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203 results for “Adaptive morphology”
Fig. 1. Terrestrial leeches. A in Leeches in the extreme: Morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to inhospitable habitats
Fig. 1. Terrestrial leeches. A) Orobdella sp. out of water after a rainstorm in the Philippines. Leech is estimated to be more than 25 cm in length. Image credit: Will Reeves. B) Haemadipsa zeylanica pursuing the photographer as a host on the Vietnamese forest floor. Leech size approximately 4 cm in length. C) SEM image of the head of a haemadipsid leech. The inset depicts an outline of the same image with the eye spots marked by black dots. D) Caudal sucker of a haemadipsid leech with friction rays on the sucker surface. White arrows indicate the two flaps of the auricle. Scale bars in C and D = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 4. Leech parental care. A in Leeches in the extreme: Morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to inhospitable habitats
Fig. 4. Leech parental care. A) Light microscopy image of a glossiphoniid leech with pink circular eggs gathered on its ventral side for protection. B) Light microscopy image of a glossiphoniid leech with leech hatchlings gathered on the ventral side of the parent leech. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 3. Extreme feeding. A in Leeches in the extreme: Morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to inhospitable habitats
Fig. 3. Extreme feeding. A) Hirudo verbana, a commercially important and frequently traded species of European medicinal leech. B) Several individuals of Hirudo verbana feeding on blood inside a nitrile rubber glove.
Underlying data for: "Morphology as indicator of adaptive changes of model tissues in osmotically and chemically changing environments"
<p>For our publication "Morphology as indicator of adaptive changes of model tissues in osmotically and chemically changing environments" (at <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213635">DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213635)</a> we here provide the raw data for the included plots.</p> <p>Due to the aggregate size of the numerous microscopy images, those are provided on request.<br> Herein, we provide the data obtained by processing the microscopy images into cell nuclei positions, cell density profiles and morpological as well as topological parameters.</p>
Morphological adaptations linked to flight efficiency and aerial lifestyle determine natal dispersal distance in birds
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Data from: The temporal window of ecological adaptation in postglacial lakes: a comparison of head morphology, trophic position and habitat use in Norwegian threespine stickleback populations
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Passive Morphological Adaptation for Obstacle Avoidance in a Self-Growing Robot Produced by Additive Manufacturing
<p>Dataset acquired for the obstacle negotiation experiments. The dataset collects the forces obtained by the growing robot when facing obstacles at different inclinations.</p> <p>You an find the related publication on https://doi.org/10.1089/soro.2019.0025</p>
Going underwater! Multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)
<p>Supplementary videos:</p> <p>Video S1. Typical feeding behavior of chewing larvae.<em> Tropisternus latus</em> Brullé, 1837 first-instar larva. Note that feeding occurs above water surface.</p> <p>Video S2. Alternative chewing feeding strategy of moluscivorous larvae. <em>Hydrophilus (Dibolocelus) palpalis </em>Brullé, 1837 second-instar larva feeding.</p> <p>Video S3. Piercing-sucking feeding behavior of <em>Hemiosus dejeanii </em>(Solier, 1849) third-instar larva. Note that feeding occurs under water surface.</p> <p>Video S4. Piercing-sucking feeding behavior of <em>Oocyclus magnifica </em>Hebauer & Wang, 1998. Note that feeding occurs inside water film.</p>
Data and R code for The Finer Points of Urban Adaptation: Intraspecific Variation in Lizard Claw Morphology (2020; Biological Journal of the Linnean Society)
<p>This zip file contains all data (tps files, Rdata, csv) and annotated R script to conduct all analyses presented in Falvey et al. (2020, BJLS), which examines claw morphology in 5 species of anole lizards using geometric morphometrics.</p>
Adaptive specialization and constraint in morphological defenses of planktonic larvae
<ol> <li>Morphological defenses of plankton can include armor, spines, and coloration. Spines defend from gape-limited fish predators while pigmentation increases visibility to fishes but defends from ultraviolet radiation (UVR).</li> <li>Planktonic crab larvae (zoeae) exhibit inter- and intra-specific variability in the lengths of defensive spines, extent of pigmentation, and body size. The determinants of this variability and the relationships among these traits are largely unknown.</li> <li>Larvae may employ generalized defenses against the dual threats of UVR and predation or specialized defenses against their primary threat, with an unknown role of allometric or phylogenetic constraints. Generalization would result in longer spines compensating for the increased predation risk imposed by darker pigments, while specialization would lead to more investment in either defense from predation (long spines) or UVR (dark pigments), at the expense of the other trait.</li> <li>We examined 1) the relationship between spine lengths and pigmentation, 2) the scaling of spine lengths with body size, and 3) phylogenetic constraint in spine lengths, pigmentation, and body size, among and within 21 species of laboratory-hatched and 23 species of field-collected crab larvae from Panama and California.</li> <li>We found a negative relationship between spine length and pigmentation among species from laboratory and field. Within species, we found a marginally significant negative relationship among field-collected larvae.</li> <li>Spine lengths showed positive allometric scaling with carapace length while spine and carapace lengths, but not pigmentation, had significant phylogenetic signals.</li> <li>The negative relationship we observed between pigmentation and spine length supports our defense specialization hypothesis.</li> <li>Positive allometric scaling of spine lengths means larger larvae are better defended from predators, which may indicate that larvae face greater predation risk as they grow larger.</li> <li>Phylogenetic constraint may have arisen because related species encounter similar predation threats. Conversely, phylogenetic constraint in the evolution of spine lengths may induce convergent behaviors resulting in related species facing similar predation threats.</li> <li>Our results improve understanding of the evolution of the larval morphology of crabs, morphological defenses in the plankton, and evolutionary responses of morphology to multiple spatially-segregated selective forces.</li> </ol>
Data from: Disentangling evolutionary, environmental and morphological drivers of plant anatomical adaptations to drought and cold in Himalayan graminoids
Understanding what determine plants ability to survive drought and cold is crucial for predicting how plants may respond to ongoing climate change. Plant survival strategies are usually characterized by morphological and physiological adaptations, while their underlying anatomical settings are largely unknown. Woody angiosperms and herbaceous dicots have repeatedly evolved small water transporting conduits and large storage parenchyma tissues at colder or drier places to cope with freezing- and drought-induced damages. However, whether these adaptations are also valid for graminoids remains unclear. Here we show that stem anatomical variations in grasses, sedges and rushes dominating in western Himalayan grasslands are driven by elevation and soil moisture via control over aboveground plant stature and belowground clonal growth, while phylogenetic constraints have only a weak effect. Phylogenetic comparative analyses controlling for confounding factors showed that the elevation-related cooling controls the conductive system through reduced vessel diameter and extended assimilatory and storage tissues with more chlorenchyma and less sclerenchyma around vessels. The soil moisture deficit, on the other hand, determines stabilization structures by promoting short-rhizomatous turf graminoids with hollow stems, thicker epidermis and deep adventitious roots in dry steppes and semi-deserts. Saline wetlands and moist alpine pastures promote long-rhizomatous short-stature plants with lower need for mechanical support (absence of hollow stem) and exposure to high evaporative forcing (thinner epidermis). Observed trends of decreasing vessel sizes and lignification rate with elevation supports the existing knowledge that narrower vessels and extensive parenchyma assist plants to grow in cold environments by avoiding freezing-induced cavitation. Our results bring novel information on ecological drivers influencing the evolution of anatomical adaptations in high mountain graminoids. Distinct grassland types, covering elevations from 2650 to 6150 m, harbor unrelated species with different evolutionary histories that have converged towards similar anatomical structures.
Forelimb morphology as an adaptation for burrowing in kangaroo rat species (genus Dipodomys) that inhabit different soil substrates
<p>Among burrowing rodents, forelimb morphology frequently shares an intricate relationship with soil substrates. Soils can vary widely in texture and density, leading to differences in friability, which often requires forelimb specializations in digging animals. Kangaroo rat species (genus <em>Dipodomys</em>) dig and occupy underground burrows, a trait which is essential to their survival. Some members of this genus are restricted to particular types of soil substrates that presumably require species-specific forelimb traits. Here we explored the forelimb morphology and soil substrates inhabited by four <em>Dipodomys</em> species, including two range-restricted species (<em>D. compactus </em>and<em> D. elator</em>) and two widely-ranging species (<em>D. merriami </em>and<em> D. ordii</em>) in an effort to explore the variation in soil usage, forelimb skeletal specializations, and the relationship between these traits. We assessed the size and shape traits of preserved specimen forelimb bones using traditional and geometric morphometric techniques and we extracted soil data associated with the collecting locality of each specimen. We expected the four species to differ in their substrate affinities and forelimb morphology. Specifically, we expected species that inhabit dense soil substrates (e.g., clay-rich soils) to display specialized forelimb morphology typified by an elongated scapula and robust humerus, radius, and ulna bones. The four <em>Dipodomys</em> species differed substantially in their soil associations. We also detected significant morphological differences among <em>Dipodomys</em> species in which forelimb traits allowing for greater mechanical digging ability were found in <em>D. elator</em>, a species that inhabits dense clay-rich soils. These findings suggest that <em>Dipodomys</em> species that inhabit dense substrates may require correspondingly specialized forelimb morphology and that these traits may limit the desirable geographic ranges inhabited by these species. This may provide particularly important information when making conservation decisions on behalf of these species given that, unlike other habitat features, soil substrates cannot be easily modified to suit the needs of the organism.</p>
Data supporting: Molecular, behavioural and morphological comparisons of sperm adaptations in a fish with alternative mating tactics
<p>In species with alternative reproductive tactics, there is much empirical support that sneaker males have larger testes size and greater sperm numbers. However, support for higher sperm performance by sneakers is inconsistent. We used the sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus) to test whether sperm performance differed between breeding-coloured males (small testes, but large mucus-filled sperm-duct glands; builds a nest lined with a sperm-containing mucus, provides care) and sneaker-morph males (no breeding colouration, large testes, rudimentary sperm-duct glands; no nest, no care). We compared motility (proportion motile sperm), velocity and longevity of sperm, between the two morphs. Furthermore, we compared gene expression of testes, and tested if the sperm-duct gland contents affected sperm performance, and if sperm morphometrics differed between male morphs. We found a clear difference in gene expression of testes between the male morphs with 109 transcripts differentially expressed between the morphs. Notably, several mucin genes were upregulated in breeding-coloured males and two ATP-related genes were upregulated in sneaker-morph males. There was some evidence of higher sperm velocity in sneaker-morph males, but no difference in sperm motility. Presence of the sperm-duct gland contents significantly increased sperm velocity, but equally so for the two morphs. The same was true for sperm motility although the difference was not significant. The sand goby has remarkably long-lived sperm, with only small or no decline in motility and velocity over time (5 min vs. 22 hours), but again, this was equally true for both morphs. Sperm length (head, tail, total) did not differ between morphs, and did not correlate with sperm velocity for either morph. Thus, other than a clear difference in testes gene expression, we found only modest differences between the two male morphs, confirming previous findings that high sperm performance as an adaptation to sperm competition is not a primary target of evolution.</p>
Data from: Diversity and molecular evolution of non-visual opsin genes across environmental, developmental, and morphological adaptations in frogs
<p>Dataset for the article Diversity and molecular evolution of non-visual opsin genes across environmental, developmental, and morphological adaptations in frogs. Includes non-visual opsin coding sequences from frogs, sequence alingments, phylogenetics trees, and raw PAML results files.</p>
Stay in shape: assessing the adaptive potential of shell morphology and its sensitivity to temperature in the invasive New Zealand Mud Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum through phenotypic plasticity and natural selection in Europe
<p>Climate change may force organisms to adapt genetically or plastically to new environmental conditions. Invasive species show a remarkable potential for rapid adaptation. The ovoviviparous New Zealand mud snail (NZMS), <em>Potamopyrgus antipodarum</em>, has successfully established across Europe with two clonally reproducing mitochondrial lineages since its arrival in the first half of the 19th century. Its remarkable variation in shell morphology was shown to be fitness relevant. We investigated the effects of temperature on shell morphology across eleven populations from Germany and the Iberian Peninsula in a common garden across three temperatures. We analysed size and shape using geometric morphometrics. For both, we compared reaction norms and estimated heritabilities. For size, the interaction of temperature and haplotype explained about 50% of the total variance. We also observed more genotype by environment interactions indicating a higher degree of population differentiation than in shape. Across the three temperatures, size followed the expectations of the temperature-size rule, with individuals growing larger in cold environments. Changes in shape may have compensated changes in size affecting space for brooding embryos. Heritability estimates were relatively high. As indicated by the very low coefficients of variation for clonal repeatability (<em>CV<sub>A</sub></em>), they can probably not be compared in absolute terms. However, they showed some sensitivity to temperature, in haplotype t more so than in z, which was only found in Portugal. The low <em>CV<sub>A</sub></em>-values indicate that genetic variation among European populations is still restricted with low potential to react to selection. A considerable fraction of the genetic variation was due to differences between the clonal lineages. The NZMS has apparently not been long enough in Europe to accumulate significant genetic variation relevant for morphological adaptation. As temperature is obviously not the sole factor influencing shell morphology, their interaction will probably not be a factor limiting population persistence under a warming climate in Europe.</p>
Crown morphology in Norway spruce (Picea abies [Karst.] L.) as adaptation to mountainous environments is associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes regulating seasonal growth rhythm
Trees growing at high altitude or latitude have to be adapted, amongst others, to the lower temperatures, a shorter vegetation period, heavier snow load and frost desiccation. Association between molecular genetic markers and climatic variables may provide evidence for the genetic control of climatic adaptation. With increasing genomic resources, several genes with importance to climatic adaptation are identified over a wide range of tree species. Commonly, circadian clock genes are linked to the adaptation to lower temperatures and especially to a shortened vegetation period, as they are regulating metabolic and phenological processes in the day-night shift and seasonal change. Potentially adaptive "candidate" genes associated with latitudinal and elevational gradients were identified in several Picea spp. Before molecular markers became available to study climatic adaptation, phenotypic traits measured in natural populations and/or common garden studies were used to search for their association with climate variables. In Norway spruce, the crown architecture is the most noticeable trait associated with altitude and the related environment. The mountainous narrow-crowned morphotype is characterised by superior resistance to snow breakage in regions with heavy snow fall. In total, the crown shape was assessed in 765 individual trees from mountainous regions in the Thuringian Forest, the Ore Mountains (Saxony) and Harz Mountains (Lower-Saxony/Saxony-Anhalt), and they were genotyped at 44 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 24 adaptive trait related candidate genes. Six SNPs in three genes, APETALA 2-like 3 (AP2L3), GIGANTEA (GI), and mitochondrial transcription termination factor (mTERF) were associated with variation in crown shape. GI has previously been identified in angiosperms and gymnosperms to be associated with temperature and growth cessation. Our results showed that crown morphology in Norway spruce is associated with genetic markers which are putatively involved in the complex process of genetic adaptation to climatic conditions at high altitudes.
Data from: Parallel shifts in trout feeding morphology suggest rapid adaptation to alpine lake environments
<p>Eco-evolutionary interactions following ecosystem change provide critical insight into the ability of organisms to adapt to shifting resource landscapes. Here we explore evidence for the rapid parallel evolution of trout feeding morphology following eco-evolutionary interactions with zooplankton in alpine lakes stocked at different points in time in the Wind River Range (Wyoming, USA). In this system, trout predation has altered the zooplankton species community and driven a decrease in average zooplankton size. In some lakes that were stocked decades ago, we find shifts in gill raker traits consistent with the hypothesis that trout have rapidly adapted to exploit available smaller-bodied zooplankton more effectively. We explore this morphological response in multiple lake populations across two species of trout (cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii, and golden trout Oncorhynchus aguabonita) and examine the impact of resource availability on morphological variation in gill raker number among lakes. Furthermore, we present genetic data to provide evidence that historically stocked cutthroat trout populations likely derive from multiple population sources, and incorporate variation from genomic relatedness in our exploration of environmental predictors of feeding morphology. These findings describe rapid adaptation and eco-evolutionary interactions in trout and document an evolutionary response to novel, contemporary ecosystem change.</p>
Interpreting morphological adaptations associated with viviparity in the Tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans) by three-dimensional analysis
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Data from: Biogeography of shell morphology in over-exploited shellfish reveals adaptive tradeoffs on human-inhabited islands and incipient selectively driven lineage bifurcation
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Data from: Disentangling evolutionary, environmental and morphological drivers of plant anatomical adaptations to drought and cold in Himalayan graminoids
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