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93 results for “Assumption”
Data for: Are immigrants outbred and unrelated? Testing standard assumptions in a wild metapopulation
<p><span>Immigration into small recipient populations is expected to alleviate inbreeding and increase genetic variation, and hence facilitate population persistence through genetic and/or evolutionary rescue. Such expectations depend on three standard assumptions: that immigrants are outbred, unrelated to existing natives at arrival, and unrelated to each other. These assumptions are rarely explicitly verified, including in key field systems in evolutionary ecology. Yet, they could be violated due to non-random or repeated immigration from adjacent small populations. We combined molecular genetic marker data for 150-160 microsatellite loci with comprehensive pedigree data to test the three assumptions for a song sparrow (<i>Melospiza melodia)</i> population that is a model system for quantifying effects of inbreeding and immigration in the wild. Immigrants were less homozygous than existing natives on average, with mean homozygosity that closely resembled outbred natives. Immigrants can therefore be considered outbred on the focal population scale. Comparisons of homozygosity of real or hypothetical offspring of immigrant-native, native-native and immigrant-immigrant pairings implied that immigrants were typically unrelated to existing natives and to each other. Indeed, immigrants' offspring would be even less homozygous than outbred individuals on the focal population scale. The three standard assumptions of population genetic and evolutionary theory were consequently largely validated. Yet, our analyses revealed some deviations that should be accounted for in future analyses of heterosis and inbreeding depression, implying that the three assumptions should be verified in other systems to probe patterns of non-random or repeated dispersal and facilitate precise and unbiased estimation of key evolutionary parameters.</span></p>
Madagascar's fire regimes challenge global assumptions about landscape degradation
<p><span><span>Fire and environmental dataset (2003 - 2019) for Phelps et al. (2022, Global Change Biology). <br>Associated manuscript abstract: Narratives of landscape degradation are often linked to unsustainable fire use by local communities.</span><span> Madagascar is a case in point: the island is considered globally exceptional, with its remarkable endemic biodiversity seen as threatened by unsustainable anthropogenic </span><span>fire. Yet, fire regimes on Madagascar have not been empirically characterised or globally contextualised. Here, we apply a comparative approach using MODIS remote sensing data (2003-2019), to determine relationships between Madagascar's fire regimes and global patterns and trends. We demonstrate that Madagascar's fire regimes are similar to 88% of tropical burned area, with shared climate and vegetation characteristics. Therefore, rather than a global exception, Madagascar's fire regimes could usefully be understood as a microcosm of most tropical fire regimes, which contribute to global understanding of fire. We found that landscape-scale fire declined in grassy biomes across the tropics, and at a relatively fast rate on Madagascar. The island's high tree loss anomalies (1.25 to 4.77x the tropical average) were not explained by any general expansion of grassy biome burning and were centred in forests rather than at forest-savanna boundaries, demonstrating that high rates of forest degradation were not explained by landscape-scale fire escaping from savannas into forests. Associated with forests, landscape-scale fire trends reflected important differences among tropical regions, indicating a need to better understand regional variation in the anthropogenic drivers of change. Unexpectedly, the highest tree loss anomalies on Madagascar were centred in environments </span><span>without </span><span>landscape-scale fire, where the role of small-scale fires (<21ha) is unknown. Madagascar's fire regimes thus contribute two lessons with global implications: first, landscape-scale burning is declining in grassy biomes across the tropics and does not explain high tree loss anomalies on Madagascar. Second, landscape-scale fire is not uniformly associated with forest loss, indicating a need for more socio-ecological context around narratives of tropical fire and ecosystem degradation. </span></span></p>
Refining Large Integrated Identity Graphs using the Unique Name Assumption
<p>Thank you for checking the code, data, and the execution history.</p> <p>This Zenodo repository corresponds to our publication at the ESWC'23 conference.</p> <p> </p> <p>1) There are three kinds of sources in the directory ./sources</p> <p>2) The scripts corresponding to the algorithm are in the ./algorithm directory</p> <p>3) The gold standard is in the directory ./gold_standard together with additional information of each connected component (as a file on its own) including error degree of the edges. The annotation of volunteers is in the *.tsv file.</p> <p>4) Some scripts for analysis, for extraction/processing of data, and plotting are included in the ./other_scripts directory.</p> <p>5) The ./execution_history directory consists of all the log files during evaluation. The summaries are in *.log.</p> <p> </p> <p>Please see each directory for detailed description in PDF or txt. </p> <p>The latest version of the code is online at https://github.com/shuaiwangvu/sameAs-iUNA</p> <p> </p> <p>In case of any mistake to report, please contact Shuai Wang at shuai.wang@vu.nl.</p>
Deep decarbonisation pathways of the energy system in times of unprecedented uncertainty in the energy sector. Energy Policy (2023). Supplementary Information on Assumptions and Results
<p>This dataset supplements the article with the title "Deep decarbonisation pathways of the energy system in times of unprecedented uncertainty in the energy sector", published in Energy Policy. </p> <p>The dataset contains the following:</p> <ul> <li>The Latin Hypercube Sample of the multipliers that are applied to the key input parameters of ETSAP-TIAM in order to generate 1000 different states of the world regarding economic and demographic growth, energy resources potentials, energy technology costs, climate sensitivity and radiative forcing, LULUCF CO<sub>2</sub> sink potential, CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration potential, and decoupling between energy consumption and economic development. The multipliers are sampled from the underlying probability distributions described in the article. </li> <li>The results (at the global scale) from four scenario families for each one of the 1000 wofld states. These scenario families are: <ul> <li>BASE_SSP2: Describes the development of the global energy system consistent with recent trends and policies.</li> <li>2C_SSP2: Introduces to the BASE_SSP2 scenario a global constraint of 2 °C as the maximum post-industrial temperature change from 2020 to 2100.</li> <li>2C_SSP2_DA30: Delayed climate action. The climate change mitigation policies of 2C_SSP2 start in 2030. </li> <li>1p5c_OS_SSP2: Introduces to the BASE_SSP2 scenario a global constraint of 1.5 °C as the maximum post-industrial temperature change from 2020 onwards to 2100</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>Key results included in the dataset are: Temperature change, Radiative Forcing, GHG concentrations, CO2 emissions, Marginal abatement cost, Electricity Supply Primary Energy Consumption, and Annual Total Global Energy System Cost.</p> <p>The dataset also includes sectoral results regarding energy consumption and use, such as shares of different electric uses, shares of hydrogen consumption in end-use sectors, hydrogen supply, Demand electrification by sector, Renewable energy consumption by sector, Alternative fuels consumption in transport, and Total final energy consumption by sector. </p>
Sylimarin, Pyrroloquinoline, Quinone Sodium Salt and Myricetin Assumption Effects
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06548503. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: Are skyline plot-based demographic estimates overly dependent on smoothing prior assumptions?
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Madagascar's fire regimes challenge global assumptions about landscape degradation
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Data for: Are immigrants outbred and unrelated? Testing standard assumptions in a wild metapopulation
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Data from: Testing a key assumption of using drones as frightening devices: do birds perceive drones as risky?
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Testing the assumption of environmental equilibrium in an invasive plant species over a 130 year history
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Jaccard dissimilarity in stochastic community models based on the species-independence assumption
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Data from: Dealing with assumptions and sampling bias in the estimation of effective population size: A case study in an amphibian population
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Impact of model assumptions on the inference of the evolution of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in fungi
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Estimates of surface layer net community production based on underway Lagrangian measurements of the dissolved O2/Ar ratio using Equilibrator Inlet Mass Spectrometry (EIMS), based on both steady-state and non-steady-state assumptions of the mixed-layer biological oxygen budget. Also included are estimates of the potential contribution of vertical fluxes: advection, eddy diffusion, and entrainment.
The ratio of dissolved oxygen to argon in surface seawater is frequently employed to estimate rates of net community production (NCP) in the oceanic mixed layer. The in situ O2/Ar-based method accounts for many physical factors that influence oxygen concentrations in the surface ocean, permitting isolation of the biological oxygen signal produced by the balance of photosynthesis and respiration. However, this technique traditionally relies upon several assumptions when calculating the mixed layer O2/Ar budget, most notably the absence of vertical fluxes of O2/Ar and the existence of a steady-state balance between net productivity and the air-sea gas exchange of biological oxygen. Employing a Lagrangian study design and leveraging data outputs from a regional physical oceanographic model, we conducted in situ measurements of O2/Ar in the California Current Ecosystem in spring 2016 and summer 2017 to evaluate these assumptions within a ‘worst-case’ field environment. Quantifying the magnitude of vertical fluxes and comparing NCP estimates obtained using steady-state versus non-steady-state assumptions, we find the importance of the non-steady-state term to be considerable, also observing significant potential effects from vertical flux terms, particularly advection. Additionally, we observe strong diel variability in O2/Ar and calculated NCP rates at multiple stations. Our results reemphasize the importance of accounting for vertical fluxes when interpreting O2/Ar-derived NCP data as well as the potentially large effect of non-steady-state conditions, including diel cycles in surface O2/Ar that can bias interpretation of NCP data based on local productivity and the time of day at which measurements were made.
Fig. 23. Preferred area cladogram for Apodrosus, selected among six alternative cladograms produced under assumption 2 in Revision, phylogeny and historical biogeography of the genus Apodrosus Marshall, 1922 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae)
Fig. 23. Preferred area cladogram for Apodrosus, selected among six alternative cladograms produced under assumption 2 with component analysis, with inferred ancestral areas mapped on the main internal branch. Area labels as in Fig. 21. See text for further detail.
Confronting assumptions about prey selection by lunge-feeding whales using a process-based model
<ol> <li class="CH3AbstractCxSpFirst"><span>The relative energetic benefits of foraging on one type of prey rather than another are not easily measured, particularly for large free-ranging predators. Nonetheless, assumptions about preferred and alternative prey are frequently made when predicting how a predator may impact its environment, adapt to environmental change, or interact with human activities.</span></li> <li class="CH3AbstractCxSpMiddle"><span>We developed and implemented a process-based model to investigate the potential energetic benefit (PEB) of <i>in situ</i> foraging opportunities in rorqual whales. The model integrates and evaluates the energetic importance of measured prey patch characteristics (prey distribution, energy content and predator avoidance) and predator characteristics (morphometrics, foraging tactics and feeding rates). We applied the model to test the assumption that hatchery-released juvenile salmon are an "easy meal" for humpback whales compared to more common prey, herring and krill. </span></li> <li class="CH3AbstractCxSpMiddle"><span>In eleven out of the thirteen foraging situations considered, whales were found to be feeding in a manner where net energy gain was greater than the energetic costs of non-foraging swimming. Humpback whale PEB for hatchery-released juvenile salmon fell within the range of the PEB for krill and herring but varied by species, from relatively high PEB for chum salmon to relatively low for coho salmon. Our model provides behavioral insight as well, indicating that shallow feeding may be more important for reducing energy expenditure through slower lunge speeds than for increasing prey capture. The model also provides a means of identifying prey patch characteristics, with prey aggregation playing the largest role in determining PEB despite being a poor overall proxy for PEB, supporting the use of the complex model framework. </span></li> <li class="CH3AbstractCxSpLast"><span>Modeling approaches are especially valuable where they can use reasonable assumptions to substitute for lack of reliable observations, thereby integrating a range of interacting factors into a single framework. Additionally, because process-based models can make predictions outside the range of previously observed conditions, they will be increasingly useful in a changing climate.</span></li> </ol>
Secured Distributed Algorithms without Hardness Assumptions (video)
Full video presentation of the paper: Secured Distributed Algorithms without Hardness Assumptions.<br><br>Appears in Session 4 of the 24th International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems OPODIS 2020<br><a href="https://opodis2020.unistra.fr">https://opodis2020.unistra.fr</a>
Data from: Questioning assumptions of trophic behavior in a broadly ranging marine predator guild
We evaluated whether existing assumptions regarding the trophic ecology of a poorly-studied predator guild, northwest (NW) Atlantic skates (family: Rajidae), were supported across broad geographic scales. Four hypotheses were tested using carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope values as metrics of foraging behavior: 1) species exhibit ontogenetic shifts in habitat and thus display a shift in 13C with differential use of the continental shelf; 2) species exhibit ontogenetic prey shifts (i.e., from smaller to larger prey items) and become enriched in 15N; 3) individuals acquire energy from spatially confined local resource pools and exhibit limited displacement; and 4) species exhibit similarly sized and highly overlapping trophic niches. We found someweak evidence for ontogenetic shifts in habitat-use (δ13C) for thorny and little skate and diet (δ15N) for thorny and winter skate and hypothesize that individuals exhibit gradual trophic niche transition, especially in δ15N space, rather than a clear and distinct shift in diet throughout ontogeny. Spatial isoscapes generated for little, thorny, and winter skate, highlighted distinct spatial patterns in isotopic composition across the coastal shelf. For little and thorny skate, patterns mimicked the expected spatial variability in isotopic composition of phytoplankton/POM, suggesting limited displacement and utilization of spatially confined resource pools. Winter skate, however, exhibited a much narrower range of δ13C and δ15N, suggesting individuals may pool resources from a more confined latitudinal range. Although high total trophic niche overlap was observed between some species (e.g., little and thorny skate), sympatric species (e.g., little and winter skate) exhibited potential trophic niche separation. These findings offer new insight into the trophic dynamics of a poorly studied, vulnerable group of predators, and highlight a need to re-examine assumptions pertaining to aspects of their ecology.
Data from: Context-dependence of maternal effects: testing assumptions of optimal egg size, differential- and sex-allocation models
If offspring develop in adverse conditions, the maternal component of their phenotypic variation might increase due to the stronger dependence of offspring traits on parental investment. This should result in increased parental investment to individual offspring, as assumed by the model of optimal egg size. The opposite pattern, i.e., stronger dependence of offspring fitness on parental investment and consequently larger parental investment under good conditions is assumed by both the theory of differential allocation if attractive males provide material benefits, and reproductive compensation if they invest less into paternal care. Another influential idea is the Trivers-Willard model, which assumes sex-specific dependence of offspring fitness on parental investment. Here we tested these ideas by examining the effects of egg size on offspring fitness across many postnatal contexts in the Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. We employed a cross-fostering design that generated variation in egg size within nests and used brood means of fledgling mass as a functional measure of the quality of rearing conditions. Effects of egg size on three offspring traits, including lifetime reproductive success of recruits, were more pronounced in low-quality broods. These results support the assumption of the model of optimal egg size. Based on female preference for males providing material benefits, this pattern could support differential allocation, if attractive males invest less in paternal care, or reproductive compensation, if they invest more. By comparison, we did not find any evidence for sex specificity of fitness returns that might explain sex monomorphism of egg size in this species. The challenge for future studies will be the integration of components of parental investment and offspring fitness into their global measures and testing how the former affects the latter across gradients of postnatal conditions.
Data from: Evidence that implicit assumptions of 'no evolution' of disease vectors in changing environments can be violated on a rapid timescale
Projected impacts of climate change on vector-borne disease dynamics must consider many variables relevant to hosts, vectors and pathogens, including how altered environmental characteristics might affect the spatial distributions of vector species. However, many predictive models for vector distributions consider their habitat requirements to be fixed over relevant time-scales, when they may actually be capable of rapid evolutionary change and even adaptation. We examine the genetic signature of a spatial expansion by an invasive vector into locations with novel temperature conditions compared to its native range as a proxy for how existing vector populations may respond to temporally changing habitat. Specifically, we compare invasions into different climate ranges and characterize the importance of selection from the invaded habitat. We demonstrate that vector species can exhibit evolutionary responses (altered allelic frequencies) to a temperature gradient in as little as 7–10 years even in the presence of high gene flow, and further, that this response varies depending on the strength of selection. We interpret these findings in the context of climate change predictions for vector populations and emphasize the importance of incorporating vector evolution into models of future vector-borne disease dynamics.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.