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61 results for “Anthropogenic influence”
Data for: Beyond simple habituation: Anthropogenic habitats influence the escape behavior of spur-winged lapwings in response to both human and non-human threats
<p>Habitat development may affect wildlife behavior, favoring individuals or behaviors that cope better with perceived threats (predators). Bolder behaviors in human-dominated habitats (HDH; e.g., urban and rural settlements) may represent habituation specifically to humans, or a general reduction in predator-avoidance response. However, such carry-over effects across threat types (i.e., beyond humans) and phases of the escape sequence have not been well studied to date. Here we investigated escape behaviors of a locally common wader species, the spur-winged lapwing (Vanellus spinosus). We assayed their flight initiation distance (FID) and subsequent escape behaviors in agricultural areas and in HDH. We found that lapwings in HDH were bolder, and that the difference was manifested in several phases of the predator-avoidance sequence (shorter FIDs, shorter distances fled, and a higher probability of escape by running vs. flying). When re-approached (by an observer) after landing, lapwings in HDH were also more repetitive in their FID than those in other habitats. To determine whether this apparent bolder behavior in HDH areas is merely a consequence of habituation to humans or represents a broader behavioral change, we introduced an additional threat type – a remotely-operated taxidermic jackal ("Jack-Truck"). Finding bolder responses in the HDH to the human threat alone (and not to the Jack-Truck) could have supported the habituation hypothesis. In contrast, however, we found a bolder response in the HDH to both threat types, as well as a correlation between their FIDs across different sites. These bolder behaviors suggest that HDH impose a broader behavioral change on lapwings, rather than just simple habituation. Overall, our findings demonstrate how FID trials can reveal strong behavioral carry-over effects of HDH following human and non-human threats, including effects on the subsequent phases of escaping the predator. Further, FID assays may reveal consistent behavioral types when assessed under field conditions, and offer a direct way to differentiate among the various poorly understood and non-mutually exclusive mechanisms that lead to behavioral differences among organisms in HDH. The mechanistic perspective is essential for understanding how rapid urbanization impacts wildlife behavior, populations, and the range of behaviors within them, even in species apparently resilient to such environmental changes.</p>
Antelope space-use and behaviour indicate multi-level responses to varying anthropogenic influences in a highly human-dominated landscape
<p><span></span></p> <p>A primary means of conserving a species or a habitat in a human-dominated landscape is through promoting coexistence with humans while minimizing conflict. For this, we should understand how wildlife are impacted by direct and indirect human activities. Such information is rare from areas with high human densities. To investigate how animals respond to altered ecological conditions in human-dominated landscapes, we focussed on a wild herbivore of conservation concern in Krishnasaar Conservation Area (KrCA) in Nepal. Here, blackbuck, <em>Antilope cervicapra</em>, a generalist grazer, lives in refugia located in a growing human population. We studied the impacts of humans on habitat use and behaviour of blackbuck. We laid 250 x 250 m grid cells in the entire KrCA and carried out indirect sign surveys with three replications for habitat use assessment. We observed herds of blackbuck for 89 hours in different habitat types using scan sampling methods. Our habitat-use survey showed that habitats under intensive human use were hardly used by blackbuck, even when high-quality forage was available. Habitat openness was the major predictor of habitat-use inside the core area, where levels of human activities were low. We also found a positive correlation between habitat use by blackbuck and livestock. Blackbuck were substantially more vigilant when they were in forest than in grassland, again indicating an influence of risk. Overall, blackbuck appear to be sensitive to risk associated with both natural and anthropogenic factors. Our findings have direct implications for managing human-wildlife interactions in this landscape, specifically regarding strategies for livestock grazing in habitats highly used by blackbuck and concerning predictions of how changing land use will impact long-term persistence of blackbuck. Our work suggests that wild herbivores may be able to persist in landscapes with high human densities so long as there are refuges where human activities are relatively low.</p>
Sharing data and code supporting the article entitled "Thermodynamically enhanced precipitation extremes due to counterbalancing influences of anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosols"
<p>The public data repository contains the data and plotting code supporting the article entitled "Thermodynamically enhanced precipitation extremes due to counterbalancing influences of anthropogenic greenhouse gases and aerosols". The dataset includes annual maximum one-day precipitation (Rx1day), its proxy computed by a physical scaling diagnostic (scaling), and the decomposed components of the scaling (i.e., thermodynamic response, dynamic response, and their interaction). Several reanalyses (including ERA5 and JRA55) and CMIP6 simulations under several scenarios (including ALL, GHG, AER, and piControl) are applied to compute the historical Rx1day, scaling, and the associated components following a GitHub Python repository (<a href="https://github.com/oliverangelil/precip_extremes_scaling">https://github.com/oliverangelil/precip_extremes_scaling</a>). Note that the decomposed components are calculated as anomalies. </p> <p>The data results of the extreme precipitation decomposition in the NetCDF format are available in zip files “<em><strong>ERA5</strong></em>”, "<em><strong>JRA55</strong></em>", "<em><strong>ALL</strong></em>", "<em><strong>GHG</strong></em>", "<em><strong>AER</strong></em>", "<em><strong>NAT</strong></em>", and "<em><strong>piControl</strong></em>". Code for visualizations is available in the "<em><strong>Jupyter Notebooks</strong></em>" zip file.</p>
Data from: Plant protection services mediated by extrafloral nectaries decline with aridity but are not influenced by chronic anthropogenic disturbance in Brazilian Caatinga
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Underwater soundscape indicates low anthropogenic influence around two sub-Antarctic islands
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Natural and anthropogenic sources of habitat variation influence exploration behaviour, stress response, and brain morphology in a coastal fish
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Antelope space-use and behaviour indicate multi-level responses to varying anthropogenic influences in a highly human-dominated landscape
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Data from: How does anthropogenic food influence the trophic ecology of Rocky Mountain Red Fox?
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Data for: Beyond simple habituation: Anthropogenic habitats influence the escape behavior of spur-winged lapwings in response to both human and non-human threats
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Data to support: Anthropogenic influence on tropospheric reactive bromine since the pre-industrial: Implications for ice-core bromine trends
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Influence of anthropogenic landscape modifications and infrastructure on the geological characteristics of liquefaction
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Data from: Colonization history, host distribution, anthropogenic influence and landscape features shape populations of white pine blister rust, an invasive alien tree pathogen
White pine blister rust is caused by the fungal pathogen Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch (Basidiomycota, Pucciniales). This invasive alien pathogen was introduced into North America at the beginning of the 20th century on pine seedlings imported from Europe and has caused serious economic and ecological impacts. In this study, we applied a population and landscape genetics approach to understand the patterns of introduction and colonization as well as population structure and migration of C. ribicola. We characterized 1,292 samples of C. ribicola from 66 geographic locations in North America using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and evaluated the effect of landscape features, host distribution, and colonization history on the structure of these pathogen populations. We identified eastern and western genetic populations in North America that are strongly differentiated. Genetic diversity is two to five times higher in eastern populations than in western ones, which can be explained by the repeated accidental introductions of the pathogen into northeastern North America compared with a single documented introduction into western North America. These distinct genetic populations are maintained by a barrier to gene flow that corresponds to a region where host connectivity is interrupted. Furthermore, additional cryptic spatial differentiation was identified in western populations. This differentiation corresponds to landscape features, such as mountain ranges, and also to host connectivity. We also detected genetic differentiation between the pathogen populations in natural stands and plantations, an indication that anthropogenic movement of this pathogen still takes place. These results highlight the importance of monitoring this invasive alien tree pathogen to prevent admixture of eastern and western populations where different pathogen races occur.
Data from: Natural and anthropogenic influences on the mating system of the common morning glory
Evolutionary biologists remain puzzled by the often dramatic variation of mating strategies within single species. Of particular interest is the extent to which environmental conditions shape patterns of variation of mating system components within mixed mating species, and how widespread anthropogenic manipulations may influence these associations. Here, we address this question in the common morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea) by combining a dataset of floral traits, estimates of the mating system, and relevant environmental factors compiled for 22 populations of this species distributed along a wide range of environments from the Southeast and midwest USA. We identify a disparate set of environmental factors to influence population-level variation in selfing, inbreeding, and flower morphology. While floral traits are primarily associated with climatic variation, the outcrossing rate and inbreeding coefficient are primarily influenced by the level of herbicide resistance. Furthermore, we find that populations with higher levels of herbicide resistance exhibit a stronger correlation between mating system floral traits and mating system estimates (outcrossing rate and inbreeding coefficient). Altogether these results demonstrate the dominant role that herbicide application plays in the determination of I. purpurea's mating system, and more generally uncover the complex and unforeseen evolutionary consequences of anthropogenic manipulations in natural systems.
Data from: Edge influence on vegetation at natural and anthropogenic edges of boreal forests in Canada and Fennoscandia
1. Although anthropogenic edges are an important consequence of timber harvesting, edges due to natural disturbances or landscape heterogeneity are also common. Forest edges have been well-studied in temperate and tropical forests, but less so in less productive, disturbance-adapted boreal forests. 2. We synthesized data on forest vegetation at edges of boreal forests and compared edge influence among edge types (fire, cut, lake/wetland; old vs. young), forest types (broadleaf vs. coniferous) and geographic regions. Our objectives were to quantify vegetation responses at edges of all types and to compare the strength and extent of edge influence among different types of edges and forests. 3. Research was conducted using the same general sampling design in Alberta, Ontario and Quebec in Canada, and in Sweden and Finland. We conducted a meta-analysis for a variety of response variables including forest structure, deadwood abundance, regeneration, understorey abundance and diversity, and nonvascular plant cover. We also determined the magnitude and distance of edge influence using randomization tests. 4. Some edge responses (lower tree basal area, tree canopy and bryophyte cover; more logs; higher regeneration) were significant overall across studies. Edge influence on ground vegetation in boreal forests was generally weak, not very extensive (distance of edge influence usually < 20 m) and decreased with time. We found more extensive edge influence at natural edges, at younger edges and in broadleaf forests. The comparison among regions revealed weaker edge influence in Fennoscandian forests. 5. Synthesis. Edges created by forest harvesting do not appear to have as strong, extensive or persistent influence on vegetation in boreal as in tropical or temperate forested ecosystems. We attribute this apparent resistance to shorter canopy heights, inherent heterogeneity in boreal forests and their adaptation to frequent natural disturbance. Nevertheless, notable differences between forest structure responses to natural (fire) and anthropogenic (cut) edges raise concerns about biodiversity implications of extensive creation of anthropogenic edges. By highlighting universal responses to edge influence in boreal forests that are significant irrespective of edge or forest type, and those which vary by edge type, we provide a context for the conservation of boreal forests.
Ecological and anthropogenic factors influencing the habitat use of Bos gaurus and its conservation threats in Chitwan National Park, Nepal
<p>This is the dataset of gaur from chitwan national park on habitat use</p>
Data for: Living fast, dying young: anthropogenic habitat modification influences the fitness and life history traits of a cooperative breeder
<p>Datasets and scripts for the study: Living fast, dying young: anthropogenic habitat modification influences the fitness and life history traits of a cooperative breeder</p>
Data from: Acoustic risk balancing by marine mammals: anthropogenic noise can influence the foraging decisions by seals
<p class="MsoCommentText">Avoidance of anthropogenic sounds has been measured in many species. The results, which are typically based on observations in limited exposure contexts, are frequently used to inform policy and the regulation of industrial activities. However, the occurrence and magnitude of avoidance may be a consequence of complex risk-balancing decisions made by animals. The importance of the factors in decision-making, such as perceived risks associated with the sounds or prey quantity and quality during sound exposure, is unknown.</p> <p class="MsoCommentText">Here we address this knowledge gap by measuring the relative influence of perceived risk of a sound (silence, <span>pile driving, and a tidal turbine)</span> and prey patch quality on decision making and foraging success in grey seals <span>(<i>Halichoerus grypus</i>). </span>Seals were given access to two <span>underwater 'prey patches' </span>in an experimental pool <span>where fish were delivered at controlled rates to simulate a </span>low density (LD) and a high density (HD) prey patch. Acoustic playbacks were made using an underwater speaker above one of the prey patches (randomised during the study), and three decision and foraging metrics (foraging duration, foraging effort allocation between the prey patches, and foraging success) were measured.</p> <p>Foraging success was highest during silent controls and was similar regardless of speaker location (LD/HD). Under the tidal turbine and pile driving treatments, foraging success was similar to the controls when the speaker was located at the HD prey patch but was significantly reduced (~16-28% lower) when the speaker was located at the LD prey patch. Foraging decisions by the seals were consistent with a risk/profit balancing approach. Avoidance rates depend on the quality of the prey patch as well as the perceived risk.</p> <p>Policy implications: The results suggest that foraging context is important when interpreting avoidance behaviour and should be considered when predicting the effects of anthropogenic activities. For example, sound exposure in different prey patch qualities may result in markedly different avoidance behaviour, potentially leading to contrasting predictions of impact in Environmental Assessments. We recommend future studies explicitly consider foraging context, and other contextual factors such as behavioural state (e.g. foraging or travelling) and habitat quality.</p>
Figure 5 in Are spider communities influenced by urbanisation? An approach using species and guilds resolutions and their interaction with the anthropogenic environment
Figure 5. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling of ambush hunters species collected, stress value: 0.12. References: Urban sites location = black circles; Suburban sites location = grey triangles.
Figure 3 in Are spider communities influenced by urbanisation? An approach using species and guilds resolutions and their interaction with the anthropogenic environment
Figure 3. Comparison between sampling site location of mean and SEM Shannon-Weaver index (a) and Shannon evenness index (b) of total spiders collected and per guild assessed by ANOVA. Location references: Urban = black bars; Suburban = grey bars. * = p <0.05.
Figure 4 in Are spider communities influenced by urbanisation? An approach using species and guilds resolutions and their interaction with the anthropogenic environment
Figure 4. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling of all species collected, stress value: 0.14. References: Urban sites = black circles; Suburban sites = grey triangles.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.