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Morphological plasticity in response to emergence time and population density in Abutilon theophrasti (Malvaceae)
<p>Increased density and delayed emergence are two major biotic factors in nature that have profound and complex effects on plants. No studies have attempt to compare the responses of plants to the two factors via morphological plasticity, particularly in dynamic patterns. We subjected plants of <em>Abutilon theophrasti</em> to four emergence times and three planting densities and measured and analyzed a number of mass and morphological traits at different growth stages. Across both stages, plants emerged in late spring had the highest total mass, and spring and late-spring plants had higher stem mass allocation than later germinants, but plants with delayed emergence had higher leaf and reproductive mass allocation, more leaves and less lateral roots, but lower stem length, stem and root diameter than early-emerged plants. Plants at high density performed lower in total mass and most other traits, but performed better in stem allocation and length, with shorter petioles and lateral roots, than at lower densities. In competition for resources, plants will prefer stem elongation to leaf/root growth, and even at the cost of reproduction to ensure the survival of the present generations when competition is intense or lethal. By contrast, plants will prefer the investment into leaf and reproductive growth to stem/root growth, for offspring persistence, when shortened lifetime does not threaten the contemporary survival. The contrasting strategies revealed the intelligence of plants in balancing between survival, growth and reproduction, depending on environmental contexts.</p>
Morphological integration, canalization, and plasticity in response to emergence time in Abutilon theophrasti
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Morphological plasticity in response to emergence time and population density in Abutilon theophrasti (Malvaceae)
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Kellogg Biological Station site, station Treatment 1, standard levels of chemical inputs, conventional chisel plowed tillage, study of aboveground net primary productivity of Abutilon theophrasti in units of gramsPerMeterSquaredPerYear on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) contains aboveground net primary productivity of Abutilon theophrasti measurements in gramsPerMeterSquaredPerYear units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
Kellogg Biological Station site, station Treatment 2, standard levels of chemical inputs, no tillage, study of aboveground net primary productivity of Abutilon theophrasti in units of gramsPerMeterSquaredPerYear on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) contains aboveground net primary productivity of Abutilon theophrasti measurements in gramsPerMeterSquaredPerYear units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
Kellogg Biological Station site, station Treatment 3, organic-based low chemical input (banded herbicide, starter N), winter leguminous crop, annual tillage and post-planting cultivation, study of aboveground net primary productivity of Abutilon theophrasti in units of gramsPerMeterSquaredPerYear on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) contains aboveground net primary productivity of Abutilon theophrasti measurements in gramsPerMeterSquaredPerYear units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
Kellogg Biological Station site, station Treatment 4, certified oganic, no chemical inputs, annual tillage, rotary-hoed to control weeds, study of aboveground net primary productivity of Abutilon theophrasti in units of gramsPerMeterSquaredPerYear on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) contains aboveground net primary productivity of Abutilon theophrasti measurements in gramsPerMeterSquaredPerYear units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
Kellogg Biological Station site, station Treatment 7, native successional treatment, abandoned after spring plowing in 1989, study of aboveground net primary productivity of Abutilon theophrasti in units of gramsPerMeterSquaredPerYear on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) contains aboveground net primary productivity of Abutilon theophrasti measurements in gramsPerMeterSquaredPerYear units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
Kellogg Biological Station site, station Kellogg Biological Station, study of aboveground net primary productivity of Abutilon theophrasti in units of gramsPerMeterSquaredPerYear on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) contains aboveground net primary productivity of Abutilon theophrasti measurements in gramsPerMeterSquaredPerYear units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
Morphological canalization, integration, and plasticity in response to population density in Abutilon theophrasti : Influences of soil conditions and growth stages
<p>Phenotypic integration and developmental canalization have been hypothesized to constrain the degree of phenotypic plasticity, but little evidence exists, probably due to the lack in studies on the relationships among the three processes, especially for plants under different environments. We conducted a field experiment by subjecting plants of <i>Abutilon theophrasti</i> to three densities, under infertile and fertile soil conditions, and analyzing correlations among canalization, integration, and plasticity in a variety of measured morphological traits after 50 and 70 d, to investigate the relationships among the three variables in response to density and how these responses vary with soil conditions and growth stages. Results showed trait canalization decreased, phenotypic integration and the degree of plasticity (absolute plasticity) in traits increased with density. Phenotypic integration often positively correlated with absolute plasticity; whereas correlations between trait canalization and plasticity were insignificant in most cases, with a few positive ones between canalization and absolute plasticity at low and medium densities. As plants grew, these correlations intensified in infertile soil and attenuated in fertile soil. Our findings suggested the complexity of the relationship between canalization and plasticity: decreased canalization is more likely to facilitate active plastic responses under more favorable conditions; whereas increased level of integration should mainly be an outcome of plastic responses. Soil conditions and growth stage may affect responses of these correlations to density via modifying plant size, competition strength and plastic responses in traits. We also predicted that decreased canalization can be advantageous or disadvantageous, and the lack of response to stress may demonstrate a stronger ability of adaptation than passive response, thus should be adaptive plasticity as active response.</p>
FIGURE 4 in A new record of Abutilon grandifolium (subfamily Malvoideae, Malvaceae) from Qena Governorate, Egypt
FIGURE 4.—SM micrographs. A. Abutilon grandifolium. B. Abutilon theophrasti. 1. Stem. 2. Petiole. 3. Leaf shape. 4. Calyx shape.
FIGURE 2.—Abutilon grandifolium. A in A new record of Abutilon grandifolium (subfamily Malvoideae, Malvaceae) from Qena Governorate, Egypt
FIGURE 2.—Abutilon grandifolium. A. Vegetative part of the plant with flowering and fruiting shoots. B. Close-up view of an open flower. C. Aggregated fruits on a common peduncle. D. Close-up view of open fruit. Photos: M.O. Badry.
FIGURE 3 in A new record of Abutilon grandifolium (subfamily Malvoideae, Malvaceae) from Qena Governorate, Egypt
FIGURE 3.—Herbarium specimen of Abutilon grandifolium from Egypt (M.O. Badry s.n. [South Valley University Herbarium]). Photo: M.O. Badry.
FIGURE 5 in A new record of Abutilon grandifolium (subfamily Malvoideae, Malvaceae) from Qena Governorate, Egypt
FIGURE 5.—Comparison of leaf and seed microfeatures. 1, 3. Abutilon grandifolium. 2, 4. Abutilon theophrasti. 1a, 2a. SEM micrographs of leaf adaxial surface patterns. 1b, 2b. SEM micrographs of leaf abaxial surface patterns (arrow: enlarged stomata). 3a, 4a. SM micrographs of seed shape outline. 3b, 4b. SEM micrographs of seed coat sculpture.
FIGURE 4. A–B in Synopsis of Abutilon (Malvoideae, Malvaceae) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
FIGURE 4. A–B) A. costicalyx Schumann ex Takeuchi & Esteves A) Flower showing calyx; B) Mericarp, dorsolateral view, showing the dorsal long papillate suture. C-E) A. rufinerve Saint-Hilaire C) Branches with flowers; D) Calyx; E) Mericarp, dorsolateral view, showing the dorsal suture not papillate. F–G) A. nigricans Esteves & Krapovickas F) Calyx, showing the glabrous base; G) Mericarp, dorsolateral view. H–I) A. pedrae-brancae Schumann H) Leaf, with sub-trilobate blade; I) Mericarp, dorsolateral view. J–M) A. bedfordianum (Hooker) Saint Hilaire & Naudin; J) Branch with flower and fruit; K) Calyx; L) Staminal tube; M) Mericarp, dorsolateral view. N–P) A. venosum Lemaire N) Branch with fruit O) Calyx; P) Mericarp, dorsolateral view.
FIGURE 5. A in Synopsis of Abutilon (Malvoideae, Malvaceae) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
FIGURE 5. A) A. latipetalum, habit. B) A. regnellii, habit C) A. striatum, orange petals, showing the reddish veins. D) A. nigricans, entirely whitish petals. E) A. latipetalum, calyx covered with short papillae. F) A. regnellii, flower, showing the calyx with long papillae. G) A. latipetalum, schizocarp sectioned longitudinally, showing columella and seeds. H) A. itatiaiae, habit with flowers. I) A. longifolium, branch with pendant flower. J) A. itatiaiae, schizocarp with eight aristate mericarps. K) A. bedfordianum, schizocarp with more than twelve muticous mericarps.
FIGURE 3. A–D in Synopsis of Abutilon (Malvoideae, Malvaceae) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
FIGURE 3. A–D) A. longifolium. Schumann A) Branch with flower; B) Tubular calyx; C) Mericarp, dorsolateral view; D) Mericarp, dorsolateral view, showing non-papillate suture; E) A. striatum, branch with flower. F-G) A. amoenum Schumann F) Calyx; G) Mericarp, dorsolateral view, showing papillae on dorsal suture. H–K) A. fluviatile (Vell.) Schumann H) Leaf, showing peltate subtrilobate leaf blade; I) Leaf, showing entire leaf blade; J) Calyx; K) Mericarp, dorsal view. L–N) A. mouraei Schumann L) Branches with flower; M) Calyx; N) Mericarp, dorsolateral view.
FIGURE 2. A–C in Synopsis of Abutilon (Malvoideae, Malvaceae) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
FIGURE 2. A–C) A. macranthum Saint-Hilaire A) Branch with flower; B) Staminal tube; C) Mericarp, dorsolateral view. D-G) A. latipetalum Esteves & Krapovickas D) Calyx; E) Petal, ventral view; F) Whole fruit with persistent calyx; G) Mericarp, dorsolateral view; H) Seed; I–N) A. regnellii Miquel I) Petal, dorsal view; J) Staminal tube; K: Whole fruit with persistent calyx; L) Mericarp, dorsolateral view; M) Seed; N) Branch with flower.
Associations between leaf developmental stability, variability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity in Abutilon theophrasti
<p>Developmental stability, canalization, and phenotypic plasticity are the most common sources of phenotypic variation, yet comparative studies investigating the relationships between these sources, specifically in plants, are lacking. To investigate the relationships among developmental stability or instability, developmental variability, canalization and plasticity in plants, we conducted a field experiment with Abutilon theophrasti, by subjecting plants to three densities under infertile vs. fertile soil conditions. We measured the leaf width (leaf size) and calculated fluctuating asymmetry (FA), coefficient of variation within and among individuals (CVintra and CVinter), and plasticity (PIrel) in leaf size at day 30, 50 and 70 of plant growth, to analyze the correlations among these variables in response to density and soil conditions, at each of or across all growth stages. Results showed increased density led to lower leaf FA, CVintra and PIrel and higher CVinter in fertile soil. A positive correlation between FA and PIrel occurred in infertile soil, while correlations between CVinter and PIrel and between CVinter and CVintra were negative at high density and/or in fertile soil, with non-significant correlations among them in other cases. Results suggested the complexity of responses of developmental instability, variability and canalization in leaf size as well as their relationships, which depend on the strength of stresses. Intense aboveground competition that accelerates the decrease in leaf size (leading to lower plasticity) will be more likely to reduce developmental instability, variability and canalization in leaf size. Increased developmental instability and intra- and inter-individual variability should be advantageous and facilitate adaptive plasticity in less stressful conditions, thus they are more likely to positively correlate with plasticity; whereas developmental stability and canalization with lower developmental variability should be beneficial for stabilizing plant performance in more stressful conditions, where they tend to have more negative correlations with plasticity. </p>
FIGURE 1. A–I Callianthe montana Donnell & C. Takeuchi A in Callianthe montana, a new combination for Abutilon montanum (Malvaceae, Malvoideae), a rediscovered species endemic to the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil
FIGURE 1. A–I Callianthe montana Donnell & C. Takeuchi A) Branch with flower; B) Calyx; C) Calyx, indumentum; D) Staminal tube; E) Petal; F) Fruit without calyx; G) Mericarp, dorsolateral view; H) Mericarp, indumentum; I) Seed.
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