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opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Plant quantity affects development and survival of a gregarious insect herbivore and its endoparasitoid wasp

Virtually all studies of plant-herbivore-natural enemy interactions focus on plant quality as the major constraint on development and survival. However, for many gregarious feeding insect herbivores that feed on small or ephemeral plants, the quantity of resources is much more limiting, yet this area has received virtually no attention. Here, in both lab and semi-field experiments using tents containing variably sized clusters of food plants, we studied the effects of periodic food deprivation in a tri-trophic system where quantitative constraints are profoundly important on insect performance. The large cabbage white Pieris brassicae, is a specialist herbivore of relatively small wild brassicaceous plants that grow in variable densities, with black mustard (Brassica nigra) being one of the most important. Larvae of P. brassicae are in turn attacked by a specialist endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia glomerata. Increasing the length of food deprivation of newly molted final instar caterpillars significantly decreased herbivore and parasitoid survival and biomass, but shortened their development time. Moreover, the ability of caterpillars to recover when provided with food again was correlated with the length of the food deprivation period. In outdoor tents with natural vegetation, we created conditions similar to those faced by P. brassicae in nature by manipulating plant density. Low densities of B. nigra lead to potential starvation of P. brassicae broods and their parasitoids, replicating nutritional conditions of the lab experiments. The ability of both unparasitized and parasitized caterpillars to find corner plants was similar but decreased with central plant density. Survival of both the herbivore and parasitoid increased with plant density and was higher for unparasitized than for parasitized caterpillars. Our results, in comparison with previous studies, reveal that quantitative constraints are far more important that qualitative constraints on the performance of gregarious insect herbivores and their gregarious parasitoids in nature.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Successful despite poor flight performance: range expansion is associated with enhanced exploratory behaviour and fast development

Anthropogenic interference forces species to respond to changing environmental conditions. One possible response is dispersal and concomitant range shifts, allowing individuals to escape unfavourable conditions or to track the shifting climate niche. Range expansions depend on both dispersal capacity and the ability to establish populations beyond the former range. We here compare well-established core populations with recently established edge populations in the currently northward expanding butterfly Lycaena tityrus. Edge populations were characterized by shorter development times and smaller size, a higher sensitivity to high temperature, and an enhanced exploratory behaviour. The differences between core and edge populations found suggest adaptation to local climates and an enhanced dispersal ability in edge populations. In particular, enhanced exploratory behaviour may be advantageous in all steps of the dispersal process and may have facilitated the current range expansion. This study describes differences associated with a current range expansion, knowledge which might be useful for a better understanding of species responses to environmental change. We further report on variation between males and females in morphology and flight behaviour, with males showing a longer flight endurance and more pronounced exploratory behaviour than females.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Ontogenetic development of intestinal length and relationships to diet in an Australasian fish family (Terapontidae)

Background: One of the most widely accepted ecomorphological relationships in vertebrates is the negative correlation between intestinal length and proportion of animal prey in diet. While many fish groups exhibit this general pattern, other clades demonstrate minimal, and in some cases contrasting, associations between diet and intestinal length. Moreover, this relationship and its evolutionary derivation have received little attention from a phylogenetic perspective. This study documents the phylogenetic development of intestinal length variability, and resultant correlation with dietary habits, within a molecular phylogeny of 28 species of terapontid fishes. The Terapontidae (grunters), an ancestrally euryhaline-marine group, is the most trophically diverse of Australia's freshwater fish families, with widespread shifts away from animal-prey-dominated diets occurring since their invasion of fresh waters. Results: Description of ontogenetic development of intestinal complexity of terapontid fishes, in combination with ancestral character state reconstruction, demonstrated that complex intestinal looping (convolution) has evolved independently on multiple occasions within the family. This modification of ontogenetic development drives much of the associated interspecific variability in intestinal length evident in terapontids. Phylogenetically informed comparative analyses (phylogenetic independent contrasts) showed that the interspecific differences in intestinal length resulting from these ontogenetic developmental mechanisms explained ~65% of the variability in the proportion of animal material in terapontid diets. Conclusions: The ontogenetic development of intestinal complexity appears to represent an important functional innovation underlying the extensive trophic differentiation seen in Australia's freshwater terapontids, specifically facilitating the pronounced shifts away from carnivorous (including invertebrates and vertebrates) diets evident across the family. The capacity to modify intestinal morphology and physiology may also be an important facilitator of trophic diversification during other phyletic radiations.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Developing state and transition models of floodplain vegetation dynamics as a tool for conservation decision-making: a case study of the Macquarie Marshes Ramsar wetland

1. Floodplain vegetation states (communities) exhibit spatiotemporal dynamics in vegetation structure and composition, which reflect unique hydrological and connectivity patterns. Shifts in inundation regimes can drive succession and establish new stable states, determined by the magnitude and duration of the hydrological perturbation. 2. We aimed to develop a modelling approach that is able to capture ecosystem dynamics, identify and quantify the main drivers of change, and provide a tool for conservation decision-making. We developed state and transition models for floodplain vegetation states based on surveys in 1991 and 2008 in the Macquarie Marshes (Australia), a Ramsar wetland of international importance. We used a Bayesian logistic regression approach to model state and transitions between vegetation states and investigated how flood frequency, distance to stream and fire frequency were associated with vegetation dynamics during this period. 3. During 1991–2008, significant transitions have occurred towards drier states. Semi-permanent wetland vegetation had the lowest persistence probability (ppsis = 0·456) and a significant threshold response of transitioning to terrestrial vegetation (ptran = 0·505). Transition to drier states was driven by lower inundation probabilities followed by increased fire probability, and distance to nearest stream. 4. Using developed models, we predicted persistence probabilities of vegetation states under an unregulated (i.e. no dams or diversions) and regulated water availability system. Under a regulated system, semi-permanent wetland vegetation had an average persistence of ppsis = 0. 67 and 0·08 in the northern and southern sections of the nature reserve, respectively. Under an unregulated system, the predicted persistence of semi-permanent wetland vegetation was considerably higher: ppsis = 0·87 and 0·38, respectively. 5. Synthesis and applications. Developing quantitative models of state transitions significantly improved our understanding of ecosystem dynamics, identifying sensitive indicators for monitoring and thus supporting conservation decision-making. This helps managers understand potential trajectories of change in ecosystems in response to management options. For example, increasing environmental flows in the Macquarie Marshes is predicted to shift the community towards more of a wetland than the terrestrial state, resulting from river regulation. State and transition models identified how key ecological assets respond to drivers of change, particularly where these can be managed. This is critical for ensuring that all ecosystem components are managed and that these do not shift into undesirable states.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2021View details →

Data for journal article "Dancing Sprites Above a Lightning Mapping Array - an analysis of the storm and flash/sprite developments"

Data used for the analysis presented in the paper: "Dancing Sprites Above a Lightning Mapping Array - an analysis of the storm and flash/sprite developments" published in JGR Atmospheres.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2021View details →

Understanding brain waste: Unequal opportunities for skills development between highly skilled women and men, migrants and nonmigrants

Brain waste studies seldom analyse the skills development of tertiary-educated workers according to gender and country of origin. Combining statistical analyses, participatory workshops and 77 qualitative interviews on employment trajectories with highly skilled workers in Switzerland, I offer three contributions. An intersectional perspective reveals unequal opportunities of skills development: Swiss-born men have the highest rates of employment, income and jobs commensurate with their education, followed by foreign-born men, then Swiss-born women and lastly foreign-born women. Second, a multiscalar perspective shows how actions by individuals, families, employers and the state favour or constrain skills advancement among women and men. Individual perceptions of gender roles and unequal childcare responsibilities within couples constrain women's skills development. Further constraints are set by the state and employers' policies and practices regarding migration, childcare, taxation and hiring. Third, a spatial–temporal perspective unveils that gender inequalities arise at particular moments (migration and childbirth) and places (lacking childcare services and limited employment).

opennotspecifiedJul 2005View details →

FIGURE 3 in Larval development of Symphurus atramentatus (Cynoglossidae: Pleuronectiformes) from the Gulf of California

FIGURE 3. Size at metamorphosis of seven species of eastern Pacific Symphurus with maximum depth distribution.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Limited sink but large storage: biomass dynamics in naturally developing beech (Fagus sylvatica) and oak (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea) forests of northwestern Germany

1. Currently, the dynamics underlying the storage and acquisition of biomass, and thus carbon, in naturally developing forests are under debate. A better understanding of the biomass dynamics of forests is needed to clarify the role played by naturally developing forests in the mitigation of climate change. 2. Long-term monitoring data from unmanaged strict forest reserves (SFRs) in northwestern Germany were used to analyze the biomass dynamics of pure beech, mixed beech, and mixed oak forests. A complete balance of aboveground woody biomass (biomass) and growth, density-dependent and -independent mortality, as well as deadwood decay was derived. Density-independent mortality served as a proxy for disturbance severity. 3. After a time of abandonment (TSA) of 50 years, the average biomass ranged between 334 t ha-1 in mixed oak and 478 t ha-1 in pure beech stands. The net change in biomass was positive in all forest types. Density-independent mortality and decay rates were much lower than the growth rates. Pure beech forests reached higher levels of biomass, a higher net change in biomass, and more growth than either of the mixed forest type. Biomass increased linearly with TSA in pure beech stands but followed an asymptotic course in the mixed forests. In the latter, the net change in biomass and growth were consistent with a unimodal development pattern. The development of biomass could not be explained by the aging of the tree communities. 4. Synthesis: We hypothesized that the observed biomass dynamics is a result of the interaction between resource supply within a limited growing space and the resource-use efficiency of the tree stand in conjunction with disturbances. The still-linear increase in the biomass of pure beech forests was assumed to reflect the high resource-use efficiency of beech, especially its use of light. The aboveground capacity of naturally developing broadleaved forests to store and acquire biomass, and thus carbon, is substantial. Accordingly, allowing broadleaved forests to develop naturally can contribute substantially to carbon storage and sequestration. However. our study also suggests that the aboveground carbon sink decreases after several decades.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Evidence shortfalls in the recommendations and guidance underpinning ecological mitigation for infrastructure developments

1. In the UK and European Union, legal protection of species from the impacts of infrastructure development depends upon a number of ecological mitigation and compensation (EMC) measures to moderate the conflict between development and conservation. However, the scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness has not yet been comprehensively assessed. 2. This study compiled the measures used in practice, identified and explored the guidance that informed them and, using the Conservation Evidence database, evaluated the empirical evidence for their effectiveness. 3. In a sample of 50 UK housing applications, we identified the recommendation of 446 measures in total, comprising 65 different mitigation measures relating to eight taxa. Although most (56%) measures were justified by citing published guidance, exploration of the literature underpinning this guidance revealed that empirical evaluations of EMC measure effectiveness accounted for less than 10% of referenced texts. Citation network analysis also identified circular referencing across bat, amphibian and reptile EMC guidance. Comparison with Conservation Evidence synopses showed that over half of measures recommended in ecological reports had not been empirically evaluated, with only 13 measures assessed as beneficial. 4. As such, most EMC measures recommended in practice are not evidence-based. The limited reference to empirical evidence in published guidance, as well as the circular referencing, suggests potential 'evidence complacency', in which evidence is not sought to inform recommendations. In addition, limited evidence availability indicates a thematic gap between conservation research and mitigation practice. More broadly, absence of evidence on the effectiveness of EMC measures calls into question the ability of current practice to compensate for the impact of development on protected species, thus highlighting the need to strengthen requirements for impact avoidance. Given the recent political drive to invest in infrastructure expansion, high-quality, context-specific evidence is urgently needed to inform decision-making in infrastructure development.

FIGURE 12. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

FIGURE 12. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 (Lagoon of Venice). SEM of first juvenile stage. A. Mxp, ventral view. Bar: 10µm. B. Mxp palp, detailed view of inner surface. Bar: 10µm. C. Mxp dactylus, detailed view. arrowheads bristle rows; arrow ventral setae. Bar: 2µm. D. Mxp inner plate = basal endite, ventrofrontal view. small arrowheads distal spines; large arrowhead distal, plumose setae; small arrow ventral, plumose setae. Bar: 10µm. E. Pr2, ventral view. Bar: 20µm. F. gills, lateral view. arrowheads setae at gill basis. Bar: 20µm. G. Gn1, lateral view of outer surface. small arrowhead bifid dactylus tip; large arrowheads distal setae; small arrow ventromarginal seta; big arrow grasping spine. Bar: 20µm. H. Gn1 propodus, detailed view. arrowheads pronged ridge. Bar: 10µm. I. Gn2, lateral view. small arrowheads setae on dactylus; small arrows setae on propodus; big arrow grasping spine. Bar: 20µm. J. P5, lateral view. arrowhead proximal seta; arrows ventrodistal setae. Bar: 20µm. K. propodus, ventral view. arrowhead 2 rows of fine teeth. Bar: 10µm. L. P7, lateral view. arrowhead proximal seta; arrows ventrodistal setae. Bar: 100µm. M. Abd, ventral view. Bar: 10µm. g gill; Lb labium; Plp 1,2 pleopod 1,2; Pls pleon setae; co coxa; ba basis; i ischium; m merus; crp carpus; prd propodus; dt dactylus.

FIGURE 8. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

FIGURE 8. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 (Lagoon of Venice). SEM of ♀ adults. A. mouthparts, lateral view. Bar: 100µm. B. Mx1, lateral view. large arrowheads marginal setae fields; small arrowhead forked spines; arrow spinelike processes. Bar: 100µm. C. Mx2, ventral view. small, large arrowheads ventral setae fields; arrow marginal setae. Bar: 20µm. D. Mxp, ventral view. arrowheads spines on outer plate = ischial endite. Bar: 200µm. E. Mxp, inner plate = basal endite and outer plate = ischial endite, laterodorsal view. arrowheads spines. Bar: 20µm. F. Mxp, endopodit, detailed view. large arrowheads setae; small arrowheads bristle rows. Bar: 40µm. G. ♀ genital opening on Pr 5, posterioventral view. arrowhead setae. Bar: 100µm. H. Gn1, 2, lateral view. arrowhead proximal spine; arrow ventral spine on pereonite 2. Bar: 200µm. I. P5 propodus, ventral view. arrowheads grasping spines. Bar: 100µm. J. grasping spines. small arrowheads lamellae; large arrowhead median process. Bar: 20µm. iedt outer plate = ischial endite; End endopodit; bedt inner plate = basal endite; Lb labium; Lmob lacinia mobilis; MxP maxilla 1 palp; outpl outer plate; ba basis; i ischium; m merus; crp carpus; prd propodus; dt dactylus.

FIGURE 5 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

FIGURE 5. Caprella cavediniae Krapp-Schickel & Vader, 1998 (Istria, Cape Savudrija). SEM of first juvenile stage. A. habitus, lateroventral view. Bar: 200µm. B. cephalon with mouthparts, frontal view. Bar: 20µm. C. Lbr, dorsal and detailed view. arrowheads fine teeth. Bar: 2µm. D. left Md, lateral view. Bar: 20µm. E. left Md with 3 accessory setae. Bar: 10µm. F. right Md with 2 accessory setae. Bar: 10µm. G. flagellum of A2. arrowheads apical spines. Bar: 20µm. H. L, frontal view. Bar: 10µm. I. Mx1, lateral view. arrowhead distal seta. Bar: 20µm. J. Mx1, frontal view. arrowheads Mx1 palp, spines with toothed ridge; arrow outer plate, forked spines. Bar: 10µm. K. Mx2, ventral view. large arrowheads distal, plumose setae; small arrowheads ventral setae; arrow marginal setae fringe. Bar: 10µm. acS accessory setae; A gl antennal gland; g gills; inpl inner plate; Lb labium; Lmob lacinia mobilis; MP mouthparts; Mdr/l right/left mandible; MxP maxilla 1 palp; outpl outer plate; Pinc processus incisivus; Pmol processus molaris.

FIGURE 4 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

FIGURE 4. Caprella cavediniae Krapp-Schickel & Vader, 1998 (Istria, Cape Savudrija). LM of first juvenile stage. A. habitus, lateral view. Bar: 200µm. B. left Md with 3 accessory setae. Bar: 20µm. C. Mx1,2, dorsal view. Bar: 50µm. D. Gn1, lateral view of inner surface. arrowhead setae at dactylus tip. Bar: 50µm. E. Gn2, lateral view of outer surface. arrowhead spine; arrow dactylus tip with distal seta. Bar: 50µm. F. P5, lateral view. arrowheads spines. Bar: 50µm. g gills; inpl inner plate; Lmob lacinia mobilis; MP mouthparts; Mx1r/l right/left maxilla 1; MxP maxilla 1 palp; outpl outer plate; Pinc processus incisivus; Pmol processus molaris; ba basis; i ischium; m merus; crp carpus; prd propodus; dt dactylus.

FIGURE 3 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

FIGURE 3. Caprella cavediniae Krapp-Schickel & Vader, 1998 (Istria, Cape Savudrija (A–F, I, J) and Italy, Island of Giglio (G, H)). SEM of ♀ adults. A. left Md, lateral view. arrowheads fields of fine setae. Bar: 20µm. B. accessory spines, detailed view. arrowheads axillary setae. Bar: 10µm. C. Mx1. large arrowhead ventromarginal setae; small arrowheads fields of fine setae on outer plate; arrow seta on 1. article of palp. Bar: 20µm. D. spines on Mx1 palp. arrowheads serrated ridge. Bar: 2µm. E. Mx2, ventral view. arrowheads fine setae on inner plate. Bar: 20µm. F. distal setae on Mx2, outer plate. arrowheads, arrow 3 different types of setae. Bar: 10µm. G. Pr 5, lateral view. arrowheads dorsal tubercle; arrow ventrodistal genital openings. Bar: 100µm. H. tubercle, enlarged view. arrowheads 3 setae. Bar: 2µm. I. gill on Pr 3, lateral view. Bar: 100µm. J. gill basis, detailed view. arrowheads 2 plumose setae. Bar: 10µm. acS accessory setae; inpl inner plate; Lmob lacinia mobilis; g gill; MxP Maxilla 1 palp; Oost oostegit; outpl outer plate; Pinc processus incisivus.

FIGURE 1 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

FIGURE 1. Caprella cavediniae Krapp-Schickel & Vader, 1998 (Italy, Island of Giglio). SEM of the habitus of ♀ adults and first juvenile stage. A. lateral habitus, ♀ adult. arrowheads dorsal tubercle. Bar: 1mm. B. lateral habitus, first juvenile stage. Bar: 200µm. g gill; MP mouthparts; Oost oostegit.

FIGURE 11. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

FIGURE 11. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 (Lagoon of Venice). SEM of first juvenile stage. A. habitus, ventral view. Bar: 200µm. B. mouthparts, frontal view. Bar: 20µm. C. mouthparts, lateral view. arrowhead antennal gland. Bar: 20µm. D. right Md, lateral view. arrowheads accessory setae. Bar: 20µm. E. left Md. Bar: 2µm. F. processus molaris. arrowheads roundish concavities. Bar: 2µm. G. Mx1, laterofrontal view. arrowheads spinelike processes; small arrows marginal fine setae; big arrow ventral field of fine setae. Bar: 10µm. H. Mx1 palp, lateral view. arrowheads laterodistal setae. Bar: 20µm. I. outer plate of Mx1, frontal view. arrowheads forked spines. Bar: 10µm. J. Mx2, ventral view. small arrowhead distal setae; big arrowheads short, ventral setae; arrow longer ventral setae. Bar: 10µm. acs accessory setae; Agl antennal gland; g gill; inpl inner plate; Lb labium; lmob lacinia mobilis; mdr/l right/left mandible; mp mouthparts; MxP maxilla 1 palp; outpl outer plate; pinc processus incisivus; pmol processus molaris.

FIGURE 7. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

FIGURE 7. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 (Lagoon of Venice). SEM of the habitus of ♀ adults and first juvenile stage. A. Habitus of ♀ adults, lateral view. Bar: 1mm. B. Habitus of first juvenile stage, lateral view. Bar: 100µm. g gill; ma marsupium; MP mouthparts.

FIGURE 10. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

FIGURE 10. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 (Lagoon of Venice). LM of first juvenile stage. A. habitus, lateral view. Bar: 200µm. B. A1 and A2. arrowhead second flagellum art; arrow ventrodistal seta. Bar: 100µm. C. left Md. Bar: 20µm. D. Mx1, 2, ventrolateral view. Bar: 20µm. E. Mxp, dorsal view. Bar: 50µm. F. Gn1, detailed view. small arrowheads submarginal setae; large arrowheads subdorsal setae; small arrow plumose seta; large arrow grasping spine. Bar: 20µm. G. P5–7, ventral view. Bar: 200µm. acS accessory setae; e eye; End endopodit; g gill; inpl inner plate; Lmob lacinia mobilis; MxP maxilla 1 palp; outpl outer plate; Pinc processus incisivus; crp carpus; prd propodus; dt dactylus.

FIGURE 9. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

FIGURE 9. Caprella equilibra Say, 1818 (Lagoon of Venice). SEM of ♂ adults. A. Head region, lateral view. Bar: 1mm. B. mouthparts, lateral view. Bar: 200µm. C. Mxp. arrowheads setae on inner surface of carpus. Bar: 100µm. D. inner surface of dactylus. arrowheads bristle rows. Bar: 2µm. E. Gn1, lateral view. arrowheads submarginal setae. Bar: 200µm. F. Gn1 propodus and dactylus, lateral view of inner surface. arrowhead bristle rows. Bar: 200µm. G. Gn2 propodus and dactylus, detailed view. small arrowheads marginal bristles; large arrowhead poison tooth; arrow proximal process. Bar: 200µm. H. P7 propodus and dactylus, detailed view. small arrowhead fine furrows on dactylus; large arrowhead grasping spines; large arrow spinelike process between grasping spines; small arrows marginal spines with fine teeth. Bar: 200µm. I. pleopod 1. arrowheads fine setae fields; arrows setae. Bar: 10µm. ca carina; iedt outer plate = ischial endite; MP mouth parts; ba basis; i ischium; m merus; crp carpus; prd propodus; dt dactylus.

FIGURE 6 in Postembryonal development in Caprellidae: SEM description and comparison of ready-to-hatch juveniles and adults of two Mediterranean skeleton shrimps (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

FIGURE 6. Caprella cavediniae Krapp-Schickel & Vader, 1998 (Istria, Cape Savudrija). SEM of first juvenile stage. A. Mxp, lateral view. large arrowhead setae on propodus; small arrowheads bristle rows; arrow bristle rows on inner surface of dactylus. Bar: 20µm. B. outer plate (ischial endite) and inner plate (basal endite), ventral and detailed view. small arrowheads spines; large arrowhead, arrows plumose setae. Bar: 10µm. C. Gn1, inner surface. arrowheads setae; arrow ventral seta on propodus. Bar: 20µm. D. Gn1 dactylus, ventral and detailed view. arrowheads 2 subapical setae. Bar: 10µm. E. Gn2, lateral view. arrowhead proximal spine; arrow subapical seta. Bar: 20µm. F. propodus, detailed view. arrowheads distal setae; arrow median setae. Bar: 10µm. G. gills on Pr3, ventrolateral view. arrowheads setae on gill basis. Bar: 20µm. H. P5–7, lateral view. Bar: 100µm. I. P7 propodus, ventral view. arrowheads spines; arrow distal seta. Bar: 20µm. J. pleon, lateral view. large arrowheads median setae on pleon lobe; small arrowheads plumose dorsal seta; arrow insertion of dorsal seta. Bar: 10µm. iedt outer plate = ischial endite; g gill; Pl pleon; bedt inner plate = basal endite; co coxa; ba basis; i ischium; m merus; crp carpus; prd propodus; dt dactylus.