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12,683 results for “tolerability”
Thermal tolerance of fish to heatwaves in agricultural streams: What does not kill you makes you stronger?
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Arboreality drives heat tolerance while elevation drives cold tolerance in tropical rainforest ants
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Predicting drought tolerance from slope aspect preference in restored plant communities
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gmkov/microclimate.thermal.tolerance.Heliconius-JEB-2020: Data and scripts for "Microclimate buffering and thermal tolerance across elevations in a tropical butterfly"
<p>Data and scripts associated with the article "Microclimate buffering and thermal tolerance across elevations in a tropical butterfly", Journal of Experimental Biology (2020), by Gabriela Montejo-Kovacevich, Simon H. Martin, Joana I. Meier, Caroline N. Bacquet, Monica Monllor, Chris D. Jiggins & Nicola J. Nadeau</p>
Data file for the paper: Colleen Jackson, Leonard Raymakers, Martijn Mulder and Anthony RJ Kucernak, "Assessing Electrocatalyst Hydrogen Activity and CO Tolerance: Comparison of Performance obtained using the High Mass Transport 'Floating Electrode' Technique and in Electrochemical Hydrogen Pumps", Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118734
<p>This Excel spreadsheet contains the data used in generation of the figures in the paper</p> <p>Article title: Assessing Electrocatalyst Hydrogen Activity and CO Tolerance: Comparison of Performance obtained using the High Mass Transport 'Floating Electrode' Technique and in Electrochemical Hydrogen Pumps</p> <p>Journal title: Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2020</p> <p>Corresponding author: Professor ARJ Kucernak</p> <p>First author: Dr. C. Jackson</p> <p>First published version available online: 7-FEB-2020</p> <p>DOI information: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118734</p> <p> </p>
Fig. 2 in Temperature affects the hypoxia tolerance of neotropical Cichlid Geophagus brasiliensis
Fig. 2. Lactate Dehydrogenase enzyme activity of Geophagus brasiliensis exposed to normoxic (90% oxygen saturation) and hypoxic (20% oxygen saturation) conditions for 8 hours at 20°C, 24°C and 28°C. a. in liver; b. in white muscle; and c. in heart. Asterisks indicates significant differences between treatments at the same temperature, p <0.05. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences for the same treatment at the temperatures studied, p <0.05.
Data from: Thermal tolerance in two wood ant species and their hybrids
<p>Local populations can cope with rising temperatures, if they have adaptive potential to face the new thermal regime. Hybridization with a closely related lineage is one potential source of adaptive genetic variability and an outstanding question is whether hybridization could help contemporary populations to adapt in the face of current environmental change. We investigate thermal adaptation by testing for differences in cold and heat tolerances between Finnish populations of two mound-building wood ants, Formica polyctena and Formica aquilonia, and their naturally occurring hybrids. The results showed that parental individuals differed in both cold and heat tolerances and expressed thermal limits which reflect the global distributions of the parental species, in support to the thermal adaptation hypothesis. However, hybrids could not combine the thermal tolerance of both parental species as they were equally heat-tolerant to F. polyctena, but not equally cold-tolerant to F. aquilonia. Intriguingly, body weight had a significant role in thermal tolerance, with heavier ants coping better with higher temperatures. These results contribute to understanding the outcomes of hybridization and the potential that species possess in coping with environmental change. Wood ants are keystone species in the boreal forests and important for healthy forest ecosystems, but they are threatened by increasing global temperatures and habitat destruction. Our findings help to understand how these species may respond to global climate change.</p>
Heatwave tolerance of a marine polychaete (Hediste diversicolor): physiological and molecular data archive
<p>The aim of this work was to test the effect of long-lasting heatwaves on the intertidal polychaete <em>Hediste diversicolor</em> (24 ºC <em>vs</em> 30 ºC for a month). We analysed the whole-body proteome and carried out fatty acid analysis after 28 days of exposure and then estimated cumulative survival and upper thermal tolerance limits (after 30 days of exposure). Worms' wet weight was also compared between temperatures (after 30 days) to understand if elevated temperature has effects on growth. </p> <p>NOTE: The associated mass spectrometry proteomics dataset has been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD020635</p> <p>Dataset associated to the paper DOI:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110885">10.1016/j.envres.2021.110885</a></p>
Data from: Habitat loss and thermal tolerances influence the sensitivity of resident bird populations to winter weather at regional scales
<p>1. Climate change and habitat loss pose the greatest contemporary threats to biodiversity, but their impacts on populations largely vary across species. These differential responses could be caused by complex interactions between landscape and climate change and species-specific sensitivities.</p> <p>2. Understanding the factors that determine which species are most vulnerable to the synergistic effects of climate change and habitat loss is a high conservation priority. Here, we ask (a) whether and to what extent land cover moderates the impacts of winter weather on population dynamics of wintering birds, and (b) what role species' physiology might play in modifying their responses to changing weather conditions.</p> <p>3. To address these questions, we used thousands of observations collected by citizen scientists participating in Project FeederWatch to build dynamic occupancy models for 14 species of wintering birds.</p> <p>4. Populations of wintering birds were more dynamic, having higher rates of local extinction and colonization, in more forested landscapes during extreme cold – presumably enabling them to better track resources. However, urban areas appeared to provide refuge for some species, as demonstrated by increased local colonization during the harshest winter weather. Lastly, we found that species-specific differences in thermal tolerances strongly influenced occupancy dynamics such that species that are less cold-tolerant were more likely to go locally extinct at colder sites and during colder periods throughout winter.</p> <p>5. Together, our results suggest species that are less cold-tolerant and populations occupying less forested landscapes are most vulnerable to extreme winter weather. 11-Jun-2020</p>
Is drought tolerance a domestication trait in tepary bean?: Allelic diversity at abiotic stress responsive genes in cultivated Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray and its wild relatives
<p>Some of the major impacts of climate change are expected in the poorest regions of the world where drought stress and nutrient deficiency are already a main issue. Legumes are an essential food crop for the poorest because of their high dietary protein and micronutrient contents. However, they are generally drought susceptible. Therefore, our goal in this study was to explore allele diversity at abiotic stress responsive candidate genes in the only drought tolerant cultivated bean species of the genus <i>Phaseolus</i>, tepary bean (<i>P. acutifolius</i> A. Gray) and its related species <i>P. parvifolius </i>Freytag. Specifically, we estimated drought tolerance in 52 tepary bean <i>s.l.</i> geo-referenced germplasm accessions from the <i>P. acutifolius</i>–<i>parvifolius</i> clade using climate information, and used this estimated drought stress index to examine allele correlations with <i>Asr2</i>, <i>Dreb2B</i> and ERECTA-encoding candidate genes for drought tolerance. Genetic clustering showed that cultivated and wild <i>P. acutifolius</i> were intermingled with <i>P. acutifolius </i>var.<i> tenuifolius</i> and <i>P. parvifolius</i>, signifying that allele diversity at candidate genes for drought tolerance was not scarce in tepary bean <i>s.l</i>. <i>Dreb2B</i> and ERECTA-encoding genes harbored signatures of directional/purifying selection, likely in favor of adaptive alleles selectively advantageous because each had two SNPs significantly correlated (<i>p-value</i> < 0.05) with habitat drought stress at six and 12 months. These results suggest that tepary bean <i>s.l. </i>is a reservoir of novel alleles at candidate genes for drought tolerance, as expected for a drought-tolerant species that originated in warmer and arid environments. Abiotic stress responsive candidate genes also exhibit comparable patterns of selective signatures when comparing orthologous across species, which speaks for a predominant role of gene sub-functionalization likely due to ecological constrains. Our study therefore corroborates that the candidate gene approach is still an effective alternative for marker validation across a broader genetic basis of germplasm accessions. Further efforts to determine the genetic architecture of drought tolerance will unlock novel alleles hidden in a crop with limited modern relevance as tepary bean, but capable of acting as a donor in backcrossing and genome editing strategies with elite common bean lines aiming to meet the imminent demands of a drier world.</p>
Are juveniles as tolerant to salinity stress as adults?: A case study of Northern European, Ponto-Caspian and North American species
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Aim: </b>Global biodiversity and ecosystems are highly impacted by anthropogenic activities, such as climate change and introduction of non-indigenous species. As numerous species from the Ponto-Caspian region have established in the North and Baltic Seas, as well as in the Laurentian Great Lakes, there have been large number of studies examining environmental tolerance of these species to determine their future potential to spread. However, many of those studies were conducted only on adult stages, while neglecting the possibility that early life history stages might not be equally resilient. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Location: </b>Northern European, Ponto‐Caspian and North American regions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Methods: </b>To determine if juveniles would demonstrate the same environmental tolerance as their parents, we examined the salinity tolerance of adults and juveniles of one Northern European (<i>Gammarus salinus</i>), one Ponto-Caspian (<i>Pontogammarus maeoticus</i>) and one North American species (<i>Gammarus tigrinus</i>). Additionally, we compared our study to that of Paiva et al. (2018), who tested the salinity tolerance of the same species using only adults. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Results: </b>Our study determined that both adults and juveniles of all three species tolerated wide ranges of salinity, with juveniles of <i>G. salinus</i> tolerating only slightly narrower salinity range than their parents, while those of <i>P. maeoticus</i> and <i>G. tigrinus</i> much narrower range. Additionally, we determined better survival and higher growth rates of juveniles of <i>G. salinus</i> in higher salinities, and better survival of <i>P. maeoticus</i> in lower salinities. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Based on juvenile salinity tolerance, our study further supported findings of Paiva et al. (2018), where Northern European species may be adapted to marine, while Ponto-Caspian to lower saline and freshwater environments. The North American species is probably adapted to intermediate salinities. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>As juveniles do not tolerate the same salinity stress as adults,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> we emphasize the importance of testing all life-history stages when predicting species resilience to environmental stressors.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Supplementary Tables (Mapping the Associations of the Plasma Lipidome With Insulin Resistance and Response to an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test)
<p><span><b>Context: </b>Insulin resistance (IR) remained a global health challenge. Lipidomics offers a unique opportunity to identify biomarkers; a key step towards understanding mechanisms of IR associated with abnormal lipid metabolism.</span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><span><b>Objective:</b> To determine whether plasma lipid species are associated with indices of insulin resistance and to evaluate the plasma lipidome response to an OGTT. </span></p> <p><span><b>Design and Setting: </b>Community based cross-sectional </span></p> <p><span><b>Participants and sample: </b>Plasma samples (collected at 0 and 120 min during an OGTT) from non-obese, young adults aged between 18-34 years (n = 246) were analysed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.</span></p> <p><span><b>Main outcome measures: </b>Using linear models (controlling for age, sex, BMI, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides), the associations between indices of insulin resistance and individual lipid species or changes in lipid levels during an OGTT were tested.</span></p> <p><span><b>Results: </b>Some (213) and (199) lipid species associate with HOMA-IR and insulin AUC respectively. Alkylphosphatidylcholine (10), alkenylphosphatidylcholine (23) and alkylphosphatidylethanolamine (6) species were associated with insulin AUC in men only. Species of phosphatidylcholine (7) and sphingomyelin (5) were associated in women only. In response to an oral glucose tolerance test, a perturbation in the plasma lipidome, particularly in acylcarnitine species was observed; and the changes in many lipid species were associated with insulin AUC. </span></p> <p><span><b>Conclusions: </b>The plasma lipidome and changes in lipid levels during an OGTT were associated with indices of insulin resistance. These findings underlie the involvement of molecular lipid species in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and possibly crosstalk between insulin resistance and sex-specific regulation of lipid metabolism. </span></p>
Heat tolerances of temperate and tropical birds and their implications for susceptibility to climate warming
<ol> <li>Characterizing heat tolerance is critical for predicting an organism's vulnerability to climate warming. Recent studies of ectotherms report that impacts of climate warming are expected to be greater in the tropics, where ectotherms tend to have lower heat tolerances and experience air temperatures closer to their heat tolerance limits than their temperate counterparts. However, similar comparisons of heat tolerance are largely lacking for endotherms, and it remains an open question whether climate warming will also disproportionately affect tropical endotherms.</li> <li>To address this empirical gap, we measured thermoregulatory responses to acute heat stress in 81 bird species (23 temperate, 58 tropical), assembling the largest comparative dataset of endothermic heat tolerances to date.</li> <li>After controlling for body mass and experimental chamber humidity, temperate species had significantly higher heat tolerance limits (ΔHTL = 2.2 °C; 45.2 vs. 40 °C) and upper critical temperatures (ΔUCT = 1.1 °C; 38.7 vs. 37.6 °C) on average than tropical species. Importantly, however, these differences do not appear to impact vulnerability to climate warming, as neither thermal safety margins (i.e. the difference between UCT and maximum air temperature, T<sub>max</sub>) nor warming tolerances ( the difference between HTL and T<sub>max</sub>) differed between temperate and tropical species. We also observed substantial variation in heat tolerance among avian orders, with pigeons and doves (Columbiformes) being among the most heat tolerant species in our dataset.</li> <li>Overall, our results suggest that, from a physiological standpoint, tropical birds may not be systematically more susceptible to climate warming than temperate birds, contrasting previous studies of ectotherms. Furthermore, we show that certain avian clades may be more resilient to warming irrespective of local climate. However, because we only sampled at one temperate and one tropical site, we caution that replication from other habitats and localities are needed to evaluate the generality of our findings.</li> </ol>
Data from: Phenotypic plasticity, but not adaptive tracking, underlies seasonal variation in post-cold hardening freeze tolerance of Drosophila melanogaster
<p> In temperate regions, an organism's ability to rapidly adapt to seasonally varying environments is essential for its survival. In response to seasonal changes in selection pressure caused by variation in temperature, humidity, and food availability, some organisms exhibit plastic changes in phenotype. In other cases, seasonal variation in selection pressure can rapidly increase the frequency of genotypes that offer survival or reproductive advantages under the current conditions. Little is known about the relative influences of plastic and genetic changes in short lived organisms experiencing seasonal environmental fluctuations. Cold hardening is a seasonally relevant plastic response in which exposure to cool, but nonlethal, temperatures significantly increases the organism's ability to later survive at freezing temperatures. In the present study, we demonstrate seasonal variation in cold hardening in <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> and test the extent to which plasticity and adaptive tracking underlie that seasonal variation. We measured the post-cold hardening freeze tolerance of flies from outdoor mesocosms over the summer, fall, and winter. We bred outdoor mesocosm-caught flies for two generations in the lab and matched each outdoor cohort to an indoor control cohort of similar genetic background. We cold hardened all flies under controlled laboratory conditions and then measured their post-cold hardening freeze tolerance. Comparing indoor and field-caught flies and their laboratory-reared G1 and G2 progeny allowed us to determine the roles of seasonal environmental plasticity, parental effects, and genetic changes on cold hardening. We also tested the relationship between cold hardening and other factors, including age, developmental density, food substrate, presence of antimicrobials, and supplementation with live yeast. We found strong plastic responses to a variety of field- and lab-based environmental effects, but no evidence of seasonally varying parental or genetic effects on cold hardening. We therefore conclude that seasonal variation in post-cold hardening freeze tolerance results from environmental influences and not genetic changes. </p>
Transcriptome analysis of ionic-liquid tolerant Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CMW1 and identification of a novel efflux pump
<p>Bacteria that exhibit ionic-liquid (IL) tolerance are useful in chemical industries using renewable carbon sources pretreated by ILs to produce biofuels and fine chemicals. Although an IL, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl), has a remarkable ability to solubilize wood components, [BMIM]Cl inhibits the growth of various bacterial hosts useful for bioconversion. We previously isolated a 10% [BMIM]Cl-tolerant bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CMW1. Here we report novel mechanisms of tolerance to [BMIM]Cl in strain CMW1 and a novel major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter coded by an ionic-liquid tolerance (ILT) gene. First, using CMW1 cells grown in the presence or absence of 10% [BMIM]Cl, whole-transcriptome analysis and differentially expressed gene analysis were performed. Probable mechanisms of tolerance to [BMIM]Cl include uptake of osmoprotectants from the culture medium toward CMW1 cells and the export of [BMIM] cations that accumulated in CMW1 cells. The finding represents a first step in elucidation of the mechanisms of IL resistance in Gram-positive bacteria. Second, we conferred tolerance to 5% [BMIM]Cl on [BMIM]Cl-susceptible Brevibacillus choshinensis using ILT gene. This finding provides a notable basis for engineering IL-tolerant bacterial hosts that are applicable for the effective and sustainable production of industrially important chemicals.</p>
Thermal tolerance of Lasius americanus across urbanization and geographical gradients
<p class="CxSpFirst"><span>Cities are emerging as a new venue to overcome the challenges of obtaining data on compensatory responses to climatic warming through phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary change. In this review, we highlight how cities can be used to explore physiological trait responses to experimental warming and also how cities can be used as human-made space-for-time substitutions. We synthesized the current literature and found evidence for significant plasticity and evolution in thermal tolerance trait responses to urban heat islands. For those studies that reported both plastic and evolved components of thermal tolerance, we found evidence that both mechanisms contributed to phenotypic shifts in thermal tolerance, rather than plastic responses precluding or limiting evolved responses. Interestingly though, for a broader range of studies, we found that the magnitude of evolved shifts in thermal tolerance was not significantly different from the magnitude of shift in those studies that only reported phenotypic results, which could be a product of evolution, plasticity, or both. Regardless, the magnitude of shifts in urban thermal tolerance phenotypes was comparable to more traditional space-for-time substitutions across latitudinal and altitudinal clines in environmental temperature. We conclude by considering how urban-derived estimates of plasticity and evolution of thermal tolerance traits can be used to improve forecasting methods including macrophysiological models and species distribution modelling approaches. Finally, we consider areas for further exploration including sub-lethal performance traits and thermal performance curves, assessing the adaptive nature of trait shifts, and taking more full advantage of the environmental thermal variation that cities generate.</span></p>
Oxygen-mediated plasticity confers hypoxia tolerance in a corallivorous polychaete
<p><span>There is mounting evidence that the deoxygenation of coastal marine ecosystems has been underestimated, particularly in the tropics. These physical conditions appear to have far-reaching consequences for marine communities, and have been associated with mass mortalities. Yet little is known about hypoxia in tropical habitats or about the effects it has on reef-associated benthic organisms. We explored patterns of dissolved oxygen (DO) throughout Almirante Bay, Panama and found a hypoxic gradient, with areas closest to the mainland having the largest diel variation in DO, as well as more frequent persistent hypoxia. We then designed a laboratory experiment replicating the most extreme <i>in situ</i> DO regime found on shallow patch reefs (3 m) to assess the response of the corallivorous fireworm, <i>Hermodice carnaculata</i> to hypoxia. Worms were exposed to hypoxic conditions (8 h ~ 1 mg l<sup>-1 </sup>or 3.2 kPa) 16 times over an 8-week period, and at 4 and 8 weeks their oxygen consumption (respiration rates) were measured upon reoxygenation, along with regrowth of severed gills. Exposure to low DO resulted in worms regenerating significantly larger gills compared to worms under normoxia. This response to low DO was coupled with an ability to maintain elevated oxygen consumption/respiration rates after low DO exposure. In contrast, worms from the normoxic treatment had significantly depressed respiration rates after being exposed to low DO (week 8). This indicates that oxygen-mediated plasticity in both gill morphology and physiology may confer tolerance to increasingly frequent and severe hypoxia in one important coral predator associated with reef decline. </span></p>
Thermal tolerance and preference are both consistent with the clinal distribution of house fly proto-Y chromosomes
<p>Selection pressures can vary within localized areas and across massive geographical scales. Temperature is one of the best studied ecologically variable abiotic factors that can affect selection pressures across multiple spatial scales. Organisms rely on physiological (thermal tolerance) and behavioral (thermal preference) mechanisms to thermoregulate in response to environmental temperature. In addition, spatial heterogeneity in temperatures can select for local adaptation in thermal tolerance, thermal preference, or both. However, the concordance between thermal tolerance and preference across genotypes and sexes within species and across populations is greatly understudied. The house fly, <em>Musca domestica</em>, is a well-suited system to examine how genotype and environment interact to affect thermal tolerance and preference. Across multiple continents, house fly males from higher latitudes tend to carry the male-determining gene on the Y chromosome, whereas those from lower latitudes usually have the male-determiner on the third chromosome. We tested whether these two male-determining chromosomes differentially affect thermal tolerance and preference as predicted by their geographical distributions. We identify effects of genotype and developmental temperature on male thermal tolerance and preference that are concordant with the natural distributions of the chromosomes, suggesting that temperature variation across the species range contributes to the maintenance of the polymorphism. In contrast, female thermal preference is bimodal and largely independent of congener male genotypes. These sexually dimorphic thermal preferences suggest that temperature-dependent mating dynamics within populations could further affect the distribution of the two chromosomes. Together, the differences in thermal tolerance and preference across sexes and male genotypes suggest that different selection pressures may affect the frequencies of the male-determining chromosomes across different spatial scales.</p>
Data from: Inbreeding tolerance as a pre-adapted trait for invasion success in the invasive ant Brachyponera chinensis
Identifying traits that facilitate species introductions and successful invasions of ecosystems represents a key issue in ecology. Following their establishment into new environments, many non-native species exhibit phenotypic plasticity with post-introduction changes in behavior, morphology or life history traits that allow them to overcome the presumed loss of genetic diversity resulting in inbreeding and reduced adaptive potential. Here we present a unique strategy in the invasive ant Brachyponera chinensis (Emery), in which inbreeding tolerance is a pre-adapted trait for invasion success, allowing this ant to cope with genetic depletion following a genetic bottleneck. We report for the first time that inbreeding is not a consequence of the founder effect following introduction, but it is due to mating between sister queens and their brothers that pre-exists in native populations which may have helped it circumvent the cost of invasion. We show that a genetic bottleneck does not affect the genetic diversity or the level of heterozygosity within colonies and suggest that generations of sibmating in native populations may have reduced inbreeding depression through purifying selection of deleterious alleles. This work highlights how a unique life history may pre-adapt some species for biological invasions.
Data from: Sexual antagonism for resistance and tolerance to infection in Drosophila melanogaster
A critical task in evolutionary genetics is to explain the persistence of heritable variation in fitness-related traits such as immunity. Ecological factors can maintain genetic variation in immunity, but less is known about the role of other factors, such as antagonistic pleiotropy, on immunity. Sexually dimorphic immunity—with females often being more immune-competent—may maintain variation in immunity in dioecious populations. Most eco-immunological studies assess host resistance to parasites rather than the host's ability to maintain fitness during infection (tolerance). Distinguishing between resistance and tolerance is important as they are thought to have markedly different evolutionary and epidemiological outcomes. Few studies have investigated tolerance in animals, and the extent of sexual dimorphism in tolerance is unknown. Using males and females from 50 Drosophila melanogaster genotypes, we investigated possible sources of genetic variation for immunity by assessing both resistance and tolerance to the common bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We found evidence of sexual dimorphism and sexual antagonism for resistance and tolerance, and a trade-off between the two traits. Our findings suggest that antagonistic pleiotropy may be a major contributor to variation in immunity, with implications for host–parasite coevolution.
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