synonym
Figure 3. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986 (♂). (a) Habitus, lateral view; (b) head, anterior view; (c) right antenna; (d) terminal four segments of antenna; (e) genitalia, dorsal view; (f) ibid, ventral view; (g) ibid, lateral view; (h) paramere, inner view; (i) volsella with cuspis and digitus. Abbreviations: ae, aedeagus; cu, cuspis; di, digitus; pa, paramere; DMP, dorsal margin of paramere; PP, parameral process; PS, parameral spine.
Figure 1. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula stigma Lee (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with a new synonym
Figure 1. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986. (a–e) Queen (♀q): (a) Habitus (from Shaanxi), dorsal view; (b) ibid, Ningxia; (c) ibid, Hubei; (d) habitus (from Shaanxi), lateral view; (e) head, anterior view. (f, g) Worker (♀w): (f) Habitus, lateral view; (g) head, anterior view.
Figure 4. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula stigma Lee (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with a new synonym
Figure 4. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986. (a, b) Nest from Xunyangba; (c, d) nest from Niubeiliang; (e) combs of nest; (f) three layers of the combs from nest of Niubeiliang; (g) ibid, from Xunyangba.
Figure 2. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986 in Nest structure and all stages of the long-cheeked yellow jacket Dolichovespula stigma Lee (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with a new synonym
Figure 2. Dolichovespula stigma Lee, 1986. (a–c) Worker (♀w), dorsal view, showing variation of colour pattern; (d–f) male (♂), dorsal view, showing variation of colour pattern; (g) metasomal terminal segments of ♂, lateral view; (h) ibid, dorsal view; (i) ibid, ventral view.
Figure 9 in Aedes mosquitoes in the Republic of the Sudan, with dichotomous keys for the adult and larval stages
Figure 9. Siphon of Form Y Type 2 with 24 pectin Figure 10. Comb of Form Y Type 2 with nine spines, of the three distal spines the two more scales.
Figure 5 in Aedes mosquitoes in the Republic of the Sudan, with dichotomous keys for the adult and larval stages
Figure 5. Comb of Form X, scales in a more or less Figure 6. Comb of Aedes vexans arabiensis, double row. scales in an essentially single row.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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