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opencc-by-4.0Jan 2019View details →

Table 2 in Mites associated with egg masses of the viburnum leaf beetle Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull) on Viburnum tinus L.

Table 2 List of the mite species found on Viburnum tinus twigs during the study (sp. = species).<table><tbody><tr><th>Feeding guild</th><th>Family</th><th>Genus</th><th>Species</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Predaceous</th><td>Phytoseiidae</td><td>Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus)</td><td>T. phialatus</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Typhlodromus (Anthoseius)</td><td>T. recki</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>T. rhenanoides</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Euseius</td><td>E. gallicus</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Kampimodromus</td><td>K. aberrans</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Amblyseius</td><td>sp.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Cunaxidae</td><td>Neocunaxoides</td><td>sp.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Cheyletidae</td><td>Cheletogenes</td><td>C. ornatus</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Anystidae</td><td>Anystis</td><td>A. baccarum</td></tr><tr><th>Phytophagous</th><td>Tetranychidae</td><td>Tetranychus</td><td>sp. (T. urticae group)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Tenuipalpidae</td><td>Brevipalpus</td><td>sp.</td></tr><tr><th>Detritivorous</th><td>Ceratozetidae</td><td>Trichoribates</td><td>T. trimaculatus</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Micreremidae</td><td>Micreremus</td><td>M. brevipes</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Camisiidae</td><td>Camisia</td><td>C. segnis</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Cymbaeremaeidae</td><td>Scapheremaus</td><td>S. patella</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Acaridae</td><td>Tyrophagus</td><td>T. putrescenciae</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Winterschmidtiidae</td><td>Calvolia</td><td>sp.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Tydeidae</td><td>unknown</td><td>sp.</td></tr></tbody></table>

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2019View details →

Table 3 in Mites associated with egg masses of the viburnum leaf beetle Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull) on Viburnum tinus L.

Table 3 Factors affecting the (a) abundance of mites and (b) diversity of mite morphotypes present on Viburnum tinus twigs infested with Pyrrhalta viburni egg masses (Generalized Linear Model, poisson distribution, α = 0.05) during an observational study (2016). Bold values indicate significant effects.<table><tbody><tr><th>(a) Mite abundance</th><th>df</th><th>Χ²-value</th><th>P -value</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Full model</th><td></td><td>9, 90</td><td>49.77</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Effects tested</th><td>Site</td><td>4</td><td>6.03</td><td>0.2</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Twig length (cm)</td><td>1</td><td>4.09</td><td>0.04</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Shrub infestation</td><td>2</td><td>0.91</td><td>0.63</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Number of intact egg masses</td><td>1</td><td>16.22</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Number of damaged egg masses</td><td>1</td><td>0.37</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><th>(b) Mite diversity</th><td></td><td>df</td><td>Χ²-value</td><td>P -value</td></tr><tr><th>Full model</th><td></td><td>9, 90</td><td>53.06</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Effects tested</th><td>Site</td><td>5</td><td>8.5</td><td>0.07</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Twig length (cm)</td><td>1</td><td>0.77</td><td>0.38</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Shrub infestation</td><td>2</td><td>8.6</td><td>0.01</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Number of intact egg masses</td><td>1</td><td>28.88</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Number of damaged egg masses</td><td>1</td><td>1.59</td><td>0.2</td></tr></tbody></table>

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2019View details →

Table 1 in Mites associated with egg masses of the viburnum leaf beetle Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull) on Viburnum tinus L.

Table 1 Coordinates of the study sites used for the observational study (2016) and the timing of mite infestation experiment (2017).<table><tbody><tr><th>Observational study 2016</th><th>Coordinates (Latitude, Longitude)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Site 1</th><td>43.683325, 3.874779</td></tr><tr><th>Site 2</th><td>43.667094, 3.851299</td></tr><tr><th>Site 3</th><td>43.769778, 3.787764</td></tr><tr><th>Site 4</th><td>43.716070, 3.848204</td></tr><tr><th>Site 5</th><td>43.681688, 3.878901</td></tr><tr><th>Timing mite infestation 2017</th></tr><tr><th>Site 1</th><td>43.682444, 3.880156</td></tr><tr><th>Site 2</th><td>43.676900, 3.874368</td></tr><tr><th>Site 3</th><td>43.714209, 3.861153</td></tr><tr><th>Site 4</th><td>43.708495, 3.837012</td></tr></tbody></table>

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

Figure 1 in Introgression of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) resistant gene, Xa7 into MARDI elite variety, MR219 by marker assisted backcrossing (MABC) approach

Figure 1. Backcrossing program used in this study to develop improved lines of rice (BC F ).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2018View details →

The gross primary productivity and leaf area index from TRENDY v7 project

The gross primary productivity and leaf area index from TRENDY v7 DGVMs S3, including: CABLE-POP CLASS-CTEM CLM5.0 DLEM JSBACH JULES LPX OCN ORCHIDEE ORCHIDEE-CNP SDGVM SURFEX VISIT

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Records of Leaf Litter Collection in the NZ Arthropod Collection

Records of Leaf Litter Collection ("litterbook") from the NZ Arthropod Collection

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2024View details →

Computed tomography (CT) was used to study the interaction of NMs with the plant cell tissue in vivo using Zeiss Xradia 510 system on Arabidopsis thaliana leaf. T

This work was supported by the National Research Facility for Lab X-ray CT (NXCT) at the µ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, University of Southampton, through EPSRC grant EP/T02593X.

opencc-zeroFeb 2020View details →

Coping with branch excision when measuring leaf net photosynthetic rates in a lowland tropical forest

Measuring leaf gas exchange from canopy leaves is fundamental for our understanding of photosynthesis and for a realistic representation of carbon uptake in vegetation models. Since canopy leaves are often difficult to reach, especially in tropical forests with emergent trees up to 60 meters at remote places, canopy access techniques such as canopy cranes or towers have facilitated photosynthetic measurements. These structures are expensive and therefore not very common. As an alternative, branches are often cut to enable leaf gas exchange measurements. The effect of branch excision on leaf gas exchange rates should be minimised and quantified to evaluate possible bias. We compared light-saturated leaf net photosynthetic rates measured on excised and intact branches. We selected branches positioned at three canopy positions, estimated relative to the top of the canopy: upper sunlit foliage, middle canopy foliage, and lower canopy foliage. We studied the variation of the effects of branch excision and transport amongst branches at these different heights in the canopy. After excision and transport, light-saturated leaf net photosynthetic rates were close to zero for most leaves due to stomatal closure. However, when the branch had acclimated to its new environmental conditions – which took on average 20 minutes –light-saturated leaf net photosynthetic rates did not significantly differ between the excised and intact branches. We therefore conclude that branch excision does not affect the measurement of light-saturated leaf net photosynthesis, provided that the branch is recut under water and is allowed sufficient time to acclimate to its new environmental conditions.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Biotic and abiotic modifications of leaf litter during dry periods affect litter mass loss and nitrogen loss during wet periods

1. Decomposition of organic matter in semiarid ecosystems is a key component of the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle. The well-known inaccuracies in predicting litter decay in water-limited regions were lessened by considering solar radiation as an abiotic decay driver of photodegradation. Moreover, exposure to high solar irradiance in dry periods often led to massive facilitation of litter decay in subsequent wet periods ("photoacceleration"), though in many studies this effect was absent. 2. Recently, water vapor and dew were identified as modulators enabling substantial microbial degradation during rainless periods. Here we asked, (i) if the activity of microorganisms modifies litter traits, such as litter quality and microbial community in dry periods, consequently altering the loss of litter mass and nitrogen (N) in wet periods, and (ii) whether it can co-occur with photoacceleration. 3. By successively introducing litter to the field at the beginning and the end of the dry season, we found that microbial activity during the dry season affected litter mass and N loss during the wet season. Low microbial activity in the dry season led to inhibition of mass loss in the wet season, while high microbial activity led to facilitation of mass loss. Microbial activity during the dry season also caused strong inhibition of N loss from litter during the wet season, likely by enhancing the dry-season N loss. A microclimate manipulation experiment using radiation filters showed that microbial activity and exposure to solar radiation jointly modified the litter during the dry season and affected subsequent decay in the wet season. 4. Knowledge of biotic and abiotic modifications of litter during dry periods and their implication for wet periods enhances our understanding of litter decay in semiarid regions. Furthermore, it can improve biogeochemical model predictions of C and N cycling in

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Host genotype and age shape the leaf and root microbiomes of a wild perennial plant

Bacteria living on and in leaves and roots influence many aspects of plant health, so the extent of a plant's genetic control over its microbiota is of great interest to crop breeders and evolutionary biologists. Laboratory-based studies, because they poorly simulate true environmental heterogeneity, may misestimate or totally miss the influence of certain host genes on the microbiome. Here we report a large-scale field experiment to disentangle the effects of genotype, environment, age and year of harvest on bacterial communities associated with leaves and roots of Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae), a perennial wild mustard. Host genetic control of the microbiome is evident in leaves but not roots, and varies substantially among sites. Microbiome composition also shifts as plants age. Furthermore, a large proportion of leaf bacterial groups are shared with roots, suggesting inoculation from soil. Our results demonstrate how genotype-by-environment interactions contribute to the complexity of microbiome assembly in natural environments.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Density-dependent disease, life history tradeoffs, and the effect of leaf pathogens on a suite of co-occurring close relatives

1. Plant pathogens reduce the performance of their hosts and therefore may contribute to ecological mechanisms of coexistence. In Chesson's framework, pathogens contribute to stabilizing mechanisms when they intensify negative intraspecific interactions, such as density-dependent disease. Additionally, pathogens contribute to equalizing mechanisms when they reduce differences in performance among species. Life history tradeoffs predict higher susceptibility to pathogens in rapidly growing species, which could equalize performance among fast- and slow-growing species in the presence of pathogens. 2. In a coastal prairie in California, we studied the impact of leaf diseases on the performance of seventeen coexisting species of Trifolium and Medicago ("clovers"). We transplanted clovers in randomized arrays into the natural prairie community in three years of common garden experiments. We quantified infection rates by isolating fungi from leaves, and we measured disease severity as percent leaf area damaged. In a fungicide experiment, we measured the impact of infection on biomass and survival. We assessed whether disease on transplants was positively related to natural abundance of that species in the surrounding community, which we monitored over 5 years. We assessed life history tradeoffs by testing whether more rapidly growing species were more susceptible to pathogens. 3. Rank abundance of clover species was stable over five years despite marked environmental fluctuations. Across hosts, fungal infection was not linearly related to density, although transplants of species that were locally absent showed lower and more variable infection. Disease severity was greater for more abundant species in only one of three years, and response to fungicide was not stronger in more abundant species. Faster-growing species experienced greater fungal infection. Consistent with predictions of the leaf economic spectrum, the impact of infection on faster-growing species was less negative than for slower-growing species. 4. Our results suggest that life history tradeoffs in plant-pathogen interactions may contribute to equalizing mechanisms among species in this guild, but that the combined effects of greater infection with greater tolerance may limit rather than promote coexistence. We also found modest evidence that density-dependent disease may contribute to stabilizing mechanisms. Lack of host specificity, rapid evolution of host use, and temporal variation in climatic conditions may all influence the role that pathogens play in coexistence of these closely related plants.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Structural and defensive roles of angiosperm leaf venation network reticulation across an Andes-Amazon elevation gradient

1.The network of minor veins of angiosperm leaves may include loops (reticulation). Variation in network architecture has been hypothesized to have hydraulic and also structural and defensive functions. 2.We measured venation network trait space in eight dimensions for 136 biomass-dominant angiosperm tree species along a 3,300 m elevation gradient in southeastern Peru. We then examined the relative importance of multiple ecological, and evolutionary predictors of reticulation. 3.Variation in minor venation network reticulation was constrained to three axes. These axes described branching vs. reconnecting veins, elongated vs. compact areoles, and high vs. low density veins. Variation in the first two axes was predicted by traits related to mechanical strength and secondary compounds, and in the third axis by site temperature. 4.Synthesis. Defensive and structural factors primarily explain variation in multiple axes of reticulation, with a smaller role for climate-linked hydraulic factors. These results suggest that venation network reticulation may be determined more by species interactions than by hydraulic functions.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Large seeds provide an intrinsic growth advantage that depends on leaf traits and root allocation

Seed mass and growth rate are important dimensions of plant ecological diversity, but their relationship remains unresolved. Negative relationships between relative growth rate (RGR) and seed mass are well established. However, RGR is size-dependent, so small-seeded species might achieve fast growth simply because they are initially small. Using a dataset of unprecedented size, sampling 382 grass species, we investigated seed mass and growth rate using both RGR and SGR (RGR at a specific size), accounting for diversity in phylogeny, ecology (e.g. life history, photosynthetic pathway) and environment (mean annual temperature and precipitation). RGR and SGR showed contrasting relationships with seed mass, such that large-seeded species had lower RGR but higher SGR than small-seeded species. However, the relationship between SGR and seed mass depended on leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and was only positive in high-LDMC species. When compared at a common size, the fast growth of large-seeded and low-LDMC species was associated with greater biomass allocation to roots in the hot, high-light environment used for our experiment. Photosynthetic pathway and life history contributed to variation in SGR, with C4 annuals having higher SGRs than C3 perennials regardless of seed size. Large seeds therefore afford an intrinsic growth advantage in species with resource-conserving leaf traits, and may provide a competitive edge in resource-poor environments. This work advances understanding of how seed mass and growth rate coevolve with other ecological factors.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Quantitative trait locus mapping reveals an independent genetic basis for joint divergence in leaf function, life-history, and floral traits between scarlet monkeyflower (Mimulus cardinalis) populations

PREMISE Across taxa, vegetative and floral traits that vary along a fast-slow life-history axis are often correlated with leaf functional traits arrayed along the leaf economics spectrum, suggesting a constrained set of adaptive trait combinations. Such broad-scale convergence may arise from genetic constraints imposed by pleiotropy (or tight linkage) within species, or from natural selection alone. Understanding the genetic basis of trait syndromes and their components is key to distinguishing these alternatives and predicting evolution in novel environments. METHODS We used a line-cross approach and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to characterize the genetic basis of twenty leaf functional/physiological, life history, and floral traits in hybrids between annualized and perennial populations of scarlet monkeyflower (Mimulus cardinalis). RESULTS We mapped both single and multi-trait QTLs for life history, leaf function and reproductive traits, but found no evidence of genetic co-ordination across categories. A major QTL for three leaf functional traits (thickness, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal resistance) suggests that a simple shift in leaf anatomy may be key to adaptation to seasonally dry habitats. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the co-ordination of resource-acquisitive leaf physiological traits with a fast life history and more selfing mating system results from environmental selection rather than functional or genetic constraint. Independent assortment of distinct trait modules, as well as a simple genetic basis to leaf physiological traits associated with drought escape, may facilitate adaptation to changing climates.

Figure 2 in Leaf suspension by a brooding female Epeus indicus (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka

Figure 2 (continued from previous page). Nesting female Epeus indicus. 25, Large Solanum macranthum tree at the Indraprastha Organic Farm where this sequence was observed. 26, Rear view of the suspended brood leaf, now completely dry. 27, Female on the suspended brood leaf. The two suspensors are indicated with white arrows. 28, The female with prey (Diptera: Nematocera) on a nearby leaf. 29, Female in nest. 30, First instar with partly developed eyes suspended from nest. 31, Female on rear or bottom of suspended brood leaf. 32, Female in nest. 33, Female with prey (Diptera: Nematocera) on the dried brood leaf. After this the female E. indicus was not seen again.

Figure 2 in Leaf suspension by a brooding female Epeus indicus (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka

Figure 2 (continued from previous page, continued on next page). Nesting female Epeus indicus. 18, Drying brood leaf, now detached completely at the petiole, with two suspensors in place, one of ~3.5 cm length closer to the petiole or base of the leaf (as shown in earlier photographs), and another to the right joining the brood sac (black arrow) to a different green leaf. 19, 21-22, The developing brood was more mobile within the nest at this time. Note the white egg membranes. 20, Female (black arrow) below brood on leaf. Position of the longer suspensor is indicated with a white arrow. 23, Drying leaf, showing the two suspensors (arrows). 24, Detail of the second suspensor, on the end of the leaf surrounding the nest.

Figure 2 in Leaf suspension by a brooding female Epeus indicus (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka

Figure 2 (continued from previous page, continued on next page). Nesting female Epeus indicus. 12, 14-15, Female at or near nest with brood on two successive days. 13, Female near suspensor (white arrow). 16-17, Female reinforcing the suspensor by adding more silk lines as she traversed it. A second, thin line connecting the two leaves was added near this one, but not subsequently observed.

Figure 2 in Leaf suspension by a brooding female Epeus indicus (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka

Figure 2 (continued on next page). Nesting female Epeus indicus. 1-2, Female with 26 eggs deposited in a nest on the upper surface of a Solanum macranthum leaf. 3-4, Three days later, female with hatchling first instars, sometimes referred to as nymphs. Note the white remnant of each egg membrane, still attached to each nymph.

Figure 2 in Leaf suspension by a brooding female Epeus indicus (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka

Figure 2 (continued from previous page, continued on next page). Nesting female Epeus indicus. 5-6, Female traversing a silk suspensor (bridge) from a position near the petiole (stem) of the yellowing brood leaf to a nearby green leaf, adding dragline silk to that suspensor with each traverse. The suspensor was about 3.5 cm in length. 7, View of the yellowing brood leaf, showing the female as she traversed the suspensor (white arrow at upper left), and the position of the nest (black arrow). 8-11, More images of the female adding silk lines to the suspensor.

Figure 1 in Leaf suspension by a brooding female Epeus indicus (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka

Figure 1. Photographs of a female Epeus indicus in Karnataka. Photographs posted on iNaturalist © Harshith J. V., used under an Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.