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Fig. 10. Polysyncraton purou C. Monniot & F. Monniot, 1987 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 10. Polysyncraton purou C. Monniot & F. Monniot, 1987, with structures stained with hemalum (MNHN A2-843). a. Zooid with bifurcated atrial languet (arrow). b. Thorax with button-like atrial languet (big arrow) and muscular process (small arrow). c. Abdomen with gonads (large arrow indicates oocyte). d. Immature larva. e. Mature larva. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 8. Polysyncraton magnetae Hastings, 1931 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 8. Polysyncraton magnetae Hastings, 1931, type specimen (NHM 1930.12.17.46). a. Preserved colony. b. Cross section of the colony showing cavities found in the median region (arrows). c. Spicules. d. Cross section of a decalcified colony. Scale bars: a = 1 cm; c = 10 µm.

Fig. 9 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 9. Polysyncraton magnilarvum (Millar, 1962), stained with hemalum. a. Zooid (arrow pointing at atrial languet). b. Ventral view of the anterior region of the thorax (arrow indicating the lateral thoracic organ). c. Testis follicles (arrow indicating one lobe). d. Abdomen (arrow indicates the sperm duct) (MNHN A2-2466). e. Larva (MNHN A2-2467). Scale bars: a = 0.2 mm; c–e = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 7 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 7. Polysyncraton globosum Oliveira & Rocha sp. nov., Australia (NHM 1866.3.21.21). a. Preserved colony. b. Spicules. c. Thorax (big arrow indicates the lateral thoracic organ and small arrows the muscle fibers present on each side of the thorax). d. Abdomen. e–f. Larva stained with hemalum (the arrows in f indicate the membrane of the tail). Scale bars: b = 10 µm; c–d = 0.1 mm; e–f = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 6 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 6. Polysyncraton cabofriense Oliveira & Rocha sp. nov. (DZUP POSC-50). a. Colony in situ. b. Colony surface (arrows indicating common cloacal apertures with lobes). c. Spicules. d. Thorax stained (big arrow indicating the lateral thoracic organ and small arrow the atrial languet). e. Abdomen (arrow indicating the sperm duct coil). f. Larva. Scale bars: d–f = 0.1 mm. Photo (a) courtesy of L.S. Skinner.

Fig. 5 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 5. Maximum likelihood tree of species of Polysyncraton based on analysis of 16 sequences of mitochondrial COI. Numbers on or below branches represent the support value of the bootstrap for Maximum likelihood (> 70%) and posterior Bayesian probabilities (> 0.97). Abbreviations of Brazilian states are explained in Table 1.

Fig. 4 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 4. Polysyncraton amethysteum (Van Name, 1902), Brazil (DZUP DID-034, POSC-016; LIPY UFPB TUN-293). Structures stained with hemalum. a. Thorax, atrial languet (arrow). b. Abdomen showing the position of the testis (arrow). c–f. Larvae in Brazilian specimens from São Paulo (c) and Paraíba (d–f), different stages in the same colony (e–f). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 3. Polysyncraton amethysteum (Van Name, 1902), Paraíba, Brazil. a–b. Colonies in situ. c–d. Colony surface detail (arrow indicates one cloacal aperture) (DZUP POSC-14 and DZUP POSC-13, respectively). e. Cross section of the colony, with thin layer of spicules (arrow) (DZUP POSC-14). f. Spicules. Scale bars: e = 1 mm; f = 10 µm.

Fig. 2 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 2. Polysyncraton amethysteum (Van Name, 1902), Florida (USNM 17364). a. Thorax with bifurcated atrial languet (small arrow) and thoracic organ (big arrow). b. Stained abdomen, sperm duct with five coils (arrow). c. Detail of the testis with four follicles and sperm duct with four coils (arrow). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 12 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 12. Polysyncraton sp. a. Preserved colony. b. Thorax. c. Abdomen. Scale bars: a = 1 cm; b–c = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Leptoclinides (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae) from Brazil: new records and two new species

Fig. 5. Leptoclinides sp. (DZUP LEP-009). A. Preserved colony on algae. B. Detail of preserved colonies. C. Spicules. D. Thorax. E–F. Abdomen. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B = 0.5 cm; D–F = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 2. Leptoclinides latus F. Monniot, 1983 in Leptoclinides (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae) from Brazil: new records and two new species

Fig. 2. Leptoclinides latus F. Monniot, 1983 (DZUP LEP-008). A. Colony in situ. B. Surface detail indicating lobed oral siphons and smooth cloacae. C. Spicules. D. Thorax. E. Abdomen. F. Larva. Scale bars: D–F = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Leptoclinides (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae) from Brazil: new records and two new species

Fig. 1. Leptoclinides coronatus sp. nov., holotype (DZUP LEP-018). A. Colony in situ. B. Detail of the cloaca with lobes. C. Spicules. D. Thorax. E. Abdomen. F–G. Larvae in different stages in the same colony. Scale bars: D–G = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Leptoclinides (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae) from Brazil: new records and two new species

Fig. 3. Leptoclinides lotufoi sp. nov., holotype (ColBio Tun 1245). A. Preserved colony. B. Spicules under light microscope. C. Thorax. D. Abdomen. E. Larva. Scale bars: A = 0.5 cm; B = 30 µm; C–E = 0.1 mm.

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Figure 4. A in New data on Aplidium tabarquense (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) distribution in the Adriatic Sea

Figure 4. A) Posterior region of a zooid showing the gonads in the postabdomen. ab, abdomen; pa, postabdomen; ov, ovary; ts, testis. B) Postabdomen region with ovary, composed of three oocytes and an embryo. oo, oocytes; em, embryo. C) Postabdomen with testicular follicles. tf, testicular follicles. D) Larva with ectodermal vesicles, white arrows pointing out 3 adhesive organs. ev, ectodermal vesicles; am, pointed ampullae; ao, adhesive organs.

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Figure 3. Aplidium tabarquense. A in New data on Aplidium tabarquense (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) distribution in the Adriatic Sea

Figure 3. Aplidium tabarquense. A) Whole zooid (larvae in peribranchial cavity). B) Oral siphon 6-lobed and atrial aperture with simple languet. C) Thorax (white arrows point out 16 stigmata rows). an, anus. D) Stomach. E) Transversal section of stomach, white arrows pointing out 5 folds.

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Figure 2. A in New data on Aplidium tabarquense (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) distribution in the Adriatic Sea

Figure 2. A) Live colony sampled in Trašte Bay. B) Zoom of the colony, with the black arrows pointing to zooid arrangements in regular systems of two parallel series. C) Magnification of the preserved sample showing the test matrix impregnated by sand.

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Fig. 1 in Culeolus tenuis (Urochordata, Ascidiacea) Newly Found off Fukushima, Japan in the Japan Trench

Fig. 1. Map showing the localities of Culeolus tenuis Vinogradova, 1970, so far known (open circles) or newly recorded in the present study (solid circle).

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Fig. 2. Culeolus tenuis Vinogradova, 1970 in Culeolus tenuis (Urochordata, Ascidiacea) Newly Found off Fukushima, Japan in the Japan Trench

Fig. 2. Culeolus tenuis Vinogradova, 1970 from off Fukushima Prefecture in the Japan Trench. A: Left side of body proper with branchial tentacles projecting from branchial aperture (Br) and anal end visible through atrial aperture (At), B: Inner view of right mantle of body, C: Inner view of left mantle of body; D. Dorsal tubercle and vicinity, E: Proximal (=posterior) terminal of right dorsal-most gonad, directed to atrial aperture end, to show openings of oviduct (Od) and sperm duct (Sd); F: A horny polygonal spicule from pericardium. Mantle musculature and spicules in B and C, and in B-E, respectively, omitted. Abbreviations: At: atrial aperture, Br: branchial aperture, En: endocarp, Ep: pericardium, Od: oviduct, Ov: ovarian eggs, Sd: sperm duct, St: proximal end of stalk along anterior mid-ventral half of body proper, Te: testicular follicles. Scales for A, B, and C 10 mm, for D and E, 5 mm, and for F, 1 mm.