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In 2017, Plantix, a free smartphone app that helps identify plant damage, was introduced to the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, with an extension partner. Plantix was created by Progressive Environmental and Agricultural Technologies (PEAT), a German startup. Two PEAT cofounders, Charlotte Schuman (second from the right) and Alex Kennepohl (center, with eyeglasses), confer about the smartphone app with students from Angrau University. Farmers and gardeners can transmit their plant images to Plantix, which uses deep learning and computer vision to help identify diseases and pests. The smartphone app offers symptom descriptions, treatment recommendations, and potential preventive actions. Photographs: Courtesy of PEAT GmbH. in Deep learning brings speed, accuracy to the life sciences.
In 2017, Plantix, a free smartphone app that helps identify plant damage, was introduced to the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, with an extension partner. Plantix was created by Progressive Environmental and Agricultural Technologies (PEAT), a German startup. Two PEAT cofounders, Charlotte Schuman (second from the right) and Alex Kennepohl (center, with eyeglasses), confer about the smartphone app with students from Angrau University. Farmers and gardeners can transmit their plant images to Plantix, which uses deep learning and computer vision to help identify diseases and pests. The smartphone app offers symptom descriptions, treatment recommendations, and potential preventive actions. Photographs: Courtesy of PEAT GmbH.
The identified boulders from LCAM DOM image and information of all source craters
<p>This website contains Data Set S1 and Data Set S2, derived from the manuscript '<strong>Oblique impact adjacent to Chang’E-5 sampling site: Fine-scale analysis and implication on the provenance of returned samples</strong>,' authored by Wenhui Wu, Zhaopeng Chen, Xin Ren, Dawei Liu, Xingguo Zeng, Yuan Chen, Wangli Chen, Wei Yan, Bin Liu, Xiaoxia Zhang, and Jianjun Liu, for the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets.</p>
Experimental and Computational Study Towards Identifying Active Sites of Supported SnOx Nanoparticles for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Using Machine-Learned Interatomic Potentials
<p>SnOx has received great attention as an electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), however, it still suffers from low activity. Moreover, the atomic-level SnOx structure and the nature of the active sites are still ambiguous due to the dynamism of surface structure and difficulty in structure characterization under electrochemical conditions. Herein, we first enhance its CO2RR performance by supporting SnO2 nanoparticles on two common supports, Vulcan Carbon and TiO2 . Then, electrolysis of CO2 at various temperatures in a neutral electrolyte reveals that the application window for this catalyst is between 12 and 30 °C.<br>Furthermore, our study introduces a machine learning interatomic potential method for the atomistic simulation to investigate SnO 2 reduction and establish a correlation between SnO x structures and their CO 2 RR performance. In addition, selectivity is analyzed computationally with density functional theory simulations to identify the key differences between the binding energies of *H and *CO2−, where both are correlated with the presence of oxygen on the nanoparticle surface. This study offers in-depth insights into the rational design and application of SnOx -based electrocatalysts for CO2RR.</p>
FIGURE 13 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea
FIGURE 13. Large salivary cells. Translucent, preserved specimens of H. lineata showing internal morphological features of this species: A, large unicellular salivary cells (HL-11A), dorsal view; B, presumptive trematode metacercariae (HL-8B) which can be confused with salivary cells, ventral view. Abbreviations: a, atrium; cc, crop caecum; e, eye; i, intestine; pr, proboscis; me, metacercaria; pc, posterior crop caecum; r, rectum; sc, salivary cell; sb, salivary bundle; t, testis. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 10 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea
FIGURE 10. Evidence that the neck region of H. lineata is capable of extending and swelling (see section on feeding biology). A, proboscis everted; B–D, proboscis at rest, i.e. not everted. A (HL-9D), neck region narrows (white arrow) when proboscis is extended; B (HL-15A), annulation of the neck region at rest is more subdivided than annuli in mid-body region; C (HL-13A), ventral nerve cord (blue) between ganglia VIII–IX and IX–X is characteristically sinuous (black arrow) when individual is at rest. D (HL-13A), single salivary ductules are sinuous (black arrow) within the proboscis when individual is at rest. Abbreviations: co, circumpharyngeal commissure (brain); sd, single salivary ductule (brown); sb, salivary bundle (brown). Scale bar: 10 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea
FIGURE 5. Dissections of individuals of H. lineata from disparate locations in the Albemarle region reveal that certain features of the digestive and reproductive systems are anatomically invariant. This relative lack of internal variability corroborates the tentative view they all represent the same biological species in this region regardless of pigmentation and papillation. A, Pasquotank County (HL-5A, 12.8 mm); B, Wayne County (HL-6A, 18.5 mm); C, Tyrrell County (HL-15A. 15.5 mm). Abbreviations: a, atrium; cc, crop caecum; es, esophagus; ic, intestinal caecum; pc, posterior crop caecum; pr, proboscis; r, rectum; sc, salivary cell; sb, salivary bundle; sv, seminal vesicle; t, testis; tp, tip of proboscis.
FIGURE 7 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea
FIGURE 7. Caudal end of H. lineata showing arrangement of dorsal papillae and the rectum under different conditions of lighting and preservation (5% formalin). A (HL-4), in life, under natural light. B, faded preserved specimen (HL-9B), LED light. C, faded preserved specimen (HL-9F), LED light. PAPILLAE. A, papillae are dark and conspicuous, located on a2 (middle) annulus along the medial stripe and the intermediate position. B, papillae are present but unpigmented (i.e. faded) and barely discernible. C, peculiar columnar link between external papillae and the underlying crop caeca. RECTUM. A, brown foodstuff visible in the crop caeca. Note: the rectum consists of two adjacent compartments. B, the rectum is visible through the translucent body wall as a slightly convoluted tube leading to a relatively large anus. C, the rectum has an apparent anterior third chamber located behind the intestine. Abbreviations: an, anus; pa, papilla; pc, posterior crop caecum; r, rectum. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 16 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea
FIGURE 16. Reproductive anatomy of H. lineata. A, ventral view of adult (HL-5F) showing six pairs of testes; B, male structures showing atrium and seminal vesicles; C, female structures showing mature ovisac containing ova; D, spermatophore; E, external location of male gonopore at XIa3/XIIa1. Abbreviations: a, atrium; os, ovisac; ov, ovum; sv, seminal vesicle; t, testis. Scale bars: A, 1.0 mm; B–C, 100 μm.
FIGURE 3 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea
FIGURE 3. Three co-existing species of Helobdella indigenous to the Albemarle region of the Outer Banks, North Carolina. A, H. lineata, the subject of this paper, photographed in life, pigment and papillar pattern intact (HL-26); B, H. stagnalis (sensu lato) (Hst-1A); C, H. elongata (HE-2A). Scale bar: 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea
FIGURE 2. Two types of aquatic habitat in southern Tyrrell County contain snail leeches provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata with different respective pigment patterns, suggesting pigmentation in this species is an adaptation to surroundings rather than inherently taxonomic. A–C, Agricultural dike canal draining low farmland [35.719874–76.107744]. Virtually all leeches collected in this muddy canal have typical metameric white spots, described in the paper as pigment variant #1. D, Sandy shoreline of a swamp with typical lush vegetation and clear water [35.721466–76.10195]. All individuals at this site have longitudinal stripes (described herein as pigment variant #4), i.e., lacking metameric white spots. In spite of differences in pigmentation the two respective habitats are only 0.55 km apart. The canal (A–C) is location of the 12-year population study presented in this paper. Arrows, aluminium leech traps (roughly 14 x 23 cm).
FIGURE 6 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea
FIGURE 6. Variation in dorsal pigmentation and papillation in H. lineata. Two individuals collected from the same location. A, (HL-4), lightly pigmented with metameric spots. B, (HL-26), darkly pigmented with metameric spots. By far the majority of individuals throughout the Albemarle region were lightly pigmented with metameric white dots as illustrated in A. Note: pigmentation disappeared quickly after preservation making the specimen translucent. Abbreviations: b, brooding depression on ventral side; e, eye; m, medial stripe; p, posterior crop caecum; rectum; pa, papilla; ws, metameric white spot. Scale bar: 1.0 mm
FIGURE 1 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea
FIGURE 1. The Albemarle region of the Outer Banks in the mid-Atlantic coastal plain of North Carolina, USA. The wetlands area shaded in green is the geographic focus of this study of an indigenous snail leech provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata. Over 400 specimens of this heretofore unidentified species were collected over twelve years of this study. Scale bar: 100 km.
FIGURE 12 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea
FIGURE 12. Terminal structure of the proboscis of H. lineata at increasing magnifications. A (HL-9L), ventral view. Everted proboscis showing unusually large mouth; tip of proboscis with circular array of lobules; the proboscis and its lumen widens near the tip. B, C, salivary ductules and close-up of lobules at the proboscis tip; D, salivary pores with secretions at tip of proboscis. Abbreviations: lu, lumen of proboscis; lt, lobule of tip of proboscis; mo, mouth; os, oral sucker; ot, opening of tip of proboscis; sd, salivary ductule; sp, salivary pores at tip of proboscis. Scale bars: A, 1.0 mm; C, 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 9 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea
FIGURE 9. Taxonomic significance of eyes of Helobdella compared to Placobdella. A, B, Helobdella lineata; C, Placobdella multilineata. A, Distance between eyes is maximal when the proboscis (pr) is everted. B, When the proboscis is retained internally the eyes are closer together. C, In the turtle leech P. multilineata the eyes coalesce physically at the mid-line and are not moveable relative to each other. Furthermore, each apparent 'eye' of P. multilineata on each side is composite, being comprised of a larger anterior eye and a smaller posterior eye. Scale bars: A, B, 0.3 mm; C, 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 8 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea
FIGURE 8. Views of the same individual of H. lineata (HL-26) reared in isolation in UK and gave rise to viable offspring on three occasions without intervening fertilisations. Batch 1(left): egg sacs had been laid on venter on 8 Jan, and photographed five days later prior to hatching (arrow). Batch 2 (right): same individual without subsequent fertilisation deposited a second batch of eggs on 18 Feb; viable embryos (arrow) were photographed 11 days later. Note five distinct pairs of crop caeca in both images but the configurations of the caeca are markedly different. Batch 3 (not photographed) was laid on 28 March. Scale bar: 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 15 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea
FIGURE 15. Extra-oral feeding of H. lineata (continued) A (HL-9A, dorsal view), boluses of liquidised snail have fused into one large bolus internal to the mouth, now incapable of passing out of the mouth. B (close-up of A). Note: compare the large size of the bolus to that of the mouth, and lumen of proboscis. C, Another individual (HL-9G, ventral view) showing continuity of liquidised snail (bm) in the post-proboscis region, much foodstuff having already filled the esophagus and crop. Note: compare swelling in the neck region shown in Fig. 10. Abbreviations: bm, bolus mass; c, crop; cc, crop caecum; es, esophagus; m, mouth; pc, posterior crop caecum; tp, tip of proboscis. Scale bar (A, C): 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 14. Extra-oral feeding. Evidence that H in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea
FIGURE 14. Extra-oral feeding. Evidence that H. lineata 'swallows' a liquidised bolus of pre-digested snail. A (HL-11D, ventral view), several boluses of liquidised snail aggregated at the proximal end of the proboscis and about to pass through the mouth. B (dorsal view of specimen A), the distal end of the proboscis contains two discrete boluses (labelled, b) near the proboscis tip, en route toward the mouth. C (HL-1B, ventral view), About 10 aggregated boluses having passed through the mouth. Note the exceptional size of the mouth in B and C. Abbreviations: b, bolus; es, esophagus; m, mouth; tp, tip of proboscis. Scale bar: 0.25 mm.
FIGURE 11 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea
FIGURE 11. Scheme of salient features of H. lineata, based on dissection of the reference specimen (HL-5A, 12.8 mm). Upper, dorsal view; Lower, lateral view. Black dots refer to relative location of respective ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. Abbreviations: a, atrium; an, anus; br, brain; c, crop; cc, crop caecum (first of five pairs); es, esophagus; i, intestine; ic, intestinal caecum; pc, posterior crop caecum; pi, pre-intestine chamber; pr, proboscis; r, rectum (note: three apparent chambers); sb, salivary bundle; t, testis (third of six pairs); tp, tip of proboscis.
FIGURE 17 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea
FIGURE 17. Dorsal view of an adult H. lineata (HL-8A) showing a spermatophore (length, 0.75 mm) (arrow) implanted in the dorsal tegument. A–C, same spermatophore at increasing magnifications. Note the tip of this spermatophore is associated with a discrete discoloured area of apparent tissue dissolution, implying enzymatic activity. Scale bars: A, 1.0 mm; B, 0.2 mm; C, 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 18 in Biology, morphology and taxonomy of a snail-feeding leech from North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Helobdella lineata (Verrill, 1874) (Glossiphoniidae): First evidence for extra-oral digestion in the Hirudinea
FIGURE 18. Egg laying in H. lineata. Yolky eggs are contained in contiguous egg sacs which are attached to venter of the parent. A (HL-8D), advanced ova in ovisacs, soon to be laid. B (HL-8G), recently deposited egg sacs on venter. C (HL-8J), close-up of early embryos emerging from egg sacs. Note characteristic body width of this brooding individual. D, several contiguous egg sacs dislodged from a brooding parent. Scale bars (approximate): (A,B) 1.0 mm, (C,D) 0.5 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.