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1,066 results for “Antagonistic”
Data for: Eco-evolutionary interactions with multiple evolving species reveal both antagonistic and additive effects
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Data from: Antagonistic species interaction drives selection for sex in a predator-prey system
<p>The evolutionary maintenance of sexual reproduction has long challenged biologists as the majority of species reproduce sexually despite inherent costs. Providing a general explanation for the evolutionary success of sex has thus proven difficult and resulted in numerous hypotheses. A leading hypothesis suggests that antagonistic species interaction can generate conditions selecting for increased sex due to the production of rare or novel genotypes that are beneficial for rapid adaptation to recurrent environmental change brought on by antagonism. To test this ecology-based hypothesis, we conducted experimental evolution in a predator (rotifer) - prey (algal) system by using continuous cultures to track predator-prey dynamics and in-situ rates of sex in the prey over time and within replicated experimental populations. Overall, we found that predator-mediated fluctuating selection for competitive versus defended prey resulted in higher rates of genetic mixing in the prey. More specifically, our results showed that fluctuating population sizes of predator and prey, coupled with a trade-off in the prey, drove the sort of recurrent environmental change that could provide a benefit to sex in the prey, despite inherent costs. We end with a discussion of potential population genetic mechanisms underlying increased selection for sex in this system, based on our application of a general theoretical framework for measuring the effects of sex over time, and interpreting how these effects can lead to inferences about the conditions selecting for or against sexual reproduction in a system with antagonistic species interaction.</p>
Antagonistic effects of temperature and dissolved organic carbon on fish growth in California mountain lakes
<p>Resources and temperature play major roles in determining biological production in lake ecosystems. Lakes have been warming and 'browning' over recent decades due to climate change and increased loading of terrestrial organic matter. Conflicting hypotheses and evidence have been presented about whether these changes will increase or decrease fish growth within lakes. Most studies have been conducted in low-elevation lakes where terrestrially derived carbon tends to dominate over carbon produced within lakes. Understanding how fish in high-elevation mountain lakes will respond to warming and browning is particularly needed as warming effects are magnified for mountain lakes and treeline is advancing to higher elevations. We sampled 21 trout populations in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California to examine how body condition and individual growth rates, measured by otolith analysis, varied across independent elevational gradients in temperature and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We found that fish grew faster at warmer temperatures and higher nitrogen (TN), but slower in high DOC lakes. Additionally, fish showed better body condition in lakes with higher TN, higher elevation and when they exhibited a more terrestrial δ13C isotopic signature. The future warming and browning of lakes will likely have antagonistic impacts on fish growth, reducing the predicted independent impact of warming and browning alone.</p>
Raw Diffraction Data of the Human Leukotriene B4 Receptor 1 in Complex with Antagonist MK-D-046
<p>The human leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (UniProt ID Q15722, residues 13-310), fused with flavodoxin (UniProt ID P00323), was crystallized in complex with antagonist MK-D-046. X-ray diffraction data was collected at the GM/CA beamline 23ID-B of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) in the Argonne National Laboratory, IL, USA using an Eiger-16M detector (Dectris). A total of 1,883 frames were recorded with an oscillation angle of 0.2 deg.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <div> </div>
Data from: Genetic variation in mutualistic and antagonistic interactions in an invasive legume
Mutualists may play an important role in invasion success. The ability to take advantage of novel mutualists or survive and reproduce despite a lack of mutualists may facilitate invasion by those individuals with such traits. Here, we used two greenhouse studies to examine how soil microbial communities in general and mutualistic rhizobia in particular affect the performance of a legume species (Medicago polymorpha) that has invaded five continents. We performed two plant growth experiments with Medicago polymorpha, inoculating them with soil slurries in one experiment or rhizobial cultures in another experiment. For both experiments, we compared the growth of Medicago in competition with conspecific or heterospecific plants and examined variation among plant genotypes collected from the native and introduced ranges. We found that all genotypes experienced similar increases in biomass and formed more nodules that house rhizobia bacteria when inoculated with soil from a previously invaded site, compared to uninoculated plants or plants inoculated with soil from uninvaded and low invasion sites. In a second experiment, plants inoculated with rhizobia generally produced more biomass, had greater tolerance to interspecific competition, and had greater effects on competitor biomass than uninoculated plants. However, plant genotypes collected from the native range benefited more from rhizobia and were less tolerant of competition relative to genotypes collected from the introduced range. In the introduced range, compatible mutualists may not be readily available but competition is intense, causing Medicago to evolve to benefit less from interactions with rhizobia mutualists, while simultaneously becoming more tolerant of competition.
Data from: Floral antagonists counteract pollinator-mediated selection on attractiveness traits in the hummingbird-pollinated Collaea cipoensis (Fabaceae)
Pollinator-mediated selection towards larger and abundant flowers is common in naturally pollen-limited populations. However, floral antagonists may counteract this effect, maintaining smaller- and few-flowered individuals within populations. We quantified pollinator and antagonist visit rates and determined a multiplicative female fitness component from attacked and non-attacked flowers of the Brazilian hummingbird-pollinated shrub Collaea cipoensis to determine the selective effects of pollinators and floral antagonists on flower size and number. We predicted that floral antagonists reduce the female fitness component and thus exert negative selective pressures on flower size and number, counteracting the positive effects of pollinators. Pollinators, mainly hummingbirds, comprised 4% of total floral visitation, whereas antagonist ants and bees accounted for 90% of visitation. Nectar-robbers involved about 99% of floral antagonist visit rates, whereas florivores comprised the remaining 1%. Larger and abundant flowers increased both pollinator and antagonist visit rates and the female fitness component significantly decreased in flowers attacked by nectar-robbers and florivores in comparison to non-attacked flowers. We detected that pollinators favored larger- and many-flowered individuals, whereas floral antagonists exerted negative selection on flower size and number. This study confirms that floral antagonists reduce female plant fitness and this pattern directly exerts negative selective pressures on flower size and number, counteracting pollinator-mediated selection on floral attractiveness traits.
Extravascular administration of IGF1R antagonists protects against aortic aneurysm in rodent and porcine models
<p>Aortic aneurysm is a life-threatening cardiovascular disease with high mortality. Herein, we first identified that plasma IGF1 was an independent risk factor in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. The IGF1 receptor was also activated in aneurysmal aortas from humans and mice, and SMC- or fibroblast-specific knockout of IGF1R attenuated AAA formation in mouse models, indicating the potential of IGF1R as a therapeutic target. Systemic administration of IGF1C peptide exerted an evident inhibitory effect on AAA formation and progression via competitive inhibition of IGF1 binding to its receptor and modulation of downstream AKT/mTOR signaling. However, global inhibition of IGF1R signaling induces side effects, including abnormal glucose metabolism, muscular disorder, and pain hypersensitivity observed after systemic administration of IGF1C or the commercialized IGF1R antagonists. Accordingly, local administration of IGF1C was realized via ultrasound-guided percutaneous injection of an IGF1C-loaded hydrogel, and the therapeutic efficacy was confirmed in a pig AAA model, demonstrating its translational potential for AAA therapy.</p>
Metadata - A New Application for Cenicriviroc, a Dual CCR2/CCR5 Antagonist, in the Treatment of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy in a Mouse Model
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Dataset for article: Dizocilpine derivatives as neuroprotective NMDA receptor antagonists without psychomimetic side effects
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A patch-dynamic metacommunity perspective on the persistence of mutualistic and antagonistic bipartite networks
<p>The structure of interactions between species within a community plays a key role in maintaining biodiversity. Previous studies have found that the effects of these structures might substantially differ depending on interaction type, for example, a highly connected and nested architecture stabilizes mutualistic communities, while the stability of antagonistic communities is enhanced in modular and weakly connected structures. Here we show that, when network dynamics are modelled using a patch-dynamic metacommunity framework, the qualitative differences between antagonistic and mutualistic systems disappear, with nestedness and modularity interacting to promote metacommunity persistence. However, the interactive effects are significantly weaker in antagonistic metacommunities. Our model also predicts an increase in connectance, nestedness and modularity over time in both types of interaction, except in antagonistic networks where nestedness declines. At steady state, we find a strong negative correlation between nestedness and modularity in both mutualistic and antagonistic metacommunities. These predictions are consistent with the structural trends found in a large dataset of real-world antagonistic and mutualistic communities.</p>
Dataset (II) related to publication: Discrepancy in interactions and conformational dynamics of pregnane X receptor (PXR) bound to an agonist and a novel competitive antagonist
<p>MD simulation data related to the publication Rashidian et al.: Discrepancy in interactions and conformational dynamics of pregnane X receptor (PXR) bound to an agonist and a novel competitive antagonist. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.020">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.020</a></p> <p>Individual .zip files contain raw-desmond trajectories (-out.cms files and trj-files)</p> <p>dataset I: systems SRL+Co, C-100 and BAY-1797</p> <p>dataset I: each file contains all branched replicas and the main replica.</p> <p>dataset1: C_100_Replica1 contains four branched replicas and the main replica. The two of four branched replicas which stem from the middle of the main replica named: b_c_D1_r1_2285 (corresponding name in the SI data is R1_a) and b_c_D1_2285_r1_2 (corresponding name in the SI data is R1_b).</p> <p>dataset1: C_100_Replica2–5 , each file contains one main replica and the two branches.</p> <p>dataset I: system SRL+Co ;each file contains one main replica</p> <p>dataset I: system BAY-1797; each file contains one main replica</p> <p>dataset II:system SRL ; each file contains one main replica.</p>
Dataset (I) related to publication: Discrepancy in interactions and conformational dynamics of pregnane X receptor (PXR) bound to an agonist and a novel competitive antagonist
<p>MD simulation data related to the publication Rashidian et al.: Discrepancy in interactions and conformational dynamics of pregnane X receptor (PXR) bound to an agonist and a novel competitive antagonist. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.020">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.020</a></p> <p>Individual .zip files contain raw-desmond trajectories (-out.cms files and trj-files)</p> <p>dataset I: systems SRL+Co, C-100 and BAY-1797</p> <p>dataset I: each file contains all branched replicas and the main replica.</p> <p>dataset1: C_100_Replica1 contains four branched replicas and the main replica. The two of four branched replicas which stem from the middle of the main replica named: b_c_D1_r1_2285 (corresponding name in the SI data is R1_a) and b_c_D1_2285_r1_2 (corresponding name in the SI data is R1_b).</p> <p>dataset1: C_100_Replica2–5 , each file contains one main replica and the two branches.</p> <p>dataset I: system SRL+Co ;each file contains one main replica</p> <p>dataset I: system BAY-1797; each file contains one main replica</p> <p>dataset II:system SRL ; each file contains one main replica.</p>
Data supporting: Drivers of individual-based, antagonistic interaction networks during plant range expansion
<p><span>1. Range expansion in plant populations, especially at the colonization front, can be either limited by disproportionately large effects of antagonistic interactions or facilitated by their release. How the strength of antagonistic interactions changes along successional gradients during range expansion is still poorly documented, especially when diverse assemblages of plant antagonists (rodents, invertebrates, and birds) combine within interaction networks.</span></p> <p><span>2. We study the changes in individual-based, predispersal seed-pulp predator networks along a colonization gradient in a rapidly-expanding <em>Juniperus phoenicea</em> population in Doñana National Park (SW Spain). Additionally, we analysed the role of individual plant traits and neighbourhood attributes in network configuration by using Exponential Random Graph Models.</span></p> <p><span>3. Seven seed-pulp consumer animal species varied significantly in their frequency of interaction and prevalence. While invertebrate species were well established in old and intermediately mature stands, greenfinch (<em>Chloris chloris</em>) was dominant at the colonization front. Variable species roles and spread of interactions among individual plants generated changes in the configuration of interactions during plant expansion.</span></p> <p><span>4. Individual plant traits strongly determined the topology of these networks, although with differences between stands. Increasing individual crop size and seeds per cone increased the interaction odds of individual plants, while seed viability showed the opposite effect. The network topology at the colonization front appeared less driven by individual traits, possibly because of the short interaction history of this recently established area. The disproportionately large effect of <em>C. chloris</em> in these recently established stands, potentially resulted in large seed losses during range expansion.</span></p> <p><span>5.</span><em><span> Synthesis</span></em><span>. Turnover of antagonistic interactions, characterized the colonization front, resulting in more heterogeneous interaction strengths among individual plants. We found no evidence for a complete or sizeable antagonistic release of <em>J. phoenicea</em> at the colonization front promoting this rapid expansion. It becomes necessary to explore interactions with seed dispersers to understand how antagonistic and mutualistic plant-animal interactions balance during range expansion. Our study highlights the importance of an individual-based approach in understanding how interactions are structured and driven in natural changing landscapes.</span></p>
Dataset (III) related to publication: Discrepancy in interactions and conformational dynamics of pregnane X receptor (PXR) bound to an agonist and a novel competitive antagonist
<p>MD simulation data related to the publication Rashidian et al.: Discrepancy in interactions and conformational dynamics of pregnane X receptor (PXR) bound to an agonist and a novel competitive antagonist. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.020">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.020</a></p> <p>Individual .zip files contain raw-desmond trajectories (-out.cms files and trj-files)</p> <p>dataset I: systems SRL+Co, C-100 and BAY-1797</p> <p>dataset I: each file contains all branched replicas and the main replica.</p> <p>dataset1: C_100_Replica1 contains four branched replicas and the main replica. The two of four branched replicas which stem from the middle of the main replica named: b_c_D1_r1_2285 (corresponding name in the SI data is R1_a) and b_c_D1_2285_r1_2 (corresponding name in the SI data is R1_b).</p> <p>dataset1: C_100_Replica2–5 , each file contains one main replica and the two branches.</p> <p>dataset I: system SRL+Co ;each file contains one main replica</p> <p>dataset I: system BAY-1797; each file contains one main replica</p> <p>dataset II:system SRL ; each file contains one main replica.</p> <p>dataset III:system C-100+Co (compound 100 in presence of SRC-1 coactivator) ; each file contains one main replica.</p>
Systemic application of the TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874 induces tail vasodilation in a mouse model of thermoregulation
<p>In humans, skin is a primary thermoregulatory organ, with vasodilation leading to rapid body cooling, whereas in Rodentia the tail performs an analogous function. Many thermodetection mechanisms are likely to be involved including transient receptor potential vanilloid-type 4 (TRPV4), an ion channel with thermosensitive properties. Previous studies have shown that TRPV4 is a vasodilator by local action in blood vessels, so here we investigated whether constitutive TRPV4 activity effects <em>Mus muscularis</em> tail vascular tone and thermoregulation. We measured tail blood flow by pressure plethysmography in lightly sedated Mus muscularis (CD1 strain) at a range of ambient temperatures, with and without intraperitoneal administration of the blood brain barrier crossing TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874. We also measured heart rate and blood pressure. As expected for a thermoregulatory organ, we found that tail blood flow increased with temperature. However, unexpectedly we found that GSK2193874 increased tail blood flow at all temperatures, and we observed changes in heart rate variability. Since local TRPV4 activation causes vasodilation that would increase tail blood-flow, these data suggest that increases in tail blood flow resulting from the TRPV4 antagonist may arise from a site other than the blood vessels themselves, perhaps in central cardiovascular control centres.</p>
Sexually antagonistic coevolution of the male nuptial gift and female feeding behaviour in decorated crickets
<p>The evolution of nuptial gifts has traditionally been considered a harmonious affair, providing benefits to both mating partners. There is growing evidence, however, that receiving a nuptial gift can be actively detrimental to the female.<strong> </strong>In decorated crickets (<em>Gryllodes sigillatus</em>), males produce a gelatinous spermatophylax that enhances sperm transfer but provides little nutritional benefit and hinders female post-copulatory mate choice. Here, we examine the sexually antagonistic coevolution of the spermatophylax and the female feeding response to this gift in <em>G. sigillatus</em> maintained in experimental populations with either a male-biased or female-biased adult sex ratio. After 25 generations, males evolving in male-biased populations produced heavier spermatophylaxes with a more manipulative combination of free amino acids than those evolving in female-biased populations. Moreover, when the spermatophylax originated from the same selection regime, females evolving in male-biased populations always had shorter feeding durations than those evolving in female-biased populations indicating the evolution of greater resistance.<strong> </strong>Across populations, female feeding duration increased with the mass and manipulative combination of free amino acids in the spermatophylax suggesting sexually antagonistic coevolution.<strong> </strong>Collectively, our work demonstrates a key role for interlocus sexual conflict and sexually antagonistic coevolution in the mating system of<em> G. sigillatus</em>.</p>
Combining AlphaFold with Focused Virtual Library Design in the Development of Novel CCR2 and CCR5 Antagonists
<p>Collection of code and data accompanying the manuscript titled "Combining AlphaFold with Focused Virtual Library Design in the Development of Novel CCR2 and CCR5 Antagonists ". Read the included README.md file for more information.</p>
Data from: Can conflicting selection from pollinators and nectar-robbing antagonists drive adaptive pollen limitation? A conceptual model and empirical test
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Pollen limitation is widespread, despite predictions that it shouldn't be. We propose a novel mechanism generating pollen limitation: conflicting selection by pollinators and antagonists on pollinator attraction traits. We introduce a heuristic model demonstrating antagonist-induced adaptive pollen limitation, and present a field study illustrating its occurrence in a wild population. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>For antagonist-induced adaptive pollen limitation to occur, four criteria must be met: 1) correlated attraction of pollinators and antagonists, 2) greater response by antagonists than pollinators to altered investment in attraction traits, 3) reduced investment in pollinator attraction leading to pollen limitation, and 4) higher fitness for plants with reduced investment in pollinator attraction.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We surveyed nectar robbery and reproductive output for 109 <i>Odontonema cuspidatum </i>(Acanthaceae) plants in a pollen-limited population<i> </i>over two years and used experimental floral arrays to evaluate how flower number affects pollination and nectar robbery. Both pollinators and nectar robbers preferred larger floral displays, and nectar robbery reduced reproductive output, suggesting conflicting selection. Survey and experimental data agreed closely on the optimum flower number under antagonist-induced pollen limitation; this number was substantially overrepresented in the population. While criteria for antagonist-induced adaptive pollen limitation are restrictive, the necessary conditions may often be realized. Considering interactions beyond the plant-pollinator dyad illuminates previously overlooked mechanisms generating pollen limitation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Microgeographic divergence of functional responses among salamanders under antagonistic selection from apex predators
A predator's functional response determines predator–prey interactions by describing the relationship between the number of prey available and the number eaten. Its shape and parameters fundamentally govern the dynamic equilibrium of predator–prey interactions and their joint abundances. Yet, estimates of these key parameters generally assume stasis in space and time and ignore the potential for local adaptation to alter feeding responses and the stability of trophic dynamics. Here, we evaluate if functional responses diverge among populations of spotted salamander ( Ambystoma maculatum ) larvae that face antagonistic selection on feeding strategies based on their own risk of predation. Common garden experiments revealed that spotted salamander from ponds with varying predation risks differed in their functional responses, suggesting an evolutionary response. Applying mechanistic equations, we discovered that the combined changes in attack rates, handling times and shape of the functional response enhanced feeding rate in environments with high densities of gape-limited predators. We suggest how these parameter changes could alter community equilibria and other emergent properties of food webs. Community ecologists might often need to consider how local evolution at fine scales alters key relationships in ways that alter local diversity patterns, food web dynamics, resource gradients and community responses to disturbance.
data for Newbury et al Short term fitness effects of bipartite interactions shape network structure of mutualistic and antagonistic communities
<p>speciescountdata.csv contains colony couts and plasmid detection from the main experiment.</p> <p>evonet.csv conatins colony counts of bacteria with and without plasmid pkjk5 from commuities where donors were o/ p ancestral/evolved. </p> <p>AOPV.csv contains optical density data for species a,o,p and v. column 1 is time in hours. Then columns alternate between a, o, p, s, v, a+,o+,p+,s+,v+,s+,v+ (where + denotes plasmid carriage) until column 49. After which the same patten continues, but these were grown with tetracycline. s did not grow at all in the 96-well plate this data was taken from. This is likely due to experimental error, so an additional well plate was used just for s (S.scv).</p> <p>S.csv contains optical density data for species s. column 1 is time in hours. then there are 6 colulmns of s and 6 columns of s+ until column 49. After this the same pattern continues but bacteria were grown with tetracycline.</p>
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