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Figure 2. D in Neotypification of Drawida hattamimizu Hatai, 1930 (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrili, Moniligastridae) as a model linking mtDNA (COI) sequences to an earthworm type, with a response to the 'Can of Worms' theory of cryptic species

Figure 2. D. hattamimizu unscaled habitus (from Watanabe, 2005, fig. 1 after Hatai's 1931 original).

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Fig. 1 in Amage imajimai sp. nov., a new species of Ampharetidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Japanese waters

Fig. 1. Amage imajimai sp. nov. A. Anterior end of holotype, dorsal view. B. "ID card". C. Anterior end of holotype, lateral view. D. Thoracic uncinus, lateral view. E. Thoracic uncinus, frontal view. F. Abdominal uncinigers, lateral view (from paratype SMF 24086). G. Posteriormost abdominal uncinigers and pygidium, ventral view (from paratype SMF 24086).

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Fig. 5 in Hidden in plain sight, Chaetopterus dewysee sp. nov. (Chaetopteridae, Annelida) - A new species from Southern California

Fig. 5. Maximum likelihood tree of Chaetopterus Cuvier, 1830 spp. COI sequences with the Mesochaetopterus Potts, 1914 clade as outgroup, based on Moore et al. (2017). Only bootstrap supports> 80 are shown. The new species Chaetopterus dewysee sp. nov. and C. variopedatus (Renier, 1804) from the type locality are in bold. Number of sequences included for each terminal is in brackets. Details on sequences that were analyzed can be found in Table 1. Haplotype network for the nine Chaetopterus dewysee sp. nov. sequences is shown next to the tree.

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Fig. 4 in Hidden in plain sight, Chaetopterus dewysee sp. nov. (Chaetopteridae, Annelida) - A new species from Southern California

Fig. 4. Chaetopterus dewysee sp. nov. micro-CT surface renderings of the cybertype (SIO-BIC A12034). A. Dorsal view of the whole specimen. B. Lateral view of the whole specimen. C. Frontal view with virtual dissection planes (I–III) showing cross-sections along the body. D–E. Lateral view with a virtual dissection window showing the parapodial musculature of region A. Direct link to cybertype: www.morphdbase.de/?E_Tilic_20200122-S-5.1

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Fig. 2 in Hidden in plain sight, Chaetopterus dewysee sp. nov. (Chaetopteridae, Annelida) - A new species from Southern California

Fig. 2. Chaetopterus dewysee sp. nov. A. Habitus of a paratype (SIO-BIC A11653). B–C. Anterior region A, chaetigers are numbered a1–10. D–E. Details of chaetiger a4 cutting chaetae; * marks a developing cutting chaeta. p = palps, ey = eyes, cg = ciliated groove, nt = notopodium.

Fig. 12 in On Kincaidiana Altman, 1936 and Guestphalinus Michaelsen, 1933 (Annelida, Clitellata, Lumbriculidae), with the descriptions of three new species

Fig. 12. Guestphalinus elephantinus Fend & Rodriguez sp. nov. A–B (upper) from Clearwater River, WA; C, H, K from Shale Creek, WA (type locality); D–E from Satsop River, WA; B (lower), F–G, N–Q from Guadalupe Creek, CA; I–J, L–M from Peavine Ridge, OR. A. Anterior end of cleared worm. B. Chaetae in II-III, comparing worms from northern (upper) and southern (lower) populations. C. Dorsal chaetae in II. D. The outer chaeta in II, showing the "secondary nodulus". E–F. Inner dorsal chaeta in II; E shows folded keel. G. Modified dorsal chaetae in II. H. Posterior ventral chaeta. I. Posterior ventral chaeta with bifid tip. J. Transverse section of anterior segment, showing lobes of pharyngeal glands. K. Body wall in anterior segment. L. Spermathecal pore. M. Male pore. N. Ectal part of spermatheca from a dissected, mated worm. O. Expanded atrial duct (type 2 penis?) at male pore. P. Copulatory gland. Q. Female funnel and pore on intersegment 10/11. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B–I, K–M = 50 µm; J, N–Q = 100 µm.

Fig. 13 in On Kincaidiana Altman, 1936 and Guestphalinus Michaelsen, 1933 (Annelida, Clitellata, Lumbriculidae), with the descriptions of three new species

Fig. 13. BA consensus tree derived from the concatenated sequences of COI, 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA genes. Numbers beside internal branches indicate BA posterior probabilities (≥ 0.90) and ML bootstrap values (≥ 70%). The geographical location for two specimens of K. hexatheca Altman, 1936 is given under the taxon name.

Fig. 11 in On Kincaidiana Altman, 1936 and Guestphalinus Michaelsen, 1933 (Annelida, Clitellata, Lumbriculidae), with the descriptions of three new species

Fig. 11. Guestphalinus elephantinus Fend & Rodriguez sp. nov. A. Ventral view of two worms from Shale Creek, WA (type locality); upper drawing is the holotype, lower is a post-reproductive worm. B. Ventral view of segment IX, showing genital field of a mature worm from Guadalupe Creek, CA; secretory openings of 5 glands are visible, in addition to paired male and spermathecal pores. C. Anterior end, from Peavine Ridge spring, OR, showing position of chaetae in II-IV. D. Anterior end of worm from Middle Fork Satsop River, WA. E. Reproductive organs of a mated worm from Shale Creek (holotype). F. Segment IX of an unmated worm, Peavine Ridge. G. Atrium and spermatheca in IX of a mated, but slightly post-mature worm from Clearwater River, WA; sperm present in spermatheca, but atrium is reduced in size. H. Reproductive organs in segments VIII–XII of a mated, mature worm from Guadalupe Creek, CA.

Fig. 7 in On Kincaidiana Altman, 1936 and Guestphalinus Michaelsen, 1933 (Annelida, Clitellata, Lumbriculidae), with the descriptions of three new species

Fig. 7. Guestphalinus exilis Fend & Rodriguez sp. nov., external characters. A–C, E–G from Squaw Creek, CA (the type locality); D, H from South Fork Eel River, CA; I from Stony Creek, CA. A–B. Ventral views of two worms, showing positions of genital pores: A is partially-mature, with 3 glands opening around male and spermathecal pores; B is from a reproductively-mature worm, dashed line encloses the non-clitellar genital field with 5 glands opening around spermathecal and male pores. C–D. Anterior end, showing orientation of chaetae. E–G. Selected chaetae from typical specimens; G shows relative position of dorsal chaetae in II and III. H–I. Selected chaetae from partially-mature worms. Chaetae are numbered by segment (Roman numerals), followed by "d" (dorsal) or "v" (ventral). Scale bars: A–B = 2 mm; C–D = 1 mm; E–I = 100 Mm.

Fig. 5 in On Kincaidiana Altman, 1936 and Guestphalinus Michaelsen, 1933 (Annelida, Clitellata, Lumbriculidae), with the descriptions of three new species

Fig. 5. Kincaidiana smithi Fend & Rodriguez sp. nov., from the type locality. B–C, I–L, N–O from sagittal sections; D–H, M from dissections. A. Ventral view of an entire worm, stained with hematoxylin, showing positions of genital pores. B. Body wall in segment III, showing longitudinal and transverse muscle layers. C. Nephridial funnel and postseptal expansion. D. Chaetae in V dorsal. E. IV ventral. F–G. Chaetae in posterior segments; (F) is detail of tip, showing slight keel. H. Spermatheca. I. Junction of spermathecal "duct" and "ampulla"; sperm are in the ampullar part. J. Ectal end of spermathecal duct, with sperm lined up along epithelium. K. Spermathecal vestibule and ectal end of duct, with muscular sphincter. L. Atrium with prostate glands. M–N. Penis and male porophore. O. Vas deferens joining atrium near middle. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B–C, G, J–L, O = 100 µm; D–F = 50 µm; H–I, M–N = 200 µm.

Fig. 10 in On Kincaidiana Altman, 1936 and Guestphalinus Michaelsen, 1933 (Annelida, Clitellata, Lumbriculidae), with the descriptions of three new species

Fig. 10. Guestphalinus elephantinus Fend & Rodriguez sp. nov., various sites, arranged approximately north-south; paired chaetae; d = dorsal bundle, v = ventral. A. From Shale Creek, WA (type locality). B–C. From Clearwater River, WA; C shows II and III in relative positions at top. D. West Fork Satsop River, WA. E. Tucannon River, WA; II dorsal bundle with 1 replacement chaeta. F. Euchre Creek, OR. G. Mule Creek at Rogue River, OR; II and III dorsal are shown in relative positions. H. Spring at Peavine Ridge, OR. I–J. A mature and immature worm from Guadalupe Creek, CA; II and III shown in relative positions; XL ventral and C ventral in I have partially-developed replacements; II ventral chaetae partially-developed in J. Scale bars: 100 µm.

Fig. 6 in On Kincaidiana Altman, 1936 and Guestphalinus Michaelsen, 1933 (Annelida, Clitellata, Lumbriculidae), with the descriptions of three new species

Fig. 6. Guestphalinus wiardi (Michaelsen, 1933); A–E a sectioned worm from Slovenia, Hrabě's collection; F–I, a dissected Italian specimen. A. Male duct and spermatheca in IX, reconstructed from sections; pore from a copulatory gland (not shown) opens next to spermathecal pore. B. Atrium and male porophore. C. Copulatory gland. D. Spermathecal pore and duct. E. Anterior male funnel with vas deferens entering pre-atrial segment. F. Posterior ventral chaeta, showing grooved dorsal tooth. G. Reproductive organs in IX-XI, figure rotated to face to right. H. Detail of G, showing position of copulatory gland, from median view. I. Branched lateral blood vessel in posterior segment. Scale bars: A, G–H = 200 Mm; B, E, I = 100 Mm; C–D, F = 50 Mm.

Fig. 2. Kincaidiana hexatheca Altman, 1936 from various sites. A, K–O in On Kincaidiana Altman, 1936 and Guestphalinus Michaelsen, 1933 (Annelida, Clitellata, Lumbriculidae), with the descriptions of three new species

Fig. 2. Kincaidiana hexatheca Altman, 1936 from various sites. A, K–O from the sagittally sectioned lectotype, Loomis Lake, WA; B–C from Hoh River, WA; D from Inglenook Fen, CA; E–I from Big Creek, OR; J from O'Brien, OR. A-I. Tips of chaetae in anterior segments. A. IV ventral. B. VI dorsal. C. V ventral. D. V dorsal. E. IV dorsal. F. V ventral, frontal view. G. V ventral, chaeta with keel folded over. H. Dorsal, posterior segment. I. XV, ventral. J. Transverse section of anterior segment, showing 3-lobed pharyngeal gland. K. Ringed proboscis. L. Body wall in anterior segment, showing bands of circular muscle. M. Spermathecal ampulla, with concentrated sperm. N. Male porophore and penis. O. Atrium, prostate glands and vas deferens. Scale bars: A–I = 50 µm; J, L–O = 200 µm; K = 500 Mm.

Fig. 3. Kincaidiana hexatheca Altman, 1936, reproductive organs. A–B in On Kincaidiana Altman, 1936 and Guestphalinus Michaelsen, 1933 (Annelida, Clitellata, Lumbriculidae), with the descriptions of three new species

Fig. 3. Kincaidiana hexatheca Altman, 1936, reproductive organs. A–B. From Hoh River, WA; (A) segments IX-XI; (B) atrium and spermathecae with expanded ampullae in IX-X. C–D. From Rogue River, OR; (C) reproductive organs in IX-XI from an atypical worm with long atria; (D) atrium and spermatheca in IX, from a typical worm.

Fig. 1. Kincaidiana hexatheca Altman, 1936 from various sites. A–B in On Kincaidiana Altman, 1936 and Guestphalinus Michaelsen, 1933 (Annelida, Clitellata, Lumbriculidae), with the descriptions of three new species

Fig. 1. Kincaidiana hexatheca Altman, 1936 from various sites. A–B. Complete worms, ventral view of anterior segments, from McKenzie River, OR (A), and from Big Creek, OR (B). C–M. Representative (mostly anterior) chaetae from different populations (ordered approximately north-south); dorsal chaetae with tips upward, ventrals with tips down. C. Hoh River, WA. D. Pool at Bogachiel River, WA. E. Salmon Creek watershed, WA, anterior dorsal pair. F–G. Two specimens from Big Creek, OR; tip of one dorsal chaeta with keel folded over. H. Rogue River, OR. I. From a Darlingtonia bog, O'Brien, OR. J–K. Two specimens from spring near Mule Creek, OR; K is from a smaller specimen, with simple-pointed chaetae. L. Illinois River, OR; older chaetae simple-pointed (worn?), replacements bifid. M. Inglenook Fen, CA. Scale bars: A–B = 2 mm; C–M = 200 Mm.

Fig. 9 in A new species of Heterospio (Annelida, Longosomatidae) from the Indian Ocean

Fig. 9. Schematic drawings (not to scale) in dorsal view of some paratypes (MNCN and NIO) of Heterospio indica sp. nov., showing diversity of branchial arrangement in relation to size. Chaetigers numbered from CH1 (biramous) to CH10 (first flange-like). Width of anterior region indicated.

Fig. 7 in A new species of Heterospio (Annelida, Longosomatidae) from the Indian Ocean

Fig. 7. Heterospio indica sp. nov., paratype (MNCN 16.01/17000), SEM micrographs. A. Elongated SG12, CH11 and flange-like neuropod, framed areas showing chaetal details in (B), (C) and (D) (scale bar = 100 Mm). B. Detail of CH11 chaetae, arrowheads showing start of opening end in thin capillary chaetae (scale bar = 10 Mm). C. Detail of proximal part of both types of CH11 capillary chaetae, anterior body end at left (scale bar = 10 Mm). D. Detail of distal part of capillary chaetae (scale bar = 5 Mm). Abbreviations: CH = chaetiger; rcc = robust capillary chaetae; SG = segment; tcc = thin capillary chaetae.

Fig. 6 in A new species of Heterospio (Annelida, Longosomatidae) from the Indian Ocean

Fig. 6. Heterospio indica sp. nov., paratype (MNCN 16.01/17000), SEM micrographs. A. Anterior end, dorsal view (scale bar = 500 Mm). B. Detail of anterior short segments (SG1̅SG9) and first elongated segment (SG10) (scale bar = 250 Mm). C. Anterior end, dorsal view, showing nuchal organ and palp scars, framed area shown in (D) (scale bar = 50 Mm). D. Detail of nuchal organ and palp scar, framed area shown in (E) (scale bar = 20 Mm). E. Detail of nuchal organ opening (scale bar = 5 Mm). F. Detail of branchial area, dorsal view (scale bar = 50 Mm). Abbreviations: bp = branchiophore; bs = branchiostyle; CH = chaetiger; nuo = nuchal organ; ps = palp scar; SG = segment.

Fig. 5 in A new species of Heterospio (Annelida, Longosomatidae) from the Indian Ocean

Fig. 5. Heterospio indica sp. nov., paratype (MNCN 16.01/17000), SEM micrographs. A. SG11–SG12, dorsal view, framed areas showing chaetal details in (B) and (C) (scale bar = 50 Mm). B. Basal part of CH11 chaetae (scale bar = 5 Mm). C. Distal part of CH11 capillary chaetae, arrowheads showing start of distal opening (scale bar = 5 Mm). D. SG12–SG13, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 Mm). E. Basal part of CH12 chaetae (scale bar = 25 Mm). F. Distal part of CH12 chaetae (scale bar = 10 Mm). Abbreviations: CH = chaetiger; rcc = robust capillary chaetae; SG = segment; tcc = thin capillary chaetae.

Fig. 8 in A new species of Heterospio (Annelida, Longosomatidae) from the Indian Ocean

Fig. 8. Heterospio indica sp. nov., paratype (MNCN 16.01/17000), SEM micrographs. A. Specimen showing anterior short segments and first elongated segments, ventro-lateral view (scale bar = 1 mm). B. Detail of anterior region, ventro-lateral view (scale bar = 300 Mm). C. Detail of anterior end, ventral view (scale bar = 50 Mm). D. Flange-like chaetae of CH11, framed area showing chaetal detail in (E) (scale bar = 100 Mm). E. Detail of distal end of both types of capillary chaetae, arrowheads showing start of opening end in thin capillary chaetae (scale bar = 10 Mm). F. Flange-like chaetae of CH12 (scale bar = 100 Mm). Abbreviations: CH = chaetiger; nuo = nuchal organ; ph = pharynx; ps = palp scar; rcc = robust capillary chaetae; SG = segment; tcc = thin capillary chaetae.