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36 results for “Australian birds”
Counting the bodies: estimating the numbers and spatial variation of Australian reptiles, birds and mammals killed by two invasive mesopredators
<p>Aim: Introduced predators negatively impact biodiversity globally, with insular fauna often most severely affected. Here, we assess spatial variation in the number of terrestrial vertebrates (excluding amphibians) killed by two mammalian mesopredators introduced to Australia, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and feral cat (Felis catus). We aim to identify prey groups that suffer especially high rates of predation, and regions where losses to foxes and/or cats are most substantial. Location: Australia Methods: We draw information on the spatial variation in tallies of reptiles, birds and mammals killed by cats in Australia from published studies. We derive tallies for fox predation by (i) modelling continental-scale spatial variation in fox density, (ii) modelling spatial variation in the frequency of occurrence of prey groups in fox diet, (iii) analysing the number of prey individuals within dietary samples, and (iv) discounting animals taken as carrion. We derive point estimates of the numbers of individuals killed annually by foxes and by cats, and map spatial variation in these tallies. Results: Foxes kill more reptiles, birds and mammals (peaking at 1,071 km-2 yr-1) than cats (55 km-2 yr-1) across most of the unmodified temperate and forested areas of mainland Australia, reflecting the generally higher density of foxes than cats in these environments. However, across most of the continent – mainly the arid central and tropical northern regions (and on most Australian islands) – cats kill more animals than foxes. We estimate that foxes and cats together kill 697 million reptiles annually in Australia, 510 million birds and 1435 million mammals. Main conclusions: This continental-scale analysis demonstrates that predation by two introduced species takes a substantial and ongoing toll on Australian reptiles, birds and mammals. Continuing population declines and potential extinctions of some of these species threatens to further compound Australia's poor contemporary conservation record.</p>
Data from: Current geography masks dynamic history of gene flow during speciation in northern Australian birds
Genome divergence is greatly influenced by gene flow during early stages of speciation. As populations differentiate, geographical barriers can constrain gene flow and so affect the dynamics of divergence and speciation. Current geography, specifically disjunction and continuity of ranges, is often used to predict the historical gene flow during the divergence process. We test this prediction in eight meliphagoid bird species complexes codistributed in four regions. These regions are separated by known biogeographic barriers across northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. We find that bird populations currently separated by terrestrial habitat barriers within Australia and marine barriers between Australia and Papua New Guinea have a range of divergence levels and probability of gene flow not associated with current range connectivity. Instead, geographic distance and historical range connectivity better predict divergence and probability of gene flow. In this dynamic environmental context, we also find support for a nonlinear decrease of the probability of gene flow during the divergence process. The probability of gene flow initially decreases gradually after a certain level of divergence is reached. Its decrease then accelerates until the probability is close to zero. This implies that although geographic connectivity may have more of an effect early in speciation, other factors associated with higher divergence may play a more important role in influencing gene flow midway through and later in speciation. Current geographic connectivity may then mislead inferences regarding potential for gene flow during speciation under a complex and dynamic history of geographic and reproductive isolation.
FIGURES 28–35 in Four new species of the quill mite genus Picobia Heller, 1880 (Acari: Syringophilidae) parasitizing birds in the Australian Region
FIGURES 28–35. Picobia glossopsitta sp. nov. (female). 28, dorsal view; 29, ventral view; 30, hypostomal apex; 31, seta ve; 32, peritremes; 33, vulva; 34, tarsus III. Scale lines 100 µm (Figs. 28 and 29), 50 µm (Fig. 33), 2 0µm (Figs. 30– 34).
FIGURES 20–27 in Four new species of the quill mite genus Picobia Heller, 1880 (Acari: Syringophilidae) parasitizing birds in the Australian Region
FIGURES 20–27. Picobia corcoracus sp. nov. (female). 20, gnathosoma in dorsal view; 21, propodosoma in ventral view; 22, seta ve; 23, Propodosoma in dorsal view; 24, opisthosoma in ventral view; 25, opisthosoma in dorsal view; 26, opisthosomal lobe; 27, tarsus III. Scale lines 100 µm (Fig. 25); 75 µm (Figs. 21, 23, 24); 50 µm (Figs. 20, 26), 20µm (Figs. 22, 27).
FIGURES 8–12 in Four new species of the quill mite genus Picobia Heller, 1880 (Acari: Syringophilidae) parasitizing birds in the Australian Region
FIGURES 8–12. Picobia lemi sp. nov. (male). 8, dorsal view; 9, ventral view; 10, hypostomal apex; 11, vulva; 12, peritremes. Scale lines 100 µm (Figs. 8 and 9), 20 µm (Figs. 10–12).
FIGURES 13–19 in Four new species of the quill mite genus Picobia Heller, 1880 (Acari: Syringophilidae) parasitizing birds in the Australian Region
FIGURES 13–19. Picobia epthianura sp. nov. (female). 13, dorsal view; 14, ventral view; 15, hypostomal apex; 16, seta ve; 17, tarsus III; 18, peritremes; 19, vulva. Scale lines 50 µm (Figs. 13 and 14), 20 µm (Figs. 15–19).
FIGURES 1–7 in Four new species of the quill mite genus Picobia Heller, 1880 (Acari: Syringophilidae) parasitizing birds in the Australian Region
FIGURES 1–7. Picobia lemi sp. nov. (female). 1, dorsal view; 2, ventral view; 3, hypostomal apex; 4, seta ve; 5, peritremes; 6, tarsus III; 7, vulva. Scale lines 100 µm (Figs 1 and 2), 50 µm (Fig. 7), 20 µm (Figs. 3–6).
Counting the bodies: estimating the numbers and spatial variation of Australian reptiles, birds and mammals killed by two invasive mesopredators
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Data from: Effects of extreme weather on two sympatric Australian passerine bird species
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Data from: Current geography masks dynamic history of gene flow during speciation in northern Australian birds
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Data from: Perched at the mito-nuclear crossroads: divergent mitochondrial lineages correlate with environment in the face of ongoing nuclear gene flow in an Australian bird
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Data from: Darker where cold and wet: Australian birds follow their own version of Gloger's rule
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Data from: Multi-locus sequence data illuminate demographic drivers of Pleistocene speciation in semi-arid southern Australian birds (Cinclosoma spp.)
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Revealing the colourful side of birds: spatial distribution of conspicuous plumage colours on the body of Australian birds
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Data from: How do different aspects of biodiversity change through time? A case study on an Australian bird community
The study of ecological communities through time can reveal fundamental ecological processes and is key to understanding how natural and human pressures will affect biodiversity. Most studies of ecological communities through time consider only one or a few summary measures (e.g. species richness, total abundance), which might neglect important aspects of community structure or function. We studied temporal variation in several measures of species diversity, size diversity, and species composition in an intensively sampled bird community to determine whether different biodiversity measures change synchronously. We used a novel function regression model, which supports the study of diversity measures that are distributions (e.g. species abundance distributions) alongside measures that are scalar values (e.g. species richness). Most diversity measures changed predictably within years, but inter-annual changes in size diversity and species composition were not reflected in species diversity. Within and among years, there was considerable variation in distributional measures that was not captured in scalar measures. Predictable variation within years probably was related to seasonal variation in weather patterns or food availability, but variation in size diversity among years probably resulted from stochastic changes in species composition. These results suggest that species and size diversity may be decoupled, and that inferences on scalar diversity measures might not reflect fundamental changes to community structure or function. Our method supports the inclusion of size-based measures and distributional measures in ecological analyses, and broader uptake of our approach is likely to provide new insight into the processes structuring ecological communities, and inform the links between structure and function in ecological communities.
Data from: How do different aspects of biodiversity change through time? A case study on an Australian bird community
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