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FIGURE 1. Amaralia oviraptor, MZUSP 4423 in A new species of Amaralia Fowler (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Paraná-Paraguay River Basin

FIGURE 1. Amaralia oviraptor, MZUSP 4423, holotype, 68 mm SL Brazil, Mato Grosso, Santo Antônio do Leverger municipality, rio Cuiabá.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Amaralia Fowler (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Paraná-Paraguay River Basin

FIGURE 3. Dorsal view of dorsal fin and associated structures. A. Amaralia oviraptor, ANSP 197190, 104 mm SL. B. Amaralia hypsiura, INPA32338, 80.6 mm SL. Scale bar = 2 mm. 1–3FR, first to third dorsal-fin ray; MNP, middle nuchal plate; and PNP, posterior nuchal plate.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Amaralia Fowler (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Paraná-Paraguay River Basin

FIGURE 5. Lateral view of left lower jaw and suspensorium of Amaralia oviraptor ANSP 197190, 104 mm SL. ANG, anguloarticular; APM, ascending process of Meckel's cartilage; CMB, coronomeckelian bone; DEN, Dentary; END, Endopterygoid; INT, interhial; IPOP, Interopercle; HYO, Hyomandibular; MC, ossified mandibular canals; MET, metapterygoid; OP, Opercle; Qua, quadrate; POP, preopercle; and RET, retro-articular. Scale bar = 2 mm.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Amaralia Fowler (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Paraná-Paraguay River Basin

FIGURE 2. Anterodorsal view of a live specimen of Amaralia oviraptor, ANSP 197190, paratype, 108 mm SL, Río Piribebuy near confluence with Rio Paraguay ca. 4 mi northwest of Emboscada, Cordillera, Paraguay.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Amaralia Fowler (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Paraná-Paraguay River Basin

FIGURE 7. Dorsal view of left pectoral-fin spine. A. Amaralia oviraptor, ANSP 197190, 104 mm SL. B. Amaralia hypsiura, INPA 32338, 80.6 mm SL. Scale bar = 2 mm.

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Fig. 2 in Presence of Pterobunocephalus depressus (Haseman, 1911) (Siluriformes, Aspredinidae) in freshwaters of Argentina.

Fig. 2. Arroyo La Azotea in Pre-Delta National Park, where Pterobunocephalus depressus was collected.

FIGURE 8 in A new species of Amaralia Fowler (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Paraná-Paraguay River Basin

FIGURE 8. Distribution of Amaralia oviraptor in the Paraná-Paraguay River Basins; white symbol indicates the type locality. Distribution based on examined lots but also vouchered and verified (photo or fin-ray count) occurrences in the literature (Liotta et al., 2001; Ferriz & Gómes, 2002; da Graça & Pavanelli, 2007; Almirón et al., 2008).

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Pseudobunocephalus Friel, 2008 (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the lower Tocantins and Mearim river drainages, North and Northeast of Brazil

FIGURE 3. HRXCT model of skull and anterior body of selected Pseudobunocephalus species. (A) dorsal view, (B) lateral view, and (C) ventral view of P. lundbergi ANSP 168813, 30.3 mm SL. (D) dorsal view, (E) lateral view, and (F) ventral view of P. iheringii UFRGS 7175, 36.9 mm SL. (G) dorsal view, (H) lateral view, and (I) ventral view of P. amazonicus MCP 35751, 30 mm SL. Limits between selected bones are highlighted in black.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Pseudobunocephalus Friel, 2008 (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the lower Tocantins and Mearim river drainages, North and Northeast of Brazil

FIGURE 2. HRXCT model of skull and anterior body of Pseudobunocephalus timbira, MCN 19274, paratype, 29.2 mm SL. (A) dorsal view, (B) lateral view, and (C) ventral view. ach = anterior ceratohyal; bp = basipterygium; br = branchiostegal rays; cl = cleithrum; cv = complex vertebrae; den = dentary; dp = proximal portion of pectoral-fin spine; fr = frontal; hc = hemal canal; hm = hyomandibula; io = infraorbital; me = mesethmoid; mnp = middle nuchal plate; mx = maxilla; tf = temporal fontanel; pcl = posterior process of cleithrum; pnp = posterior nuchal plate; pfr = pectoral-fin rays; pfs = pectoral-fin spine; pll = posterior lateral line tubules; pmx = premaxilla; po = preopercle; pp = proximal portion of pectoral-fin spine; psc = posterior process of scapulocoracoid; pso = parietosupraoccipital; pto = pterotic; pv5 = parapophysis of fifth vertebra; puh = urohyal; r = ribs; sc = scapulocoracoid; scl = supracleithrum; spo = sphenotic; v6 = sixth vertebra; vh = ventral hypohyal. Limits between selected bones are highlighted in black.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Pseudobunocephalus Friel, 2008 (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the lower Tocantins and Mearim river drainages, North and Northeast of Brazil

FIGURE 1. Dorsal, lateral and ventral views of Pseudobonocephalus timbira, holotype, MPEG 21057, 31.8 mm SL, Brazil, Maranhão, Alto Alegre do Pindaré, Jundiá Creek, Mearim River basin.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Pseudobunocephalus Friel, 2008 (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the lower Tocantins and Mearim river drainages, North and Northeast of Brazil

FIGURE 5. Jundiá Creek at the type locality for Pseudobunocephalus timbira, tributary of Mearim River drainage, Alto Alegre do Pindaré, Maranhão State, Brazil.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Pseudobunocephalus Friel, 2008 (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the lower Tocantins and Mearim river drainages, North and Northeast of Brazil

FIGURE 4. Localities of species of Pseudobunocephalus. Black triangles: P. quadriradiatus, white triangles: P. amazonicus, black circles: P. rugosus, white circles: P. iheringii, black squares: P. bifidus, white squares: P. lundbergi, Star: P. timbira, Red Star: Holotype of P. timbira.

FIG. 10 in Description of a New Blind and Rare Species of Xyliphius (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Amazon Basin Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography

FIG. 10. Distributions of valid species of Xyliphius based on museum specimens and literature accounts (Alonso de Arámburu and Arámburu, 1962; Orcés, 1962; Taphorn and Marrero, 1993; Maldonado-Ocampo et al., 2005; Figueiredo and Britto, 2010; Ohara and Zuanon, 2013). Black triangles ¼ X. kryptos; white triangles ¼ X. magdalenae; white circles ¼ X. melanopterus; black circles ¼ X. lepturus; star ¼ X. sofiae; black squares ¼ X. barbatus; white diamonds ¼ X. anachoretes; circles half black, half white mark localities where X. melanopterus and X. lepturus were collected together.

FIG. 7 in Description of a New Blind and Rare Species of Xyliphius (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Amazon Basin Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography

FIG. 7. HRXCT model of suspensorium plus lower jaw (A) and hyoid arch (B–C) of Xyliphius sofiae, ANSP 182322, 44.1 mm SL. ach: anterior ceratohyal; ang: anguloarticular; br: branchiostegal rays; den: dentary; en: endopterygoid; hyo: hyomandibula; ih: interhyal; iop: interopercle; mc: mandibular canal tubules; met: metapterygoid; op: opercle; pch: posterior ceratohyal; pop: preopercle; qu: quadrate; ret: retroarticular; sup: suprapreopercle; uh: urohyal; vh: ventral hypohyal. Scale bar ¼ 2 mm.

FIG. 4 in Description of a New Blind and Rare Species of Xyliphius (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Amazon Basin Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography

FIG. 4. HRXCT model of skull and anterior body of Xyliphius sofiae, ANSP 182322, holotype, 44.1 mm SL. (A) Dorsal view. (B) Lateral view of left side. ang: anguloarticular; at: antorbital tubule; br: branchiostegal rays; cl: cleithrum; co: scapulocoracoid; cv: complex vertebrae; den: dentary; en: endopterygoid; epo: epioccipital; ex: extrascapular; fr: frontal; hyo: hyomandibula; ih: interhyal; io1: infraorbital 1; iop: interopercle; iot: infraorbital tubules; lal: lateral line tubules; let: lateral ethmoid; mc: mandibular canal tubules; mes: mesethmoid; met: metapterygoid; mnp: middle nuchal plate; mx: maxilla; na: nasal; op: opercle; pal: autopalatine; pch: posterior ceratohyal; pfr: pectoral-fin rays; pmx: premaxilla; po: preopercle; ps: pectoral-fin spine; pto: pterotic; pv5: parapophysis of vertebra five; qu: quadrate; rad: pectoral-fin radial; rb6: rib six; ret: retroarticular; sc: posttemporal-supracleithrum; soc: supraoccipital; spo: sphenotic; sup: suprapreopercle; v6: vertebrae six. Scale bar ¼ 2 mm.

FIG. 3 in Description of a New Blind and Rare Species of Xyliphius (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Amazon Basin Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography

FIG. 3. Ventral view of head. (A) Xyliphius sofiae, ANSP 182322, holotype, 44.1 mm SL. (B) X. melanopterus, FMNH 99495, 120.4 mm SL. (C) X. lepturus, ANSP 128941, 94.5 mm SL. (D) X. barbatus, MLP 6798, 92.0 mm SL. Photos by M. Sabaj.

FIG. 8 in Description of a New Blind and Rare Species of Xyliphius (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Amazon Basin Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography

FIG. 8. HRXCT model of branchial arches (A–B, left side, dorsal view, anterior up), and 5th ceratobranchial of cleared and stained specimens (left side, dorsal view, anterior up). (A) Xyliphius sofiae, ANSP 182322, holotype, 44.1 mm SL (scale bar ¼ 2 mm). (B) Unobscured dorsal view of 5th ceratobranchial in ANSP 182322 (scale bar ¼ 1 mm). (C) Xyliphius lepturus, FMNH 99488, 72.1 mm SL (scale bar ¼ 1 mm). (D) Xyliphius melanopterus, FMNH 99493, 81.9 mm SL (scale bar ¼ 1 mm). bb: basibranchial; cb: ceratobranchial; cb5: ceratobranchial five; eb: epibranchial; hb: hypobranchial; pb: pharyngobranchial; tp: tooth patch.

FIG. 2 in Description of a New Blind and Rare Species of Xyliphius (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Amazon Basin Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography

FIG. 2. Lateral view of select species of Xyliphius. (A) X. barbatus, MLP 6798, holotype, 92.0 mm SL. (B) X. lepturus, ANSP 128941, 94.5 mm SL. (C) X. magdalenae, CZUT-IC 1288, 75 mm SL. (D) X. melanopterus, FMNH 99495, 120.4 mm SL. (E) X. kryptos, MCNG 27310, 112.0 mm SL. Photos by M. Sabaj (A), T. Carvalho (B, E), J. Garcia-Melo (C), and A. Thomaz (D).

FIG. 6 in Description of a New Blind and Rare Species of Xyliphius (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Amazon Basin Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography

FIG. 6. HRXCT model of select bones in Xyliphius sofiae, ANSP 182322, holotype, 44.1 mm SL. Bones associated with the anterior cephalic canals of the lateral line system (anterior is left) in dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views. Entire lateral ethmoid (anterior is left) in ventral (C) and frontal (D) view. (E) Partial lateral ethmoid in dorsal view cut to about half of its depth (anterior is left). (F) Partial lateral ethmoid in frontal view cut to about vertical through origin of lateral process. at: antorbital tubule; i1–i6: infraorbital branches one to six; io1: infraorbital one; iot: infraorbital tubules; lp: lateral process of lateral ethmoid; na: nasal; obc: olfactory bulb chamber; s1–s3: supraorbital branches one to three. Scale bar ¼ 2 mm.

FIG. 1 in Description of a New Blind and Rare Species of Xyliphius (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Amazon Basin Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography

FIG. 1. Holotype of Xyliphius sofiae, ANSP 182322, 44.1 mm SL, Río Amazonas in vicinity of Iquitos, Loreto, Peru. (A–C) Alcohol preserved (scale bar ¼ 5 mm). (D) Live. Photos by M. Sabaj.