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Figure 3 in First record of Resseliella salvadorae (Rao) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoid from stem and leaf galls of Salvadora persica L. Sudan
Figure 3. Parasitoid wasp. © Moawia Mohamed
Image 1 in First record of Resseliella salvadorae (Rao) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoid from stem and leaf galls of Salvadora persica L. Sudan
Image 1. Leaf gall and cecidomyiid larvae. © Moawia Mohamed
Delta-15N values for leaf and soil samples from a mesocosm experiment looking at dung beetle presence and the movement of dung-derived nitrogen (DDN)
<b>Description: </b><p>We deployed 18 mesocosms into each of the ecosystem types (logged forest and oil palm) in mid-May 2016, to give the soil one month to recover from the disturbance. We constructed mesocosms from black plastic containers, 40 cm diameter and 25 cm high after removing the base. We dug mesocosms 20 cm into the ground leaving 5cm above the surface. We arranged them in a 6 x 3 grid with a minimum of 3 m between each mesocosm to minimise interaction between the soil nutrient cycling in each mesocosm. As proximity of the seedlings to mature trees may increase competition for nitrogen and other nutrients we recorded the distance of each mesocosm to the nearest mature tree (any species with diameter at breast height > 30 cm) for inclusion in our analyses. <br>We randomly selected 12 of the mesocosms, to receive 15N-labelled dung patties weighing 300 ± SD 2.27 g in logged forest and 410 ± SD 2.04 g in oil palm. We populated six randomly selected mesocoms from within those 12 treated with dung with a standardised dung beetle communities (Fig. 1, Table S2). The remaining six mesocosms were left as soil only controls. We covered each mesocosm with a fine nylon mesh secured with a rubber belt to prevent beetles leaving or colonising the mesocosms, and to standardise any microclimatic effects between treatments. However, after 48 hours we opened the dung beetle treatments for a 24 hours period to allow the beetles to emigrate rather than forcing them to artificially stay in the same pat (cf. Roslin 2000; Slade et al. 2017), and then re-covered the mesocosms with netting.<br>We sampled soil seven times from logged forest over the course of the experiment. Any remaining surface dung was removed prior to soil sampling, and replaced thereafter, in order to reduce the possibility of contamination. If a soil core was unsuccessful (most likely due to beetle channels) a second core was taken directly beside. On each sample day, a core of 10cm depth was taken and split into vertical horizons 0- 2cm, 2-5 cm and 5-10cm. <br>We sampled leaves eight times over the eight-month duration of the experiment, with high frequency during the first month, aimed to capture the initial assimilation of DDN into the plants. We collected one leaf from the Dipterocarpaceae or palm seedlings for each sample event. For dipterocarp seedlings we alternated collection of the terminal leaf from top and bottom (leaving the topmost, newest leaf) between consecutive sample days, and for palm seedlings we sampled the two penultimate leaflets from alternating sides of the mid-stem, from the youngest fully formed frond. As assimilated 15N did not plateau in logged forest during the 8-month timeframe of the experiment, we took a sample after 21 months in order to determine whether all DDN had been turned over in the plant biomass after this time.<br>The leaf and soil samples were dried at 60°C for a minimum of 48 hours. We then ground samples to a fine powder using a ball mill (Retsch UK Ltd., Hope, UK). We weighed ground samples into 6 x 4 mm ultraclean tin capsules (Elemental Microanalysis Ltd., Okehampton, UK) using an ultra-microbalance with readability 1 μg (Mettler-Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland) to provide sufficient elemental carbon and nitrogen for analysis by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (SERCON, Crewe, UK). <br>Isotope ratios are expressed in per mil (‰) relative to international reference standards (Rstandard), which are Atmospheric Nitrogen and Vienna PeeDee Belemnite (VPDB) for nitrogen and carbon, respectively. The delta value describes the isotopic composition of each sample, which signifies a measurement of difference relative to laboratory standards. The calculation of δ values is given by: <br>δHX = [(RSAMPLE /RSTANDARD −1)]*1000</p><p><b>Project: </b>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/11"><b>Using stable isotopes to link biogeochemical processes to biodiversity of conservation concern</b></a></p><p><b>Funding: </b>These data were collected as part of research funded by: </p><ul><li>NERC (Research grant, NE/K016148/1)</li></ul><p>This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.</p><p></p><p><b>Permits: </b>These data were collected under permit from the following authorities:</p><ul><li>Sabah Biodiversity Centre (SABC) (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2/2 (374) )</li><li>Sabah Biodiversity Centre (SABC) (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2/2 JLD.4 (41))</li><li>Sabah Biodiversity Centre (SABC) (Research licence JKM.1000-2/2 JLD.5 (153))</li></ul><p></p><p><b>XML metadata: </b>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=5113431">here</a></p><p><b>Files: </b>This consists of 1 file: 3_Kemp_15N_mesocosms_data.xlsx</p><p><b>3_Kemp_15N_mesocosms_data.xlsx</b></p><p>This file contains dataset metadata and 3 data tables:</p><ol><li><p><b>OP leaf</b> (described in worksheet OP_leaf)</p><p>Description: Details the δ15N of leaves sampled in oil palm from palm seedlings across eight sample days up to day 233. </p><p>Number of fields: 13</p><p>Number of data rows: 144</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Name</b>: Code for date (ddmm), mesocosms ID and depth (00 = surface; 02 = 2 cm belowground; 05 = 5 cm belowground, and 10 = 10 cm belowground) (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Day</b>: Experimental day as the number of days since day zero (defined by the planting of the seedlings, either dipterocarps or palms) (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Day2</b>: Experimental day as a factor (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Mesocosm</b>: Unique identifier for each of the 18 mesocosms (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Treatment</b>: Treatment assignment (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>DistMature</b>: Distance from the nearest mature tree (any species with diameter at breast height > 30 cm). (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Weight</b>: Sample weight (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Beam.Area.N</b>: Measure of the nitrogen peak i.e. calculated as the area under the nitrogen curve by Calisto software. This value is directly related to N_weight. (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>ugN</b>: Measure of the elemental nitrogen content of the sample (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>d15N</b>: the delta value of the sample, which describes the ration of 15N: 14N isotopes (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Beam.Area.C</b>: Measure of the carbon peak i.e. calculated as the area under the carbon curve by Calisto software. This value is directly related to C_weight (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>ugC</b>: Measure of the elemental carbon content of the sample (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>d13C</b>: the delta value of the sample, which describes the ration of 13C: 12C isotopes (Field type: numeric)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>LFE leaf</b> (described in worksheet LFE_leaf)</p><p>Description: Details the δ15N of leaves sampled in logged forest, taken from dipterocarp seedlings across nine sample days, up to day 625.</p><p>Number of fields: 13</p><p>Number of data rows: 147</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Name</b>: Code for date (ddmm), mesocosms ID and depth (00 = surface; 02 = 2 cm belowground; 05 = 5 cm belowground, and 10 = 10 cm belowground) (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Day</b>: Experimental day as the number of days since day zero (defined by the planting of the seedlings, either dipterocarps or palms) (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Day2</b>: Experimental day as a factor (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Mesocosm</b>: Unique identifier for each of the 18 mesocosms (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Treatment</b>: Treatment assignment (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>DistMature</b>: Distance from the nearest mature tree (any species with diameter at breast height > 30 cm). (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Weight</b>: Sample weight (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Beam.Area.N</b>: Measure of the nitrogen peak i.e. calculated as the area under the nitrogen curve by Calisto software. This value is directly related to N_weight. (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>ugN</b>: Measure of the elemental nitrogen content of the sample (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>d15N</b>: the delta value of the sample, which describes the ration of 15N: 14N isotopes (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Beam.Area.C</b>: Measure of the carbon peak i.e. calculated as the area under the carbon curve by Calisto software. This value is directly related to C_weight (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>ugC</b>: Measure of the elemental carbon content of the sample (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>d13C</b>: the delta value of the sample, which describes the ration of 13C: 12C isotopes (Field type: numeric)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>LFE soil</b> (described in worksheet LFE_soil)</p><p>Description: Details the δ15N of soil sampled in logged forest across seven sample days up to day 64</p><p>Number of fields: 14</p><p>Number of data rows: 375</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Name</b>: Code for date (ddmm), mesocosms ID and depth (00 = surface; 02 = 2 cm belowground; 05 = 5 cm belowground, and 10 = 10 cm belowground) (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Day</b>: Experimental day as the number of days since day zero (defined by the planting of the seedlings, either dipterocarps or palms) (Field type: id)</li><li><b>day2</b>: Experimental day as a factor (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Mesocosm</b>: Unique identifier for each of the 18 mesocosms (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Treatment</b>: Treatment assignment (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>DistMature</b>: Distance from the nearest mature tree (any species with diameter at breast height > 30 cm). (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Depth</b>: The depth which the soil sample was taken from, i.e. 0002 is the horizon between the ground surface and 2 cm belowground (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Weight</b>: Sample weight (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Beam.Area.N</b>: Measure of the nitrogen peak i.e. calculated as the area under the nitrogen curve by Calisto software. This value is directly related to N_weight. (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>ugN</b>: Measure of the elemental nitrogen content of the sample (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>d15N</b>: the delta value of the sample, which describes the ration of 15N: 14N isotopes (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Beam.Area.C</b>: Measure of the carbon peak i.e. calculated as the area under the carbon curve by Calisto software. This value is directly related to C_weight (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>ugC</b>: Measure of the elemental carbon content of the sample (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>d13C</b>: the delta value of the sample, which describes the ration of 13C: 12C isotopes (Field type: numeric)</li></ul></li></ol><p><b>Date range: </b>2016-05-01 to 2017-02-01</p><p><b>Latitudinal extent: </b>4.5000 to 5.0700</p><p><b>Longitudinal extent: </b>116.7500 to 117.8200</p>
Hydraulic prediction of drought-induced plant dieback and top-kill depends on leaf habit and growth form
<p>Hydraulic failure caused by severe drought contributes to aboveground dieback and whole-plant death. The extent to which dieback or whole-plant death can be predicted by plant hydraulic traits has rarely been tested among species with different leaf habits and/or growth forms. We investigated 19 hydraulic traits in 40 woody species in a tropical savanna and their potential correlations with drought response during an extreme drought event during the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in 2015. Plant hydraulic trait variation was partitioned substantially by leaf habit but not growth form along a trade-off axis between traits that support drought tolerance versus avoidance. Semi-deciduous species and shrubs had the highest branch dieback and top-kill (complete aboveground death) among the leaf habits or growth forms. Dieback and top-kill were well explained by combining hydraulic traits with leaf habit and growth form, suggesting integrating life history traits with hydraulic traits will yield better predictions.</p>
Estimating migration of the cold-tolerant leaf beetle Gonioctena quinquepunctata inside a mountain range in a spatially explicit context
<p>The cold-tolerant leaf beetle <em>Gonioctena quinquepunctata</em> displays a large but fragmented European distribution and is restricted to mountain regions in the southern part of its range. Using a RAD-seq-generated large SNP data set (> 10,000 loci), we investigated the geographic distribution of genetic variation within the Vosges mountains, where the species is common. To translate this pattern of variation in an estimate of its capacity to disperse, we simulated SNP data under a spatially explicit model of population evolution and compared the simulated and real data with an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) approach. For this purpose, we propose a new SNP statistic summarizing genetic variation in a spatially explicit context. The estimated number of effective migrants inferred with this statistic was compared to that derived from a combination of standard population genetic statistics often used in population genetic analyses. We conducted this ABC analysis with a relatively low number of data points compared to traditional ABC analyses, because spatially explicit models require long simulation times. A test of our overall strategy was conducted with simulated data and showed that it could provide a good estimate of the level of dispersal of an organism over its continuous geographic range. We suggest that the lower number of explored data points were at least partially compensated by the much larger number of simulations per data point associated with a large SNP data set. The results of our analyses suggested that this insect disperses well within the Vosges mountains, much more than was initially expected given the current and probably past fragmentation of its habitat and given the results of previous studies on genetic variation in other mountain leaf beetles.</p>
Figure 2 in Comparison of the Coleoptera communities in leaf litter and rotten wood in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA
Figure 2. Number of species represented by proportions of specimens in leaf litter and CWD5.
Phylogenomic reconstruction reveals new insights into the evolution and biogeography of Atta leaf-cutting ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
<p><i>Atta</i> Fabricius is an ecologically dominant leaf-cutting ant genus, the major herbivore of the Neotropics, and an agricultural pest of great economic importance. Phylogenetic relationships within <i>Atta</i> have until now remained uncertain, and the delimitation and identification of a subset of <i>Atta </i>species are problematic. To address these phylogenetic uncertainties, we reconstruct the most comprehensive phylogenetic estimate to date of <i>Atta</i> by employing ultraconserved elements (UCEs). We recovered 2340 UCE loci from 224 <i>Atta </i>specimens, which include 14 out of the 15 identifiable species from across their geographic distributions, and 49 outgroup specimens. Our results strongly support the monophyly of <i>Atta</i> and of the four clades that coincide with the previously recognized subgenera <i>Archeatta</i> Gonçalves, <i>Atta </i>s.s.<i> </i>Emery, <i>Epiatta </i>Borgmeier, and <i>Neoatta </i>Gonçalves. The Archeatta<i> </i>clade contains three species<i> </i>occurring in North and Central America and the Caribbean and is the sister group of the remainder of all other <i>Atta </i>species. The Atta s.s. clade is composed of two species occupying North, Central, and South America. The Epiatta<i> </i>clade<i> </i>contains<i> </i>seven entirely South American species and the two species of the Neoatta clade<i> </i>occur in Central and South America. Divergence-dating analyses identify a series of major events in the Miocene, such as the divergence of <i>Acromyrmex</i> Mayr and <i>Atta</i> 16.7 million years ago (Ma) and the crown-group origin of <i>Atta</i> around 8.5 Ma. Extant <i>Atta</i> species evolved very recently, originating in the early Pleistocene, approximately 1.8 to 0.3 Ma (crown-group ages). We provide the first evidence that <i>Atta goiana </i>Gonçalves belongs to the Epiatta clade and that<i> Atta robusta</i> Borgmeier is the species with the youngest crown-group age of 0.3 Ma. The very young ages of <i>Atta </i>and its component species indicate a recent, rapid radiation. Biogeographic analyses suggest that the range of the most recent common ancestor of <i>Atta</i> consisted of the combined North/Central America and NW South America bioregions and that one daughter lineage subsequently dispersed into South America, rapidly diversifying in the newly formed Cerrado biome and Chaco, and further dispersing into the Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Pampas bioregions.</p>
Leaf size variations in a dominant desert shrub, Reaumuria soongarica, adapted to heterogeneous environments
<p>The climate in arid Central Asia (ACA) has changed rapidly in recent decades, but the ecological consequences of this are far from clear. To predict the impacts of climate change on ecosystem functioning, greater attention should be given to the relationships between leaf functional traits and environmental heterogeneity. As a dominant constructive shrub widely distributed in ACA, <em>Reaumuria soongarica</em> provided us with an ideal model to understand how leaf functional traits of desert ecosystems responded to the heterogeneous environments of ACA. Here, to determine the influences of genetic and ecological factors, we characterized species-wide variations in leaf traits among 30 wild populations of <em>R. soongarica</em> and 16 populations grown in a common garden. We found that the leaf length, width, and leaf length to width ratio (L/W) of the northern lineage were significantly larger than those of other genetic lineages, and principal component analysis based on the <em>in situ</em> environmental factors distinguished the northern lineage from the other lineages studied. With increasing latitude, leaf length, width, and L/W in the wild populations increased significantly. Leaf length and L/W were negatively correlated with altitude, and first increased and then decreased with increasing mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP). Stepwise regression analyses further indicated that leaf length variation was mainly affected by latitude. However, leaf width was uncorrelated with altitude, MAT or MAP. The common garden trial showed that leaf width variation among the eastern populations was caused by both local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. Our findings suggest that <em>R. soongarica</em> preferentially changes leaf length to adjust leaf size to cope with environmental change. We also reveal phenotypic evidence for ecological speciation of <em>R. soongarica</em>. These results will help us better understand and predict the consequences of climate change for desert ecosystem functioning.</p>
Rat tooth extraction and 3% binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) STEENIS) leaf extract gel
<p>The following photos are related to the research entitled "The effects of 3% binahong (Anredera cordifolia) leaf extract gel on the alveolar bone healing in post-extraction tooth socket wound in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus)"</p>
Fig. 5 in Reproduction And Infant Pelage Colouration Of The Banded Leaf Monkey (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) In Singapore
Fig. 5. Black infant banded leaf monkey feeding on vegetation.
Fig. 1 in Low Genetic Variability In The Recovering Urban Banded Leaf Monkey Population Of Singapore
Fig. 1. Distribution of Presbytis femoralis.
FIG. 6 in A Remarkable New Genus and New Species of the Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae), Inhabiting Psyllid Leaf Margin Roll Gall on Indian Banyan, Ficus benghalensis
FIG. 6. Female genitalia of Chimairacoris lakshmiae.
FIG. 1 in A late Miocene leaf assemblage from Vrysses, western Crete, Greece, and its paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic interpretation
FIG. 1. — Generalized map of the fossiliferous locations in Vrysses basin, western Crete (Greece).
Fig. 1. A in Scientific Note Feeding ecology of the leaf fish Monocirrhus polyacanthus (Perciformes: Polycentridae) in a terra firme stream in the Brazilian Amazon
Fig. 1. A freshly collected leaf fish Monocirrhus polyacanthus. Photo by F. P. Mendonça.
Leaf water relations in epiphytic ferns
<p>Opportunistic diversification has allowed ferns to radiate into epiphytic niches in angiosperm dominated landscapes. However, our understanding of how ecophysiological function allowed establishment in the canopy and the potential transitionary role of the hemi-epiphytic life form remain unclear. Here, we surveyed 39 fern species in Costa Rican tropical forests to explore epiphytic trait divergence in a phylogenetic context. We examined leaf responses to water deficits in terrestrial, hemi-epiphytic, and epiphytic ferns and related these findings to functional traits that regulate leaf water status. Epiphytic ferns had reduced xylem area (-63%), shorter stipe lengths (-56%), thicker laminae (+41%), and reduced stomatal density (-46%) compared to terrestrial ferns. Epiphytic ferns exhibited similar turgor loss points, higher osmotic potential at saturation, and lower tissue capacitance after turgor loss than terrestrial ferns. Overall, hemi-epiphytic ferns exhibited traits that share characteristics of both terrestrial and epiphytic species. Our findings clearly demonstrate the prevalence of water conservatism in both epiphytic and hemi-epiphytic ferns, via selection for anatomical and structural traits that avoid leaf water stress. Even with likely canalized physiological function, adaptations for drought avoidance have allowed epiphytic ferns to successfully endure the stresses of the canopy habitat.</p>
Variation in plant leaf traits affects transmission and detectability of herbivore vibrational cues
<p>Many insects use plant-borne vibrations to obtain important information about their environment, such as where to find a mate or a prey, or when to avoid a predator. Plant species can differ in the way they vibrate, possibly affecting the reliability of information, and ultimately the decisions that are made by animals based on this information. We examined whether the production, transmission and possible perception of plant-borne vibrational cues is affected by variation in leaf traits. We recorded vibrations of 69 <i>Spodoptera exigua</i> caterpillars foraging on four plant species that differed widely in their leaf-traits (cabbage, beetroot, sunflower and corn). We carried out a transmission and an airborne noise absorption experiment to assess whether leaf traits influence amplitude and frequency characteristics, and background noise levels of vibrational-chewing cues. Our results reveal that species-specific leaf traits can influence transmission and potentially perception of herbivore-induced chewing vibrations. Experimentally-induced vibrations attenuated stronger on plants with thicker leaves. Amplitude and frequency characteristics of chewing vibrations measured near a chewing caterpillar were, however, not affected by leaf traits. Furthermore, we found a significant effect of leaf area, water content and leaf thickness - important plant traits against herbivory, on the vibrations induced by airborne noise. On larger leaves higher amplitude vibrations were induced, whereas on thicker leaves containing more water airborne noise induced higher peak frequencies. Our findings indicate that variation in leaf traits can be important for the transmission and possibly detection of vibrational cues.</p>
Application of leaf size and leafing intensity scaling across subtropical trees
<p>Understanding the scaling between leaf size and leafing intensity (leaf number per stem size) is crucial for comprehending theories about the leaf costs and benefits in the leaf size–twig size spectrum. However, the scaling scope of leaf size vs. leafing intensity changes along the twig leaf size variation in different leaf habit species remains elusive. Here, we hypothesize that the numerical value of scaling exponent for leaf mass versus leafing intensity in twig is governed by the minimum leaf mass versus maximum leaf mass (<i>M</i><sub>min</sub> vs. <i>M</i><sub>max</sub>) and constrained to be ≤ -1.0.</p> <p>We tested this hypothesis by analyzing the twigs of 123 species datasets complied in the subtropical mountain forest. The standardized major axis regression (SMA) analyses showed the <i>M</i><sub>min</sub> scaled as the 1.19 power of <i>M</i><sub>m</sub><sub>ax</sub> and the -a (-1.19) was not statistically different from the exponents of <i>M</i><sub>min</sub><i> </i>vs. leafing intensity in whole data. Across leaf habit groups, the <i>M</i><sub>max</sub> scaled negatively and isometrically with respect to leafing intensity. The pooled data's scaling exponents ranged from -1.14 to -0.96 for <i>M</i><sub>min</sub> and <i>M</i><sub>max</sub> vs. the leafing intensity based on stem volume (LIV). In the case of <i>M</i><sub>min</sub> and <i>M</i><sub>max</sub> vs. the leafing intensity based on stem mass (LIM), the scaling exponents ranged from -1.24 to -1.04.</p> <p>Our hypothesis successfully predicts that the scaling relationship between leaf mass and leafing intensity is constrained to be ≤ -1.0. More importantly, the lower limit to scaling of leaf mass and leafing intensity maybe closely correlate with <i>M</i><sub>min</sub> vs. <i>M</i><sub>max</sub>. Besides, constrained by the maximum leaf mass expand, the broad scope range between leaf size and number may be insensitive to leaf habit groups in subtropical mountain forest.</p>
Broad diversity in monoterpene-sesquiterpene balance across wild sunflowers: implications of leaf and floral volatiles for biotic interactions
<p>• <strong>Premise of the study:</strong> As plant lineages diversify across environmental gradients, species are predicted to encounter divergent biotic pressures. This study investigates the evolution of volatile secondary metabolism across <em>Helianthus</em> genus. <br>• <strong>Methods:</strong> Leaves and petals of 40 species of wild <em>Helianthus</em> were analyzed via gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry to describe volatile secondary metabolite profiles. <br>• <strong>Key results:</strong> Across all species, 500 compounds were identified including 40% sesquiterpenes, 18% monoterpenes, 3% diterpenes, 4% fatty acid derivatives, and 35% other compounds such as phenolics and small organic compounds. Qualitatively, annuals and species from more arid western climates had leaf compositions with a higher proportion of total monoterpenes, while erect perennials and species from more mesic eastern habitats contained a higher proportion of total sesquiterpenes. Among species, mass-based leaf monoterpene and sesquiterpene abundance were identified as largely orthogonal axes of variation by principal components analysis. Leaf and petal profiles were not strongly correlated. <br>• <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Wide diversity in volatile metabolism was observed among wild <em>Helianthus</em>, indicating value of this genus as a model system, and a rich genetic resource. The independence of leaf and petal volatile profiles indicates a low level of phenotypic integration between vegetative and reproductive structures, implying vegetative defense and reproductive defense or pollinator attraction functions mediated by terpenoid profiles in these two organs can evolve without major tradeoffs. The major biosynthetic pathways manufacturing major terpenoids identified in wild <em>Helianthus </em>have been well described to date, providing a road map to deeper inquiry into the drivers of this diversity.</p>
How detritivores, plant traits and time modulate coupling of leaf versus woody litter decomposition rates across species
<p>1. Plant functional traits are increasingly used to understand ecological relationships and (changing) ecosystem functions. For understanding ecosystem-level biogeochemistry, we need to understand how (much) traits co-vary between different plant organs across species, and its implications for litter decomposition. However, we do not know how the degree of synchronous variation in decomposition rates between organs across species could be influenced by different keystone invertebrates decomposing different senesced plant organs, especially in warm-climate forests. Here we asked whether interspecific patterns in wood and leaf decomposition rates and in the spectra of resource economics traits underpinning them, co-vary across woody species; and how (much) the keystone invertebrate decomposers of the litter of these organs enhance or lower such co-variation of decomposition rates through time. </p> <p>2. We addressed these questions through an 18-month "common-garden" decomposition experiment using leaf, twig and branch litter of 41 woody species in two distant subtropical forest sites in east China. We quantified the effects of leaf, twig, and branch functional traits and their respective key invertebrates (moth larvae, termites) on the decomposition rates of those organs. </p> <p>3. Interspecific variation in wood traits was partly decoupled from that in leaf traits across species, while strong coupling was found between twigs and branches. The co-variation between leaf and woody organ decomposition rates was altered dynamically through the shifting activities of the key decomposers, which created non-linear relationships of invertebrate litter consumption as a function of species rankings along the resource economic trait spectra of leaves and branches.</p> <p>4. The deviations from coupling of decomposition rates between organs were likely caused by combinations of three mechanisms: (1) (de-)coupling between organs of other traits, not commonly considered in resource economics spectra (e.g., resins) (2) leaf and wood decomposers having specific diet requirements, and (3) temporal patterns of the decomposers' activity.</p> <p>5. Synthesis. Our study highlights the importance of considering the different ways by which invertebrate detritivores drive decomposition processes through time. Under the ongoing biodiversity decline, future research would benefit from a better understanding of the role of the dynamic interactions between detritivore activities and plant functional traits on the carbon turnover in ecosystems.</p>
Fig. 4 in The detection of an alien pest, the cotton leaf roller Haritalodes decorata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), on the Black Sea Coast of Russia
Fig. 4. The localities on the territory of the Russian Black Sea Cost where Haritalodes
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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