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Figure 8 in The preimaginal stages of Minotetrastichus frontalis (Nees) and Chrysocharis laomedon (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasitoids associated with Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)

Figure 8. Larva of the third instar of M. frontalis on larva of the fourth instar of P. issikii (Photo: A.V. Mishchenko, 10 July 2009).

Figure 13 in The preimaginal stages of Minotetrastichus frontalis (Nees) and Chrysocharis laomedon (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasitoids associated with Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)

Figure 13. Recently formed pupa of M. frontalis attached to the leaf by filament in mine of P. issikii (Photo: A.V. Mishchenko, 26 July 2009).

Figure 12 in The preimaginal stages of Minotetrastichus frontalis (Nees) and Chrysocharis laomedon (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasitoids associated with Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)

Figure 12. Larva of the fourth instar of M. frontalis with a "pillar" of faecal pellets in mine of P. issikii (Photo: A.V. Mishchenko, 22 July 2009).

Figure 5 in The preimaginal stages of Minotetrastichus frontalis (Nees) and Chrysocharis laomedon (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasitoids associated with Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)

Figure 5. Brood of larvae of the second instar of M. frontalis (five individuals visible) on prepupa of P. issikii. Gregarious parasitism. (Photo: A.V. Mishchenko, 17 August 2009.

Figure 4 in The preimaginal stages of Minotetrastichus frontalis (Nees) and Chrysocharis laomedon (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasitoids associated with Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)

Figure 4. Larva of the second instar of M. frontalis on pupa of P. issikii (Photo: A.V. Mishchenko, 14 July 2009).

Figure 6 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology

Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of first instar (A–F) and fourth (last) instar (G) larvae of Parrhasius polibetes. (A) Dorsolateral view; (B) head and prothorax in lateral view; (C) abdominal segments 3 to 5 in lateral view; (D) perforated cupola organ; (E) spiracle on A2 segment; (F) proleg in ventral view; (G) proleg in ventral view.

Figure 3 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology

Figure 3. Natural enemies of Parrhasius polibetes. (A) Parasitoid wasp (arrow) emerging from an egg; (B) Pseudomyrmex ant preying on eggs (arrow); (C) second instar parasitized by a braconid wasp (arrow); (D) ichneumonid cocoon under third instar host remains; (E) wasp (Conura sp.; Chalcididae) parasitizing a fourth (last) instar; (F) fourth instar being attacked by a ceratopogonid biting midge (arrow); (G) predatory bug (Podisus nigrispinus; Asopinae) sucking a fourth instar larva; (H) remains of a fourth instar larva preyed by an araneid spider. Figures can be viewed in colour online.

Figure 2 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology

Figure 2. Larval colour patters of Parrhasius polibetes on different host plants. (A) Third instar on Pyrostegia venusta; (B) third instar "red morph" on Pyrostegia venusta; (C) third instar on Pouteria torta being tended by a worker of Camponotus crassus; (D) fourth (last) instar on Pyrostegia venusta; (E) fourth instar on Styrax ferrugineus being tended by a worker of Camponotus sp.; (F) fourth instar on Banisteriopsis campestris; (G) fourth instar on Eugenia bimarginata being tended by a worker of Camponotus leydigi. Figures can be viewed in colour online.

Figure 1 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology

Figure 1. Life stages of Parrhasius polibetes on Schefflera vinosa (A–C, F, G) and on Luehea grandiflora (D, E). (A) Adult female; (B) newly-laid egg (arrow); (C) egg after 24 h; (D) eggs (arrow) laid near an aggregation of Guayaquila xiphias treehoppers tended by Camponotus crassus workers; (E) egg accidentally laid on an ant-tended treehopper nymph of Enchenopa sp.; (F) first instar; (G) third instar being tended by a worker of Cephalotes pusillus; (H) fourth (last) instar being tended by a worker of Camponotus crassus; (I) pupa. Figures can be viewed in colour online.

Figure 5 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology

Figure 5. Chaetotaxy of first instar larva of Parrhasius polibetes. (A) Head in frontal view; (B) head in lateral view; (C) body diagram in lateral view. For chaetotaxy abbreviations see Downey and Allyn (1984b), Duarte et al. (2005) and Ballmer and Wright (2008).

Figure 7 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology

Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of fourth (last) instar (A–F) and pupae (G–I) of Parrhasius polibetes. (A) Head in lateral view; (B) prothoracic shield; (C) detail of the abdominal tegument in dorsal view; (D) spiracle on A2 segment; (E) opening of the dorsal nectar organ with perforated cupola organs (arrow); (F) detail of the perforated cupola organ; (G) spiracle on A5 segment, note the perforated cupola organs (arrow); (H) detail of the abdominal tegument in lateral view; (I) detail of the stridulating area between A5–A6 segments (arrow).

Figure 4 in Immature stages of Parrhasius polibetes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): host plants, tending ants, natural enemies and morphology

Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Parrhasius polibetes egg. (A) Anterior and lateral view of two eggs; (B) micropylar area; (C) detail of an aeropyle on a rib intersection.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2012View details →

Figure 1 in Temporal organization patterns of epigean beetle communities (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Tenebrionidae) in different successional stages of eastern Mediterranean maquis

Figure 1. The location of the five study sites in eastern Mediterranean. a, Pacheia Ammos (Crete); b, Moutsouna (Naxos); c, Agia Marina (Attiki); d, Psili Ammos (Samos); e, Kourio (Cyprus).

opennotspecifiedFeb 2012View details →

Figure 3 in Temporal organization patterns of epigean beetle communities (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Tenebrionidae) in different successional stages of eastern Mediterranean maquis

Figure 3. Activity density (number of individuals/100 trap-days) of tenebrionid beetles per morphoecological type in the five sampling sites. Abbreviations are defined in Table 3.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2012View details →

Figure 2 in Temporal organization patterns of epigean beetle communities (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Tenebrionidae) in different successional stages of eastern Mediterranean maquis

Figure 2. Activity density (number of individuals/100 trap-days) of carabid beetles per morphoecological type in the five sampling sites. Abbreviations are defined in Table 3.

dryad32/100

Raw data: Spikelet stop determines the maximum yield potential stage in barley

<p>Determining the grain yield potential contributed by grain number is a step towards advancing cereal crops' yield. To achieve this aim, it is pivotal to recognize the maximum yield potential (MYP) of the crop. In barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.), the MYP is defined as the maximum spikelet primordia number of a spike. Previous barley studies often assumed the awn primordium (AP) stage as the MYP stage regardless of genotypes and growth conditions. From our spikelet-tracking experiments using the two-rowed cultivar Bowman, we found that the MYP stage can be different from the AP stage. Importantly, we find that the occurrence of inflorescence meristem (IM) deformation and its loss of activity coincided with the MYP stage, indicating the end of further spikelet initiation. Thus, we recommend validating the barley MYP stage with the IM's shape and propose this approach (named Spikelet Stop) for MYP staging. Following this approach, we compared the MYP stage and the MYP in 27 two- and six-rowed barley accessions grown in the greenhouse and field. Our results reveal that the MYP stage can be reached at various developmental stages, which majorly depend on the genotype and growth conditions. Furthermore, we found that two-rowed barleys' MYP and the duration reaching the MYP stage may determine their yield potential. Based on our findings, we suggest key steps for the identification of the MYP in barley that can also be applied in a related crop such as wheat.</p>

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Figures 236–251 in The immature stages, larval food plants and biology of Neotropical mistletoe butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). II. The Catasticta group (Pierini: Aporiina)

Figures 236–251. Pupae of the Aporiina from the Old World, showing dorsal and lateral views. (236–247) Delias from Australia; (236–237) D. ennia; (238–239) D. harpalyce; (240–241) D. nigrina; (242–243) D. aganippe; (244–245) D. argenthona; (246–247) D. nysa; (248–249) Aporia crataegi from Europe; (250–251) Mylothris agathina from Africa.

Figures 182–198 in The immature stages, larval food plants and biology of Neotropical mistletoe butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). II. The Catasticta group (Pierini: Aporiina)

Figures 182–198. Catasticta flisa immature stages on Phoradendron undulatum, Monteverde (1500 m), Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica. (182–184) Eggs, showing cohort (182), lateral view (183), and colour several days after deposition, dorsolateral view (184); (185–186) larval instar I, showing newly emerged (185), and dorsolateral view (186); (187) larval instar II, cohort feeding; (188) larval instar III, cohort; (189) larval instar IV; (190–193) larva instar V, showing dorsolateral view (190), dorsal view (191), anterolateral view of head capsule (192), and posterior view (193); (194) prepupa, dorsolateral view; (195–198) pupa, showing lateral view (195), dorsal view (196), anterolateral view of projection of head (197), and posterior view of last abdominal segments (198).

Figures 162–181 in The immature stages, larval food plants and biology of Neotropical mistletoe butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). II. The Catasticta group (Pierini: Aporiina)

Figures 162–181. Catasticta hegemon immature stages on Antidaphne viscoidea, Monteverde (1400 m), Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica. (162–164) Eggs, showing cohort (162), dorsolateral view (163), and lateral view (164); (165–166) larval instar I, showing newly emerged (165), and cohort after feeding (166); (167–168) larval instar II, showing cohort (167), and dorsolateral view (168); (169) larval instar III, cohort moulting; (170–171) larval instar IV, showing cohort (170), and anterior view (171); (172–175) larva instar V, showing lateral view after moulting (172), dorsolateral view (173), anterolateral view of head capsule (174), and posterolateral view (175); (176–177) prepupa, showing lateral view (176), and dorsal view (177); (178– 181) pupa, showing lateral view (178), dorsal view (179), anterolateral view of projection of head (180), and posterior view of last abdominal segments (181).

Figures 81–91. Pereute charops and P in The immature stages, larval food plants and biology of Neotropical mistletoe butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). II. The Catasticta group (Pierini: Aporiina)

Figures 81–91. Pereute charops and P. cheops immature stages, Costa Rica. (81–88) P. charops, Río Macho near Orosi (1150 m) and Cachí (1300 m), Cartago Province: (81–84) larval instar V, showing procession of cohort on host tree (81), diurnal aggregation of cohort on host tree together with cohort of instar III (82), cohort on Phoradendron undulatum (83), and tachinid fly parasitoid Trichophora (84); (85) prepupae, lateral view; (86–88) pupae, showing cohort on trunk of host tree (86), lateral view (87), and dorsal view (88); (89–91) P. cheops, Copey (1850 m), San José Province: larval instar V, showing dorsolateral view (89), diurnal aggregation of cohort in leaf litter (90), and diurnal aggregation of cohort at base of host tree (91).