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57 results for “Afforestation”
Tillage agriculture and afforestation threaten tropical savanna plant communities across a broad rainfall gradient in India
<p>The consequences of land-use change for savanna biodiversity remain undocumented in most regions of tropical Asia. One such region is western Maharashtra, India, where old-growth savannas occupy a broad rainfall gradient and are increasingly rare due to agricultural conversion and afforestation.</p> <p>To understand the consequences of land-use change, we sampled herbaceous plant communities of old-growth savannas and three alternative land-use types: tree plantations, tillage agriculture, and agricultural fallows (<em>n</em>=15 sites per type). Study sites spanned 457 to 1954 mm of mean annual precipitation—corresponding to the typical rainfall range of mesic savannas globally.</p> <p>Across the rainfall gradient, we found consistent declines in old-growth savanna plant communities due to land-use change. Local-scale native species richness dropped from a mean of 12 species/m<sup>2</sup> in old-growth savannas to 8, 6, and 3 species/m<sup>2</sup> in tree plantations, fallows, and tillage agriculture, respectively. Cover of native plants declined from a mean of 49% in old-growth savannas to 27% in both tree plantations and fallows, and 4% in tillage agriculture. Reductions in native cover coincided with increased cover of invasive species in tree plantations (18%), fallows (18%), and tillage agriculture (3%).</p> <p>In analyses of community composition, tillage agriculture was most dissimilar to old-growth savannas, while tree plantations and fallows showed intermediate dissimilarity. These compositional changes were driven partly by the loss of characteristic savanna species: 65 species recorded in old-growth savannas were absent in other land uses. Indicator analysis revealed 21 old-growth species, comprised mostly of native savanna specialists. Indicators of tree plantations (9 species) and fallows (13 species) were both invasive and native species, while the 2 indicators of tillage agriculture were invasive. As reflective of declines in savanna communities, mean native perennial graminoid cover of 27% in old-growth savannas dropped to 9%, 7%, and 0.1% in tree plantations, fallows, and tillage agriculture, respectively.</p> <p><strong>Synthesis</strong>: Agricultural conversion and afforestation of old-growth savannas in India destroys and degrades herbaceous plant communities that do not spontaneously recover on fallowed land. Efforts to conserve India's native biodiversity should encompass the country's widespread savanna biome and seek to limit conversion of irreplaceable old-growth savannas.</p>
Data from: Decadienal afforestation and risks to montane grassland amphibians in the Udzungwa Plateau, Tanzania
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Data from: Afforestation-related fertilisation quickly turns barren cutaway peatland into a carbon dioxide sink
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Data from: Savannas after afforestation: assessment of herbaceous community responses to wildfire versus native tree planting
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Large-scale changes in macrobenthic biodiversity driven by mangrove afforestation
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Subarctic afforestation: effects of forest plantations on ground-nesting birds in lowland Iceland
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Afforestation and abandonment of semi-natural grasslands lead to biodiversity loss and a decline in ecosystem services and functions
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Tillage agriculture and afforestation threaten tropical savanna plant communities across a broad rainfall gradient in India
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Data from: Restoring heathlands after afforestation on two islands in western Norway
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Putting down roots: afforestation and bank cohesion of Icelandic rivers
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Nitrogen and Carbon cycling data in 10 urban afforestation sites in New York City 2018
The data includes soil microbial processes of carbon (C) and N in 10 afforestation sites in New York City as part of the MillionTreesNYC initiative (MTNYC) of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Long-term research plots were established between 2009-2011 in municipal parks: Alley Pond, Canarsie, Ft. Totten, Clearview, Conference House, Clove Lakes, Marine Park (3 sites), and Pelham Bay. Sites were planted with low (two tree species) and high diversity (six tree species) treatments. More detailed description of sites and MTNYC project is provided by Downey et al. (2021). In 2018, 1 m soil cores were collected from plots at each site and analyzed for microbial biomass C and N, basal respiration, potential net N mineralization and nitrification, denitrification potential, soil inorganic N, and total soil N. Laboratory methods followed those used by Raciti et al. (2011a,b), and Groffman et al. (1999).
Data from: Pine afforestation decreases the long-term performance of understory shrubs in a semiarid Mediterranean ecosystem: a stable isotope approach.
1. Plant–plant interactions shape the structure and composition of plant communities, but shifts in interaction outcomes might occur in the face of ongoing climate change. 2. We assessed the influence of Pinus halepensis plantations on the long-term ecophysiological performance of understorey vegetation, by conducting a retrospective comparison (1989–2007) of growth-ring widths, δ13C and δ18O between Rhamnus lycioides shrubs from two contrasting vegetation types: P. halepensis plantations vs. open woodlands. We also measured the leaf δ13C, δ18O, δ15N, and nutrient concentrations of understorey R. lycioides shrubs growing at varying distances from planted trees within pine plantations. 3. Dendroecological and stable isotope data revealed strong competitive effects of planted P. halepensis trees on R. lyciodies. Shrubs in pine plantations showed lower radial growth and higher growth ring δ13C and δ18O than those in open woodlands, indicating lower stomatal conductance and photosynthesis in the former. The strong competitive effects of P. halepensis on understorey R. lycioides were most evident in wet, productive years. Conversely, in very dry years, there were indications of a facilitative effect of planted P. halepensis canopies on understorey shrubs. 4. Within pine plantations, understorey R. lycioides shrubs growing at shorter distances from planted trees were forced to rely on more superficial and ephemeral soil water sources, which reduced their stomatal conductance (higher leaf δ18O) and interfered with nutrient uptake (lower leaf N and P concentrations and more negative δ15N). 5. The intrinsic water use efficiency of R. lycioides shrubs growing in open woodlands has increased during recent decades as a result of their ability to adjust their stomatal conductance in response to increasing temperature and atmospheric CO2. However, this adaptive response was much weaker or absent in the severely drought-stressed shrubs from pine plantations. 6. Pine afforestation strongly reduces water and nutrient availability for understorey shrubs in drylands, with potential long-term consequences for ecosystem biodiversity, structure and functioning. Competition by P. halepensis on R. lycioides clearly outweighed facilitation in the long-term, thus compromising the ability of understorey shrubs in semi-arid pine plantations to cope with climate change.
Data from: A shady business: pine afforestation alters the primary controls on litter decomposition along a precipitation gradient in Patagonia, Argentina
Our understanding of the principal controls on litter decomposition is critical for our capacity to predict how global changes will impact terrestrial ecosystems. Although climate, litter quality and soil organisms clearly modulate carbon (C) and nutrient turnover, land-use change affecting plant species composition and structure can alter the relative importance of such controls. We took advantage of prior land-use changes of intentional planting of exotic forest species along a broad precipitation gradient [250–2200 mm mean annual precipitation (MAP)] in Patagonia, South America, where we established five paired sites in natural vegetation and adjacent 35-year-old pine plantations. We explored direct and interactive effects of precipitation and plant community structure on litter decomposition with in situ decomposition, common litters and reciprocal transplants, in addition to an evaluation of microenvironmental changes. Surface litter decomposition in natural vegetation (NV) was similar in all sites along the gradient, independent of litter quality, MAP or soil characteristics, while mass loss demonstrated a significant positive linear relationship with MAP in pine plantations (PP). Decomposition of common litters in PP was markedly reduced with respect to NV, which was > 50% faster at the arid extreme of the gradient. C:N ratios predicted decomposition only in PP, and differences in decomposition were highly correlated with impacts of vegetative cover on incident solar radiation. Synthesis. Concurrent changes in plant cover in NV with increasing MAP resulted in reduced incident solar radiation at the soil surface and decreased the relative importance of photodegradation as a control on surface mass loss. These changes eclipsed direct effects of water availability, litter quality and soil nutrients. In contrast, increased shade and recalcitrant litter with afforestation in PP sites combined such that photodegradation was entirely eliminated as a control and biotic decomposition was much reduced. While afforestation projects are promoted as a strategy to mitigate increased atmospheric carbon dioxide due to human activity, our results highlight that primary controls of litter decomposition were substantially altered with unexpected consequences for the C balance of these ecosystems.
Data from: Centennial-long trends of lake browning show major effect of afforestation
Observations of increasing water color and organic carbon concentrations in lakes are widespread across the Northern Hemisphere. The drivers of these trends are debated. Declining atmospheric sulfur deposition has been put forward as an important underlying factor, since recovery from acidification enhances mobility of organic matter from surrounding soils. This would suggest that the current browning represents a return to a more natural state. This study explores historical lake data from Sweden—1935 to 2015—providing a unique opportunity to see how and why water color has varied during almost a century. The data shows that sulfur deposition has not been the primary driver of water color trends over this period. I propose that the observed browning is to a large extent driven by a major transition from agriculture to forestry.
Data for 'Careful selection of forest types in afforestation can increase carbon sequestration without compromising sustainability'
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FIGURE 3 in Two new species of Achaeta (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) from afforested post-mining and post-fire sites in Poland
FIGURE 3. Achaeta gemmata sp. nov., drawings from whole mounts. A. Anterior end, segments 0–VIII, latero-dorsal view. In this specimen, ventral papillae begin at IV. Pharyngeal glands shaded dark-grey. B. Clitellar region, ventral view.
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Achaeta (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) from afforested post-mining and post-fire sites in Poland
FIGURE 1. Achaeta florens sp. nov., drawing from whole mounted holotype (A–C) and living non-type specimen (D). A. Head region, lateral view, with epidermal papillae (dark-grey), prostomial ganglion (medium-grey), and head pore. B. Clitellar region, lateral view. C. Segments IV–VII, lateral view. In the original, the ental part of the spermatheca lies between pharyngeal glands and the oesophagus. D. Spermatheca, free-hand drawing.
FIGURE 4 in Two new species of Achaeta (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) from afforested post-mining and post-fire sites in Poland
FIGURE 4. Achaeta gemmata sp. nov., photographs from living specimens. A. Head region, dorsal view, showing prostomial papillae (arrows) antero-laterally of brain (asterisk). B. Nephridium at 7/8; the funnel is covered by the ental reservoir (er) of the spermatheca. C. Spermathecae between pharyngeal glands of IV and V, dorsal view, both ectal pores focused. D. Coelomocytes. E. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view, as seen in a subadult specimen. F. Sperm funnels on both sides of the intestine. G. Lateral papillae (arrows) of segments III–V. H. Clitellum, lateral view. White asterisk: First lateral row with alternating hyalocytes and granulocytes. Dark asterisk: incipient double row of granulocytes. I. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. Note the absence of a mid-dorsal interruption.
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Achaeta (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) from afforested post-mining and post-fire sites in Poland
FIGURE 2. Achaeta florens sp. nov., photographs from living specimens. A. Nephridium at 6/7, ventro-lateral view. Asterisks: Dorsal pyriform glands (ventral pyriform glands out of focu). B. Sperm funnels on both sides of the intestine. Asterisks: collar. C. Segments IV, V, ventral view, with ectal part of spermathecae. D. Segment IV, ventro-lateral view. The free-ending ental part of the spermatheca (ct, er) is pushed forwards. E. Segment XII, ventro-lateral view, showing ventral borders of clitellum and male glandular bulbs with central male pores. Ventral nerve cord slightly out of focus. F. Coelomocytes, extruded from the body.
Dataset for Rapid and significant lithium isotope response to afforestation in Icelandic topsoils
<p>This contains newly obtained datasets for paper 'Rapid and significant lithium isotope response to afforestation in Icelandic topsoils'.</p>
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