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9,937 results for “Endemicity”
The living heart: climate gradients predict desert mountain endemism
<p>Mountain regions are centres of biodiversity endemism at a global scale but the role of arid- zone mountain ranges in shaping biodiversity patterns is poorly understood. Focusing on three guilds of taxa from a desert upland refugium in Australia, we sought to determine: 1) the relative extent to which climate, terrain or geological substrate predict endemism, and 2) whether patterns of endemism are complimentary across broad taxonomic guilds. We mapped regional endemism for plants, land snails and vertebrates using combined Species Distribution Models (SDMs) for all endemic taxa (n=82). We then modelled predictors of endemism using Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) and geology, terrain and climate variables. We tested for the presence of inter- and intraguild hotspots of endemism. Many individual plant and land snail taxa were tightly linked with geology, corresponding to small distributions. Conversely, most vertebrate taxa were not constrained to specific geological substrates and occurred over larger areas. However, across all three guilds, climate was the strongest predictor of regional endemism, particularly for plants wherein discrete hotspots of endemism were buffered from extreme summer temperatures. Land snail and vertebrate endemism peaked in areas with the highest precipitation in the driest times of the year. Hotspots of endemism within each guild poorly predicted endemism in other guilds. We found an overarching signal that climatic gradients play a dominant role in the persistence of endemic taxa in an arid-zone mountain range system. An association with higher rainfall and cooler temperatures indicates that continuing trends towards hotter and drier climates may lead to range contractions in this, and potentially other, arid-zone mountain biotas. Contrasting patterns of endemism across guilds highlight the need to couple comprehensive regional planning for the protection of climate refugia, with targeted management of more localised and habitat specialist taxa.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Cynosurus peltieri (Pooideae, Poaceae), a poorly known species endemic to the Algerian-Tunisian terrestrial flora: further insights on its occurrence, IUCN Red List assessment, and lectotypification
FIGURE 2. Cynosurus polybracteatus in its habitat in Kroumirian area. A. Habit of the plant. B–C. Details of its unilateral and linear, indistinctly lobed panicle, with very short branches. All photographs were taken by Ridha El Mokni in Tabarka (Jendouba, NW of Tunisia, North Africa), 14 May 2013 and 3 May 2017.
FIGURE 1 in Cynosurus peltieri (Pooideae, Poaceae), a poorly known species endemic to the Algerian-Tunisian terrestrial flora: further insights on its occurrence, IUCN Red List assessment, and lectotypification
FIGURE 1. Cynosurus peltieri in its typical habitat in Kroumirian oak forests. A. Habit of the plant. B. Detail of its unilateral and linear, clearly lobed panicle. All photographs were taken by Ridha El Mokni in Aîn Zana-Aîn Draham (Jendouba, NW of Tunisia, North Africa), 16 June 2020.
Figure 1 in Filling Linnean shortfalls increases endemicity patterns: conservation and biogeographical implications for the extreme case of Liolaemus (Liolaemidae, Squamata) species
Figure 1. Distribution of L. dorbignyi in 2000 (left) and the current (2020) distribution of L. dorbignyi, L. huayra, L. inti, L. scrocchii and L. vulcanus, species that were all considered populations of L. dorbignyi in 2000 (right).
Figure 3 in Filling Linnean shortfalls increases endemicity patterns: conservation and biogeographical implications for the extreme case of Liolaemus (Liolaemidae, Squamata) species
Figure 3. Species composition and extent of occurrence within the 11 well-studied species clades of Liolaemus, across the three studied periods (1980, 2000 and 2020). Coloured circles indicate the extent of occurrence of each species based on the thresholds of B1criteria of IUCN (green <20 000 km2 = LC/NT; yellow <5000 km2 = VU; orange <500 km2 = EN; red> 500 km2 = CR). Pie charts show the proportion of the studied species for each period corresponding to each conservation status based on the B1 criteria of IUCN.
Figure 1 in Observations on natural diet and reproductive behaviour of an endemic snail Indrella ampulla (Benson 1850) (Gastropoda: Ariophantidae) from the Western Ghats, India
Figure 1. Indrella ampulla (from Wayanad) feeding on different food items. (a) Burmansia sp., (b) decaying Artocarpus heterophyllus fruit, (c) road-crushed I. ampulla, (d) unknown droppings. Images not to scale.
Figure 3 in Observations on natural diet and reproductive behaviour of an endemic snail Indrella ampulla (Benson 1850) (Gastropoda: Ariophantidae) from the Western Ghats, India
Figure 3. Eggs (in terrarium) and colour change in different developmental stages of Indrella ampulla. Scale (b–f) = 1 cm.
Figure 2 in Observations on natural diet and reproductive behaviour of an endemic snail Indrella ampulla (Benson 1850) (Gastropoda: Ariophantidae) from the Western Ghats, India
Figure 2. Reproductive behaviour of Indrella ampulla. (c and d) showing closeups of mating and phallus organs. Images not to scale.
FIGURE 2 in The tadpole of the endemic poison frog Ameerega pulchripecta (Silverstone, 1976) with the description of its chondrocranium (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)
FIGURE 2. Chondrocranium (UFMG 2445, Stage 25) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views, suprarostral in frontal view (C), and hyobranchial apparatus (D). Abbreviations: a, ala; alpc, anterolateral process of ceratohyal; apc, anterior process of ceratohyal; app, articular process of palatoquadrate; asp, ascending process; c, corpora; cb I–IV, ceratobranchial I–IV; cf, carotid foramen; ch, ceratohyal; cpf, craniopalatine foramen; hp, hypobranchial plate; ic, infrarostral cartilage; ff, frontoparietal fenestra; lt, lateral process of trabecular horn; mc, Meckel's cartilage; mp, muscular process; oc, otic capsule; pp, pseudopterygoid process; ppc, posterior process of ceratohyal; pq, palatoquadrate; pr, pars reuniens; qcc, quadratocranial commissure; s, spicule; sc, suprarostral cartilage; th, trabecular horns; ts, tectum synoticum; ttm, taenia tecti marginalis. Scale bars, A and B = 1.0 mm; C and D = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in The tadpole of the endemic poison frog Ameerega pulchripecta (Silverstone, 1976) with the description of its chondrocranium (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)
FIGURE 1. Tadpole Ameerega pulchripecta at Stage 25 in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views (CECC 2675), collected in the Parque Natural Municipal do Cancão, municipality of Serra do Navio, state of Amapá, Brazil. Open oral disc (D) and frontal view (E) of another specimen at Stage 25 (UFMG 2445). Scale bars, A–C = 3 mm; D = 0.5 mm; E = 1 mm.
Supplementary material 2 from: Mosyakin SL, de Lange PJ (2018) Anemonastrum tenuicaule and A. antucense (Ranunculaceae), new combinations for a New Zealand endemic species and its South American relative. PhytoKeys 99: 107-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.99.26489
Supplementary material 2 from: Mosyakin SL, de Lange PJ (2018) Anemonastrum tenuicaule and A. antucense (Ranunculaceae), new combinations for a New Zealand endemic species and its South American relative. PhytoKeys 99: 107-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.99.26489
Connecting Amazonian historical biogeography and local assemblages of understorey birds: recurrent guild proportionality within areas of endemism.
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Current diversity patterns in local communities result from historical and contemporary events that operate at distinct spatial and temporal scales. However, the contribution of local and large-scale processes in structuring species diversity remain a contentious topic in ecology. We investigated diversity patterns (species richness, composition and number of captures) of understorey bird assemblages in Amazonian unflooded (<em>terra firme</em>) forests. We sought to understand whether understorey bird assemblages in distinct areas of endemism show distinct patterns of diversity, and whether species replacements among areas of endemism occur while the proportion of species within guilds remains stable.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Amazonia.</p> <p><strong>Taxon: </strong>Understorey birds.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> To investigate diversity patterns, we compiled studies that mist-netted birds at 11 regions across seven Amazonian areas of endemism. We used coverage-based rarefaction curves, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and created a heatmap based on the proportion of captures in each area of endemism to access patterns of richness, composition and captures of understorey birds, respectively. The relative variance (RVgp index) was calculated to investigate the existence of guild proportionality within each area of endemism.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Bird assemblages diverged across the seven areas of endemism, in terms of species richness, composition and captures. However, the proportion of species and individuals within guilds was similar among areas of endemism, indicating that species replacements across areas of endemism occur while maintaining the same ecological functions. Guild proportionality suggests that interspecific competition and resource availability are more important than environmental heterogeneity in structuring understorey bird assemblages.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> The similar proportion of species within guilds suggest that interspecific competition and resource availability are more important than environmental heterogeneity in structuring local assemblages, possibly via a process of limiting similarity in morphological and functional traits. The observed congruent structure in understorey bird assemblages across areas of endemism shows that coupled historical and ecological processes, operating at local to large scales, have led to current patterns of diversity and composition in Amazonian bird communities.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Status of the subspecies of Myristica beddomei (Myristicaceae), endemic to the Western Ghats, India
FIGURE 4. Subspecies of Myristica beddomei (Prior). A1–5. M. beddomei subsp. beddomei. B1–5. M. beddomei subsp. spherocarpa. C1–5: M. beddomei subsp. ustulata. 1. Twig with leaf. 2. Male flower. 3. Female flower. 4. Fruit. 5. Seed with aril
FIGURE 6 in Status of the subspecies of Myristica beddomei (Myristicaceae), endemic to the Western Ghats, India
FIGURE 6. Distribution of Myristica beddomei and its subspecies. MBB = M. beddomei subsp. beddomei. MBU = M. beddomei subsp. ustulate. MBS = M. beddomei subsp. spherocarpa.
FIGURE 5 in Status of the subspecies of Myristica beddomei (Myristicaceae), endemic to the Western Ghats, India
FIGURE 5. Diagrammatic representation of vasculature in petiole (CS) of M. beddomei and its subspecies.
FIGURE 2. Myristica pushpangadaniana A. Twig with leaves and fruit. B. Dehisced fruit. C. Male flower. D. Androecium exposed. E. Female flower. F in Status of the subspecies of Myristica beddomei (Myristicaceae), endemic to the Western Ghats, India
FIGURE 2. Myristica pushpangadaniana A. Twig with leaves and fruit. B. Dehisced fruit. C. Male flower. D. Androecium exposed. E. Female flower. F. Gynoecium exposed.
FIGURE 1. Myristica beddomei subsp. beddomei A. Twig with leaves and fruit. B. Male inflorescence. C. Female inflorescence. D. Male flower. E. Androecium, exposed. F. Female flower. G. Gynoecium exposed. H. Fruits. I. Arillate seed. J in Status of the subspecies of Myristica beddomei (Myristicaceae), endemic to the Western Ghats, India
FIGURE 1. Myristica beddomei subsp. beddomei A. Twig with leaves and fruit. B. Male inflorescence. C. Female inflorescence. D. Male flower. E. Androecium, exposed. F. Female flower. G. Gynoecium exposed. H. Fruits. I. Arillate seed. J. Bark exudate.
Distribution. Endemic to South America, with records in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, N & CW Brazil, and NE Argentina (Parana River basin). Occurrence localities in Bolivia and Paraguay were attributed to recently described M. midastactus. in Vespertilionidae
Distribution. Endemic to South America, with records in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, N & CW Brazil, and NE Argentina (Parana River basin). Occurrence localities in Bolivia and Paraguay were attributed to recently described M. midastactus.
Distribution. Endemic to Mexico, restricted to a very small area in Coahuila, Nuevo Ledn, and Zacatecas. in Vespertilionidae
Distribution. Endemic to Mexico, restricted to a very small area in Coahuila, Nuevo Ledn, and Zacatecas.
Distribution. Endemic to Mexico, restricted to Marias Is (Madre, Magdalena, and Cleofas), off Nayarit. in Vespertilionidae
Distribution. Endemic to Mexico, restricted to Marias Is (Madre, Magdalena, and Cleofas), off Nayarit.
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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