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FIGURE 1 in Four new species of Scydmaeninae and Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from Yunnan, China
FIGURE 1. Euconnus (s. str.) vertexalis sp. nov., male. A. Habitus. B–C. Head, in dorsal (B) and lateral (C) view. D–E. Aedeagus, ventral (D) and lateral (E). Scale bars: 0.3 mm in A; 0.2 mm in B, C; 0.05 mm in D, E.
FIGURES 17–20. 17 in A review of Solierella Spinola, 1851 (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) from Iran with description of four new species
FIGURES 17–20. 17. Solierella pisonoides ♀ from Turkey, mesosoma. 18. Solierella syriaca ♀ from Syria, dorsal view. 19. Solierella verhoeffi ♀ from Turkey, mesopleuron. 20. Solierella pisonoides ♀ from Turkey, dorsal view.
FIGURES 12–15 in The millipede family Striariidae Bollman, 1893: III. Four new species of Striaria Bollman, 1888 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striariidae) from Idaho, USA
FIGURES 12–15. Males of new species of Striaria. 12, 13. S. aculeata, n. sp. 12. Tips of left gonopod, lateral view. 13. Tips of right gonopod mesal view. 14, 15. S. bombillus, n. sp. 14. Head and collum, frontal view. 15. Pleurotergite 8, lateral view, anterior to the right. Abbreviations: col, collum; ct, cerotegument; aac, anterior angiocoxite; fc, flagellocoxite; lab, labrum; lcc, lateral lobe of colpocoxite; pac, posterior angiocoxite.
FIGURES 7–11. Male Striaria aculeata, n in The millipede family Striariidae Bollman, 1893: III. Four new species of Striaria Bollman, 1888 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striariidae) from Idaho, USA
FIGURES 7–11. Male Striaria aculeata, n. sp. 7. Specialized seta of prefemur of legpair 3. 8. Specialized seta of distal tibia of legpair 3. 9. Gonopods, anterior view. 10. Right gonopod, mesal view. 11. Left gonopod, lateral view. Abbreviations: aac, anterior angiocoxite; cx, coxa; fc, flagellocoxite; lcc, lateral lobe of colpocoxite; pac, posterior angiocoxite; s, sternum.
FIGURES 20, 21. Striaria orator, n in The millipede family Striariidae Bollman, 1893: III. Four new species of Striaria Bollman, 1888 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striariidae) from Idaho, USA
FIGURES 20, 21. Striaria orator, n. sp. 20. Left gonopod complex, lateral view. 21. Gonopod tips of right side, mesal view. Abbreviations: aac, anterior angiocoxite; cx, coxa; cxp, coxal process; lcc, lateral lobe of colpocoxite; pac, posterior angiocoxite; ptr7, modified margin of pleurotergite 7; t9, telopodite of leg 9.
FIGURES 31–36 in The millipede family Striariidae Bollman, 1893: III. Four new species of Striaria Bollman, 1888 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striariidae) from Idaho, USA
FIGURES 31–36. Gonopods of new species of Striaria. 31, 32. S. vagabundus, n. sp. 31. Right gonopod, mesal view. 32. Right gonopod, lateral view. 33–36. S. orator, n. sp. 33. Right gonopod, mesal view. 34. Right gonopod, lateral view. 35. Tip of anterior angiocoxite, mesal view. 36. Same, lateral view. Abbreviations: aac, anterior angiocoxite; lcc, lateral lobe of colpocoxite; pac, posterior angiocoxite; pcc, posterior lobe of colpocoxite.
FIGURES 16–19 in The millipede family Striariidae Bollman, 1893: III. Four new species of Striaria Bollman, 1888 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striariidae) from Idaho, USA
FIGURES 16–19. New species of Striaria. 16, 17. S. bombillus, n. sp. 16. Pygidium of male, dorsal view. 17. Pygidium of female, dorsal view. 18. Right ninth leg of S. vagabundus, n. sp., anterior view. 19. Second and third legpairs of S. orator, n. sp., ventroposterior view. Abbreviations: cf, coxal flask; cx, coxa; cxp, coxal process; numerals, pleurotergite numbers; pcb, postcoxal bar; pf3, prefemur of leg 3, ptr7, modified margin of pleurotergite 7; pyg, pygidium; s, sternum; t9, telopodite of leg 9.
FIGURES 1–6. Male Striaria aculeata, n in The millipede family Striariidae Bollman, 1893: III. Four new species of Striaria Bollman, 1888 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striariidae) from Idaho, USA
FIGURES 1–6. Male Striaria aculeata, n. sp. 1. Head and collum, lateral view; 2. Lateral view of head, showing ommatidia (e) and Tömösváry organ (to); 3. Right leg 1, posterior view. 4. Specialized setae of femur and tibia of leg 1. 5. Legpair 2, posterior view. 6. Legpairs 3–5, anterioventral view. Abbreviations: cf, coxal flask; col, collum; cs, cuticle surface; ct, cerotegument; cx3, coxa of leg 3; cxt2, coxotrochanter of leg 2; e, ocularium; lab, labrum; lh, labral hook; man, mandible; pcb, postcoxal bar; pf2, prefemur of leg 2; pf3, prefemur of leg 3, s, sternum to, Tömösváry Organ; tr1, tarsus of leg 1; tp2, trochanteral process of leg 2; vd, openings of vasa deferentia.
FIGURES 22–30 in The millipede family Striariidae Bollman, 1893: III. Four new species of Striaria Bollman, 1888 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striariidae) from Idaho, USA
FIGURES 22–30. Gonopods of new species of Striaria. 22–24. S. aculeata., n. sp. 22. Right gonopod, mesal view. 23. Tip of anterior angiocoxite, lateral view. 24. Same, mesal view. 25–28. S. bombillus, n. sp. 25. Right gonopod, mesal view. 26. Right gonopod, lateral view. 27. Tip of anterior angiocoxite, lateral view. 28. Same, mesal view. 29, 30. S. vagabundus, n. sp. 29. Tip of anterior angiocoxite, lateral view. 30. Same, mesal view. Abbreviations: aac, anterior angiocoxite; lcc, lateral lobe of colpocoxite; pac, posterior angiocoxite; pcc, posterior lobe of colpocoxite.
Data from: Characterization of the transcriptome and gene expression of four different tissues in the ecologically relevant sea urchin Arbacia lixula using RNA-seq
The sea urchin Arbacia lixula is a keystone species in Mediterranean ecosystems that drive landscape changes in littoral communities. However, genomic information available for the whole order Arbacioida is very limited. Using RNA-seq techniques, we have characterized the transcriptome of four different tissue types in A. lixula: the 'somatic' tissues (coelomocytes and digestive tissue) and the 'reproductive' tissues (ovary and testis), from two replicated cDNA libraries for each sample. Additionally, we performed a de novo assembly to build the 'reference' transcriptome, pooling reads of the four tissues, to analyse the differential expression (DE) in pairwise comparisons between tissues. The complete de novo assembly yielded 186 084 transcripts, with a sequence size limit of 100 nt, being 31% of them spliced isoforms. Approximately 21% of the transcripts had blast hits against proteins of metazoans (E < 10−5), being less than 2.2% functionally annotated. Between coelomocytes and digestive, 30 794 transcripts showed DE (~11.8% of them with blast hit), and 19 567 transcripts did so between testis and ovary (~28.5% of them with blast hit). Major GO-term categories upregulated in somatic tissues were those related to muscle contraction and energy generation in digestive, and lipid metabolism associated with immune response in coelomocytes. Between reproductive tissues, the major upregulated GO categories were related to energy generation in testis, and negative regulation of nucleotide metabolism in ovary. We particularly screened for a collection of target genes in each tissue because of their relevance for further studies on evolution and adaptation of echinoids.
Data from: Phenological responsiveness to climate differs among four species of Quercus in North America
1.The timing of the seasonal activity of organisms is a tractable indicator of climate change. Many studies in North America have investigated the role of temperature on the onset date of phenological transitions in temperate deciduous trees and found that the onset of leafing and flowering in numerous species has occurred earlier in recent years, apparently in response to higher temperatures in winter and spring. 2.Few studies have examined the climatic and biogeographic drivers of phenological responses in water-limited ecosystems or explored inter-specific variation in responses of phenological metrics other than the timing of onset, such as the periodicity or duration of phenological activity. 3.This study used phenological observations of four species of Quercus contributed to the USA National Phenology Network database from 2009-2014 to investigate how responses to climate (temperature and precipitation) and geographic location (latitude, longitude and elevation) varied among two western North American species (Q. agrifolia and Q. lobata) and two eastern and central North American species (Q. alba and Q. rubra). 4.Within years, in species in the western, water-limited ecosystems, the phenological phases observed here (bud break, flowers or flower buds) tend to occur intermittently throughout the growing season, and each event is of longer duration than the same phenophases of the temperate-zone species, rendering a single onset date an incomplete metric with which to track responsiveness or to compare species. By contrast, the eastern/central U.S. species were phenologically more responsive than the western species to spatial and temporal variation in winter, spring, and fall precipitation and maximum temperature. 5.Synthesis: Within and between regions these congeners exhibited a diversity of responses to seasonal temperature and precipitation. This indicates that for predictive model development it is critical to understand how each underlying driver influences species that are adapted to different climatic regimes. These results underscore the value of studying a range of phenological metrics and species from a variety of ecosystems to better predict phenological responses to short-term variation and to long-term change in climate.
Data from: A four-questions perspective on public information use in sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae)
Whether learning primarily reflects general processes or species-specific challenges is a longstanding matter of dispute. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of public information use (PI-use) in sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae). PI-use is a form of social learning by which animals are able to assess the relative quality of resources, here prey patches, by observing the behaviour of others. PI-use was highly species-specific with only two of the assayed species, Pungitius spp. and their closest relative Culaea inconstans showing evidence of PI-use. We saw no effects of ontogenetic experience upon PI-use in P. pungitius. Experiments with live demonstrators and animated fish revealed that heightened activity and feeding strikes by foraging conspecifics are important cues in the transmission of PI. Finally, PI-use was the only form of learning in which P. pungitius and another stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus differed. PI-use in sticklebacks is species-specific and may represent an 'ecological specialisation' for social foraging. Whether this reflects selection on perception, attentional or cognitive processes remains to be determined.
Data from: Development of genetic diversity, differentiation and structure over 500 years in four ponderosa pine populations
Population history plays an important role in shaping contemporary levels of genetic variation and geographic structure. This is especially true in small, isolated range-margin populations, where effects of inbreeding, genetic drift and gene flow may be more pronounced than in large continuous populations. Effects of landscape fragmentation and isolation distance may have implications for persistence of range-margin populations if they are demographic sinks. We studied four small, disjunct populations of ponderosa pine over a 500-year period. We coupled demographic data obtained through dendroecological methods with microsatellite data to discern how and when contemporary levels of allelic diversity, among and within-population levels of differentiation, and geographic structure, arose. Alleles accumulated rapidly following initial colonization, demonstrating proportionally high levels of gene flow into the populations. At population sizes of approximately 100 individuals, allele accumulation saturated. Levels of genetic differentiation among populations (FST and Jost's Dest) and diversity within populations (FIS) remained stable through time. There was no evidence of geographic genetic structure at any time in the populations' history. Proportionally, high gene flow in the early stages of population growth resulted in rapid accumulation of alleles and quickly created relatively homogenous genetic patterns among populations. Our study demonstrates that contemporary levels of genetic diversity were formed quickly and early in population development. How contemporary genetic diversity accumulates over time is a key facet of understanding population growth and development. This is especially relevant given the extent and speed at which species ranges are predicted to shift in the coming century.
Data from: Changes in horn size of Stone's sheep over four decades correlate with trophy hunting pressure
Selective harvest may lead to rapid evolutionary change. For large herbivores, trophy hunting removes males with large horns. That artificial selection, operating in opposition to sexual selection, can lead to undesirable consequences for management and conservation. There have been no comparisons of long-term changes in trophy size under contrasting harvest pressures. We analyzed horn measurements of Stone's rams (Ovis dalli stonei) harvested over 37 years in two large regions of British Columbia, Canada, with marked differences in hunting pressure to identify when selective hunting may cause a long-term decrease in horn growth. Under strong selective harvest, horn growth early in life and the number of males harvested declined respectively by 12% and 45% over the study period. Horn shape also changed over time: horn length became shorter for a given base circumference, likely because horn base is not a direct target of hunter selection. In contrast, under relatively lower hunting pressure, there were no detectable temporal trends in early horn growth, number of males harvested or horn length relative to base circumference. Trophy hunting is an important recreational activity and can generate substantial revenues for conservation. By providing a reproductive advantage to males with smaller horns and reducing the availability of desirable trophies, however, excessive harvest may have the undesirable long-term consequences of reducing both the harvest and the horn size of rams. These consequences can be avoided by limiting offtake.
Data from: Twenty-four years after the Yellowstone fires: are postfire lodgepole pine stands converging in structure and function?
Disturbance and succession have long been of interest in ecology, but how landscape patterns of ecosystem structure and function evolve following large disturbances is poorly understood. After nearly 25 years, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) forests that regenerated after the 1988 Yellowstone Fires (Wyoming, USA) offer a prime opportunity to track the fate of disturbance-created heterogeneity in stand structure and function in a wilderness setting. In 2012, we resampled 72 permanent plots to ask (1) How have postfire stand structure and function changed between 11 and 24 yr postfire, and what variables explain these patterns and changes? (2) How has landscape-level (among-stand) variability in postfire stand structure and function changed between 11 and 24 yr postfire? We expected to see evidence of convergence beginning to emerge, but also that initial postfire stem density would still determine trajectories of biomass accumulation. After 24 yr, postfire lodgepole pine density remained very high (mean = 21,738 stems ha−1, range = 0 to 344,067 stems ha−1). Stem density increased in most plots between 11 and 24 yr postfire, but declined sharply where 11-yr-postfire stem density was > 72,000 stems ha−1. Stems were small in high-density stands, but stand-level lodgepole pine leaf area, foliage biomass, and live aboveground biomass increased over time and with increasing stem density. After 24 yr, mean annual lodgepole pine aboveground net primary production (ANPP) was high (mean = 5 Mg ha−1 yr−1, range = 0 to 16.5 Mg ha−1 yr−1). Among stands, lodgepole pine ANPP increased with stem density, which explained 69% of the variation; another 8% of the variation was explained by environmental covariates. Early patterns of postfire lodgepole pine regeneration, which were contingent on prefire serotiny and fire severity, remained the dominant driver of stand structure and function. We observed mechanisms that would lead to convergence in stem density (structure) over time, but it was landscape variation in functional variables that declined substantially. Stand structure and function have not converged across the burned landscape, but our evidence suggests function will converge sooner than structure.
Data from: The geographical and environmental determinants of genetic diversity for four alpine conifers of the European Alps
Climate is one of the most important drivers of local adaptation in forest tree species. Standing levels of genetic diversity and structure within and among natural populations of forest trees are determined by the interplay between climatic heterogeneity and the balance between selection and gene flow. To investigate this interplay single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 24 to 37 populations from four subalpine conifers, Abies alba Mill., Larix decidua L., Pinus cembra L. and Pinus mugo Turra, across their natural ranges in the Italian Alps and Apennines. Patterns of population structure were apparent using a Bayesian clustering program, STRUCTURE, which identified three to five genetic groups per species. Geographical correlates to these patterns, however, were only apparent for P. cembra. Multivariate environmental variables (i.e. principal components) were subsequently tested for association with SNPs using a Bayesian generalized linear mixed model. The majority of the SNPs, ranging from six in L. decidua to 18 in P. mugo, were associated with PC1, corresponding to winter precipitation and seasonal minimum temperature. In A. alba, four SNPs were associated with PC2, corresponding to the seasonal minimum temperature. Functional annotation of those genes with the orthologs in Arabidopsis revealed several genes involved in abiotic stress response. This study provides a detailed assessment of population structure and its association to environment and geography in four coniferous species in the Italian mountains.
Data from: Karyotype analysis of four jewel-beetle species (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) detected by standard staining, C-banding, AgNOR-banding and CMA3/DAPI staining
The male karyotypes of Acmaeodera pilosellae persica Mannerheim, 1837 with 2n=20 (18+neoXY), Sphenoptera scovitzii Faldermann, 1835 (2n=38–46), Dicerca aenea validiuscula Semenov, 1895 – 2n=20 (18+Xyp) and Sphaerobothris aghababiani Volkovitsh et Kalashian, 1998 – 2n=16 (14+Xyp) were studied using conventional staining and different chromosome banding techniques: C-banding, AgNOR-banding, as well as fluorochrome Chromomycin A3 (CMA3) and DAPI. It is shown that C-positive segments are weakly visible in all four species which indicates a small amount of constitutive heterochromatin (CH). There were no signals after DAPI staining and some positive signals were discovered using CMA3 staining demonstrating absence of AT-rich DNA and presence of GC-rich clusters of CH. Nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) were revealed using Ag-NOR technique; argentophilic material mostly coincides with positive signals obtained using CMA3 staining.
Data from: Mapping the four-horned locus and testing the polled locus in three Chinese sheep breeds
Four-horned sheep are an ideal animal model for illuminating the genetic basis of horn development. The objective of this study was to locate the genetic region responsible for the four-horned phenotype and to verify a previously reported polled locus in three Chinese breeds. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using 34 two-horned and 32 four-horned sheep from three Chinese indigenous breeds: Altay, Mongolian and Sishui Fur sheep. The top two significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the four-horned phenotype were both located in a region spanning positions 132.6 to 132.7 Mb on sheep chromosome 2. Similar locations for the four-horned trait were previously identified in Jacob, Navajo-Churro, Damara and Sishui Fur sheep, suggesting a common genetic component underlying the four-horned phenotype. The two identified SNPs were both downstream of the metaxin 2 (MTX2) gene and the HOXD gene cluster. For the top SNP—OAR2:g.132619300G>A—the strong associations of the AA and AG genotypes with the four-horned phenotype and the GG genotype with the two-horned phenotype indicated the dominant inheritance of the four-horned trait. No significant SNPs for the polled phenotype were identified in the GWAS analysis, and a PCR analysis for the detection of the 1.8-kb insertion associated with polled sheep in other breeds failed to verify the association with polledness in the three Chinese breeds. This study supports the hypothesis that two different loci are responsible for horn existence and number. This study contributes to the understanding of the molecular regulation of horn development and enriches the knowledge of qualitative traits in domestic animals.
Data from: Concerted versus independent evolution and the search for multiple refugia: comparative phylogeography of four forest beetles
Phylogeographic structure and its underlying causes are not necessarily shared among community members, with important implications for using individual organisms as indicators for ecosystem evolution, such as the identification of forest refugia. We used mitochondrial DNA (COI), Bayesian coalescent ancestral state reconstruction (implemented in BEAST) and ecological niche models (ENMs) to construct geo-spatial histories for four co-distributed New Zealand forest beetles (Leiodidae, Nitidulidae, Staphylinidae, Zopheridae) to examine the extent to which they have tracked environmental changes together through time. Hindcast ENMs identified potential forest refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum, while ancestral state reconstruction identified key geographic connections for each species, facilitating direct comparison of dispersal patterns supported by the data and the time frame in which they occurred. Well-supported geographic state transitions for each species were mostly between neighboring regions, favoring a historical scenario of stepping stone colonization of newly-suitable habitat rather than long distance dispersal. No geographic state transitions were shared by all four species, but three shared multiple projected South Island refugia and recent dispersal from the southernmost refugium. In contrast, strongly supported dispersal patterns in the refugia-rich northern South Island suggest more individualistic responses to environmental change in these ecologically similar forest species.
Data from: Not seeing the grass for the trees: timber plantations and agriculture shrink tropical montane grassland by two-thirds over four decades in the Palani Hills, a Western Ghats Sky Island
Tropical montane habitats, grasslands, in particular, merit urgent conservation attention owing to the disproportionate levels of endemic biodiversity they harbour, the ecosystem services they provide, and the fact that they are among the most threatened habitats globally. The Shola Sky Islands in the Western Ghats host a matrix of native forest-grassland matrix that has been planted over the last century, with exotic timber plantations. The popular discourse on the landscape change is that mainly forests have been lost to the timber plantations and recent court directives are to restore Shola forest trees. In this study, we examine spatiotemporal patterns of landscape change over the last 40 years in the Palani Hills, a significant part of the montane habitat in the Western Ghats. Using satellite imagery and field surveys, we find that 66% of native grasslands and 31% of native forests have been lost over the last 40 years. Grasslands have gone from being the dominant, most contiguous land cover to one of the rarest and most fragmented. They have been replaced by timber plantations and, to a lesser extent, expanding agriculture. We find that the spatial pattern of grassland loss to plantations differs from the loss to agriculture, likely driven by the invasion of plantation species into grasslands. We identify remnant grasslands that should be prioritised for conservation and make specific recommendations for conservation and restoration of grasslands in light of current management policy in the Palani Hills, which favours large-scale removal of plantations and emphasises the restoration of native forests.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.