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FIGURE 11 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 11. Phylogeny of all valid and one putative species of Australoheros based on 38 morphological characters. Ottoni and Costa (2008), Ottoni et al. (2008), Ottoni and Cheffe (2009) and Ottoni (2010) have diagnosed the Brazilian coastal species by a unique combination of 14 + 12 vertebrae. Our examination of material from some of the drainages (see Figs E and F) instead shows a combination of 13 + 13 vertebrae, which is not unique among Australoheros. Our phylogenetic analyses have thus been performed with both combinations (14 + 12 in Figs A and B; 13 + 13 in Figs C – F). The three upper Figs (A, C, E) show maximum parsimony (MP) topologies, the lower three show neighbour joining (NJ) topologies (with branch lengths showing amount of morphological divergence; B, D, F). Numbers at nodes show bootstrap support. Bold black nodes and branches show agreement between all analyses (MP and NJ separately), bold grey nodes and branches agreement between two of three analyses. The interrupted-line boxes show the relationships and branch lengths among the northern Brazilian coastal species. Notable is the collaps of their relationships under the 13 + 13 scenario (Figs C – F) and the markedly short branches separating these species (Figs B, D, F). The short branches separating these species are much more similar to intraspecific variability among other species of Australoheros (grey boxes in Fig. F) than to interspecific branch lengths (grey-line boxes in Fig. F). This low differenciation of the northern Brazilian coastal species is also evident from Fig. E, where the morphological matrix (Appendices 1 and 2) is mapped onto the phylogeny (geographical distribution of the species is also shown). Most species, with the exception of the northern Brazilian coastal species, are diagnosed by unique characters or unique combinations of characters. The average number of changes among interspecific pairs described by Říčan and Kullander (2003, 2008, this study) is 98.5, while among intraspecific comparisions it is 20.7. The average for comparisons among the species described by Ottoni and Costa (2008), Ottoni et al. (2008), Ottoni and Cheffe (2009) and Ottoni (2010) is 20.5, i.e. corresponding to variation within species of Říčan and Kullander (op. cit.). Based on these considerations we believe that the number of described species from the northern Brazilian coastal drainages is a case of excessive splitting and that the species diversity is actually much lower.

FIGURE 8. Australoheros angiru. Holotype, MCP 13937, 73.2 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 8. Australoheros angiru. Holotype, MCP 13937, 73.2 mm SL, rio Jacutinga, rio Uruguai drainage, Brazil.

FIGURE 6 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 6. Australoheros ykeregua, MACN-ict 9472, 66.2 mm SL. This specimen shows a continuous lateral band extending beyond the midlateral spot and the checker-board spot pattern of unpaired fins (also evident in the holotype and the majority of specimens).

FIGURE 5 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 5. Australoheros ykeregua, MACN-ict 9470, 90.5 mm SL. This specimens shows the dark color of the dorsal fin and the midlateral blotch and vertical bars.

FIGURE 4 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 4. Australoheros ykeregua, MACN-ict 9467, 102.0 mm SL, holotype, right side (reversed). This specimen does not show vertical bars after preservation, but see Fig. 7 of the same specimens photographed alive.

FIGURE 3 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 3. Combined MP morphological-molecular phylogeny with between-state scaling internal weighting between morphological and molecular data (L=2457; N=1; CI=0.58; RI=0.49). Node support values show MP bootstrap for two types of analyses (left: between-state scaling internal weighting structure / right: all characters weighted equally).

FIGURE 9. Australoheros angiru. Paratype, MCP 13011, 48.1 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 9. Australoheros angiru. Paratype, MCP 13011, 48.1 mm SL, rio Jacutinga, rio Uruguai drainage, Brazil.

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 1. Tree-based delimitation using MP phylogenetic analysis of morphological data. The tree shown is one of two MP trees (L= 693; N=2; CI=0.51; RI=0.66), which differ only in the internal topology of A. angiru. Branch lengths represent morphological divergences.

FIGURE 7 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 7. Color plate. Horizontaly from upper left to lower right. Australoheros forquilha, rio Forquilha, rio Uruguai drainage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (not preserved). Australoheros ykeregua (MACN-ict 9467, holotype), río Uruguay drainage, arroyo Paraiso (or Canal Muerto), Misiones province, Argentina. Australoheros kaaygua (MACN-ict 9473), río Iguazú drainage, small stream 7 km SW from Andresito, Misiones province, Argentina. Australoheros angiru, male in neutral colors, rio Chopim, rio Iguaçu drainage, Paraná, Brazil (not preserved). A. angiru, male and female in breeding colors guarding fry, same locality (not preserved). All A. angiru photographs courtesy of Wolfgang Staeck.

FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 2. Molecular phylogeny of the Río de la Plata basin Australoheros species using BI. Node support values shown for MP/BI analyses. The alternative dotted topology represents neighbor-joining (NJ) analysis. Asterisk denotes posterior probability of 1.00.

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FIGURE 5 in The Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae) species of the Uruguay and Paraná River drainages

FIGURE 5. Diagnostic head markings of A. scitulus (A) and A. forquilha (B, C).

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Supplementary material 1 from: Ottoni FP, Mattos JLO, Katz AM, Bragança PHN (2019) Phylogeny and species delimitation based on molecular approaches on the species of the Australoheros autrani group (Teleostei, Cichlidae), with biogeographic comments. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(1): 49-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.31658

: Data type: Adobe PDF file

Figure 4 from: Ottoni FP, Mattos JLO, Katz AM, Bragança PHN (2019) Phylogeny and species delimitation based on molecular approaches on the species of the Australoheros autrani group (Teleostei, Cichlidae), with biogeographic comments. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(1): 49-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.31658

Figure 4 Time-scaled phylogeny obtained from the Bayesian analysis in BEAST. Values above nodes are mean average ages of the nodes, followed below blue bars representing the 95% highest posterior densities intervals for estimated ages; numbers indicated by arrows are the posterior probability obtained from the Bayesian analysis in MrBayes followed by the node number, corresponding to the node numbers of the Figure 2 and Box 1. PP means posterior probability.

Figure 3 from: Ottoni FP, Mattos JLO, Katz AM, Bragança PHN (2019) Phylogeny and species delimitation based on molecular approaches on the species of the Australoheros autrani group (Teleostei, Cichlidae), with biogeographic comments. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(1): 49-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.31658

Figure 3 Species delimitation tree generated by the Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes (bPTP) model, using a fragment of the mitochondrial gene CYTB. Black lines indicate branching processes among species, red lines indicate branching processes within species. Species of the A.autrani species group delimited through bPTP are indicated with grey bars.

Figure 2 from: Ottoni FP, Mattos JLO, Katz AM, Bragança PHN (2019) Phylogeny and species delimitation based on molecular approaches on the species of the Australoheros autrani group (Teleostei, Cichlidae), with biogeographic comments. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(1): 49-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.31658

Figure 2 Phylogenetic haplotype tree based on Bayesian Inference (BI). Numbers above branches are posterior probability values, and below branches are numbered nodes which represent the combination of nucleotide substitution which define the species (in CBB) or clades. The nucleotide substitutions (CBB) can be checked in box1. Posterior probability value supporting the Australoherosautrani group is indicated in blue, as well as, the three clades herein proposed within this species group are indicated in green. Species of the in-group delimited though the tree based method (WP) are indicated with red bars, as well as, the species of the in-group delimited by nucleotide substitution method (CBB) have their nodes marked in red.

Figure 1 from: Ottoni FP, Mattos JLO, Katz AM, Bragança PHN (2019) Phylogeny and species delimitation based on molecular approaches on the species of the Australoheros autrani group (Teleostei, Cichlidae), with biogeographic comments. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(1): 49-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.31658

Figure 1 Map of the samples obtained for the present work. Circles = Australoherosautrani species group; Red circles = Southern Mata Atlântica clade; Yellow circles = Upper/middle Paraíba do Sul river basin and adjacent drainages clade; Green circles – Northern Mata Atlântica clade; and Square = A. sp. Timbé do Sul. Localities: A.autrani = 1 and 18, A.barbosae = 2, 3, 10, 11 and 19, A.ipatinguensis = 4, A.macacuensis = 5, A.macaensis = 6, A.muriae = 9, A.perdi = 12, A.ribeirae = 14, A.robustus = 7, 8, 15, 16 and 20, A.sanguineus = 17, A.cf.capixaba = 13, and A. sp. Timbé do Sul = 21.