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769 results for “Background”
Background music and cognitive task performance: systematic review dataset
<p>This repository contains the raw data used for a systematic review of the impact of background music on cognitive task performance (Cheah et al., 2022). Our intention is to facilitate future updates to this work.</p><p><strong>Contents description</strong></p><p>This repository contains eight Microsoft Excel files, each containing the synthesised data pertaining to each of the six cognitive domains analysed in the review, as well as task difficulty, and population characteristics:</p><ul><li><i>raw-data-attention</i></li><li><i>raw-data-inhibition</i></li><li><i>raw-data-language</i></li><li><i>raw-data-memory</i></li><li><i>raw-data-thinking</i></li><li><i>raw-data-processing-speed</i></li><li><i>raw-data-task-difficulty</i></li><li><i>raw-data--population</i></li></ul><p><strong>Files description</strong></p><p><i>Tabs organisation</i></p><p>The files pertaining to each cognitive domain include individual tabs for each cognitive task analysed (c.f. Figure 2 in the original paper for the list of cognitive tasks). The file with the population characteristics data also contains separate tabs for each characteristic (extraversion, music training, gender, and working memory capacity).</p><p><i>Tabs contents</i></p><p>In all files and tabs, each row corresponds to the data of a test. The same article can have more than one row if it reports multiple tests. For instance, the study by Cassidy and MacDonald (2007; cf. <i>Memory.xlsx</i>, tab: <i>Memory-all</i>) contains two experiments (immediate and delayed free recall) each with multiple test (immediate free recall: tests 25 – 32; delayed free recall: tests 58 – 61). Each test (one per row), in this experiment, pertains to comparisons between conditions where the background music has different levels of arousal, between groups of participants with different extraversion levels, between different tasks material (words or paragraphs) and different combinations of the previous (e.g., high arousing music vs silence test among extraverts whilst completing an immediate free recall task involving paragraphs; cf. test 30).</p><p>The columns are organised as follows:</p><ul><li>"TESTS": the index of the test in a particular tab (for easy reference);</li><li>"ID": abbreviation of the cognitive tasks involved in a specific experiment (see glossary for meaning);</li><li>"REFERENCE": the article where the data was taken from (see main publications for list of articles);</li><li>"CONDITIONS": an abbreviated description of the music condition of a given test;</li><li>"MEANS (music)": the average performance across all participants in a given experiment with background music;</li><li>"MEANS (silence)": the average performance across all participants in a given experiment without background music.</li></ul><p>Then, in horizontal arrangement, we also include groups of two columns that breakdown specific comparisons related to each test (i.e., all tests comparing the same two types of condition, e.g., L-BgM vs I-BgM, will appear under the same set of columns). For each one, we indicate mean difference between the respective conditions ("MD" column) and the direction of effect ("Standard Metric" column). Each file also contains a "Glossary" tab that explains all the abbreviations used in each document.</p><p><strong>Bibliography</strong></p><p>Cheah, Y., Wong, H. K., Spitzer, M., & Coutinho, E. (2022). Background music and cognitive task performance: A systematic review of task, music and population impact. <i>Music & Science, 5</i>(1), 1-38. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735699272005">https://doi.org/10.1177/20592043221134392</a></p>
Strong collisionless coupling between an unmagnetized driver plasma and a magnetized background plasma
<p>This repository contains some of the simulation data presented in the recent article in plasma physics titled "Strong collisionless coupling between an unmagnetized driver plasma and a magnetized background plasma" (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.00149">https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.00149</a>). The data available are for 1D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations that consider the interaction between a uniform unmagnetized driver plasma flowing against a uniform magnetized background plasma, for multiple values of the driver density and background magnetic field. The simulations were performed with OSIRIS, a massively parallel and fully-relativistic, PIC code.</p> <p>Using the data from the simulations, we studied the coupling between the plasmas and determined the compression ratio and the velocities of the magnetic cavity and magnetic compression that were visible in the simulations. More information on the simulations and on the obtained results are presented in the article.</p> <p>The datasets contain the main data of some of the simulations presented in the paper (.h5 files), the coupling parameters measured in the simulations (coupling_data.csv), and a Jupyter Notebook file to look at the simulation results from the available datasets (read_dataset.ipynb).</p>
Background optimization of powder electron diffraction to implement e-PDF technique and study the local structure of iron oxide nanocrystals
<p>The local structural characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles is explored using a total scattering analysis method known as Pair Distribution Function (PDF) (also known as Reduced Density Function) profiles derived from background corrected powder electron diffraction patterns. Due to the strong coulombic interaction between the electron beam and the sample, electron diffraction generally leads to multiple scattering, causing redistribution of intensities towards higher scattering angles and an increased background in the diffraction profile. In addition to this, the electron-specimen interaction gives rise to an undesirable inelastic scattering signal that contributes primarily to the background. The present work demonstrates the efficacy of a pre-treatment of the underlying complex background function, which is a combination of both incoherent multiple and inelastic scatterings that cannot be identical for different electron beam energies. Therefore, two different background subtraction approaches are proposed for the electron diffraction patterns acquired at 80 kV and 300 kV beam energies. From the least square refinement (small-box modelling), both approaches are found to be very promising, leading to a successful implementation of the e-PDF technique to study the local structure of the considered nanomaterial.</p>
Data and code for gmd-2023-113 "Parameter estimation for ocean background vertical diffusivity coefficients in the Community Earth System Model (v1.2.1) and its impact on ENSO forecast"
<p>Data and code for the paper "Parameter estimation for ocean background vertical diffusivity coefficients in the Community Earth System Model (v1.2.1) and its impact on ENSO forecast"</p> <p>includes: </p> <p>The model is Community Earth System Model (v1.2.1) (provided by www.cesm.ucar.edu)</p> <p>Data assimilation code is initially provided by Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) (https://dart.ucar.edu/), some modifications are made to enable parameter estimation function of ocean background vertical diffusivity coefficients. And the programs and scripts for deal with OISST and EN4 profiles are also developed.</p> <p>The parameter sensitivity experiment results are saved as <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/6e5b4bfa-61cf-44bc-8e15-e62fab467ea6/sensitive2008-2012.nc">sensitive2008-2012.nc</a> and <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/6e5b4bfa-61cf-44bc-8e15-e62fab467ea6/sensitive2008-2012salt.nc">sensitive2008-2012salt.nc</a> for temperature and salinity, respectively. And the python script to draw the results is </p> <p>The state estimation results are provided as <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/6e5b4bfa-61cf-44bc-8e15-e62fab467ea6/Temp_05-17.nc">Temp_05-17.nc</a> and <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/6e5b4bfa-61cf-44bc-8e15-e62fab467ea6/Temp_05-17.nc">Salt_05-17.nc</a> for temperature and salinity, respectively.</p> <p>The parameter estimation results are provided as <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/6e5b4bfa-61cf-44bc-8e15-e62fab467ea6/PE_Temp_05-17.nc">PE_Temp_05-17.nc</a> and <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/6e5b4bfa-61cf-44bc-8e15-e62fab467ea6/PE_Temp_05-17.nc">PE_Salt_05-17.nc</a> for temperature and salinity, respectively.</p> <p>the estimated paremeter ensemble is saved in <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/6e5b4bfa-61cf-44bc-8e15-e62fab467ea6/parameters.nc">parameters.nc</a></p> <p>the python script for comparing the SE and PE results is <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/6e5b4bfa-61cf-44bc-8e15-e62fab467ea6/plot_analysis.py">plot_analysis.py</a></p> <p>the nino3.4 indices computed by the forecast experiment is saved in <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/6e5b4bfa-61cf-44bc-8e15-e62fab467ea6/fcst_correlation.nc">fcst_correlation.nc</a></p> <p> </p>
IoT device identification - Background
<p>Background measurements of the 868 MHz ISM band.</p> <p>Frequency: 863-870 MHz (center 866,5 MHz)</p> <p>Sample Frequency: 10 MSPS</p> <p>Date of measurement: 15 November 2018</p> <p>Location: Connectivity Lab, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7C, Aalborg University, Denmark</p>
Data from: Breaking Barriers? Ethnicity and socioeconomic background impact on early career progression in the fields of ecology and evolution
<p>The academic disciplines of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) have long suffered from a lack of diversity. While in recent years there has been some progress in addressing the underrepresentation of women in STEM subjects, other characteristics that have the potential to impact on equality of opportunity have received less attention. In this study, we surveyed 188 early career scientists (ECRs), defined as within ten years of completing their PhD, in the fields of ecology, evolutionary biology, behaviour, and related disciplines. We examined associations between ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, sex, socioeconomic background, and disability, with measures of career progression, namely publication record, number of applications made before obtaining a postdoc, type of contract, and number of grant applications made. We also queried respondents on perceived barriers to progression, and potential ways of overcoming them. Our key finding was that socioeconomic background and ethnicity were associated with measures of career progression. While there was no difference in the number of reported first-authored papers on PhD completion, ethnic minority respondents reported fewer other-authored papers. In addition, ECRs from a lower socioeconomic background were more likely to report being in teaching and research positions, rather than research only positions, the latter being perceived as more prestigious by some institutions. We discuss our findings in the context of possible inequality of opportunity. We hope that this study will stimulate wider discussion, and help to inform strategies to address the underrepresentation of minority groups in the fields of ecology and evolution, and STEM subjects more widely.</p>
Data archive for the peer-reviewed journal article "Variability in the mass absorption cross-section of black carbon (BC) aerosols is driven by BC internal mixing state at a central European background site (Melpitz, Germany) in winter""
<p>Data archive for figures accompanying the peer-reviewed journal article "Variability in the mass absorption cross-section of black carbon (BC) aerosols is driven by BC internal mixing state at a central European background site (Melpitz, Germany) in winter". In 2020 this article was accepted for publication in the journal <em>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</em>. Data are uploaded in the form of Igor Pro experiment files (.pxp).</p>
Code and Data for: "Signs of local adaptation and phenotypic plastic response to elevation shifted between environmental backgrounds in Snapdragon plants"
<p>Code and data for manuscript: "Signs of local adaptation and phenotypic plastic response to elevation shifted between environmental backgrounds in Snapdragon plants"</p>
Using Blender EEVEE for the Generation of Real Time Background Plate in Green Screen Movie Shots
<p>This talk will introduce you to the use of blender EEVEE for green screen shots for a short movie. Green (and blue) screen shots are notoriously difficult to get the lighting condition right, since the image from the camera is dominated by the bright green background. It is very helpful on the set to see in real time the final composition of the scene with the proper background to make adjustments of the camera and the lighting position and the lighting intensity and color.<br> For the shots a large volume mocap solution (Optitrack) was used to track the movie camera (Arri Alexa) and the transformation data was sent to Blender to animate the virtual camera. The previously laser scanned background was rendered in real time in EEVEE. To combine the camera image and the rendered image a dedicated live-keying hardware was used. The described set-up was used in connection with the research project Virtually Real – Aesthetics and Perception of Virtual Spaces in Film by the Zurich University of the Arts and the University of Bern, funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation. <br> </p>
FIG. 3 in Catching tuna in the Aegean: biological background of tuna fisheries and the archaeological implications
FIG. 3. — Beach seine fishing scene on a Mycenean hydria (12th c. BC) from Naxos. The large fish in the net are probably tuna (reproduced from Hadjianastasiou 1991).
FIG. 2 in Catching tuna in the Aegean: biological background of tuna fisheries and the archaeological implications
FIG. 2. — Thynnus sp. bones from Late Classical strata (400-300 BC) at Kalaureia, Poros island. Scale bar: 4 cm. Credits: D. Mylona, Kalaureia excavations photographic archive.
FIG. 5 in Catching tuna in the Aegean: biological background of tuna fisheries and the archaeological implications
FIG. 5. — Sketch of a thynneion (stationary tuna trap) at Kandylio a few short distance north of Halieis (reproduced from Panagiotopoulos 1914).
FIG. 4 in Catching tuna in the Aegean: biological background of tuna fisheries and the archaeological implications
FIG. 4. — Wall painting of one of the two Little Fishermen from the so called West House at Akrotiri,Thera. The fish he holds are little tunny (Euthynnus allet- teratus Rafinesque, 1810) or bullet tunny (Auxis rochei Risso, 1810) (reproduced from Doumas 1992).
The imprint on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) of Bianchi cosmologies
<p>These animations display the imprint that homogeneous but anisotropic Bianchi models induce in the cosmic microwave background (CMB).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p>scalars_movie.mp4 : Bianchi VIIh/VII0 scalar modes, imprint on the CMB for varying morphology parameters (matter and dark-energy density, rotation scale of shear principal axes)</p> <p>vectors_movie.mp4: Bianchi VIIh/VII0 vector modes, imprint on the CMB for varying morphology parameters (matter and dark-energy density, rotation scale of shear principal axes)</p> <p>tensor_movie.mp4: Bianchi VIIh/VII0 regular tensor modes, imprint on the CMB for varying morphology parameters (matter and dark-energy density, rotation scale of shear principal axes)</p> <p>Additional fixed parameters for the three animations above:<br /> cold-dark-matter physical density: 0.112<br /> baryon physical density: 0.226<br /> Pattern orientation additionally fixed to put spiral in full view</p> <p>_____________________________</p> <p>SVTT_movie.mp4: combinations of Bianchi VIIh/VII0 scalar, vector, regular and irregular tensor modes for varying relative amplitudes of these degrees of freedom and phase angle.</p> <p>Additional fixed parameters:<br /> cold-dark-matter physical density: 0.112<br /> baryon physical density 0.0226<br /> matter density: 0.27<br /> dark energy density: 0.7<br /> rotation scale of shear principal axes: 0.5<br /> Pattern orientation additionally fixed to put spiral in full view</p>
Numerical simulation of the equatorial plasma bubble: the effect of seeding by the vertical winds and random background noise perturbations.
<p>A wide variety of small-amplitude waves widely exist in the ionosphere and have significant effects on the evolution of equatorial plasma bubbles. In this paper, we simulated equatorial plasma bubbles (EPB) seeded by vertical neutral wind perturbations with wavelengths of 125 km and 250 km, and compared the morphology characteristics of plasma bubble structures with those under random noise perturbations in the background density. The numerical results showed that both vertical winds and random background noise perturbations can contribute to the growth of plasma bubbles, and the perturbations under additional random background noise can promote the growth of the plasma bubble structures faster. Additionally, several processes of the nonlinear behavior of bifurcated EPB structures, including bifurcation, pinching, and small-scale turbulent structures, were successfully obtained. Our simulation captured supersonic flows within the low-density plasma structures characterized by vertical velocities of about 1.5 km/s, which is consistent with experimental studies found in the literature.</p>
Data from: Background matching can reduce responsiveness of jumping spiders to stimuli in motion
<p><span>Motion and camouflage were previously considered to be mutually exclusive, as sudden movements can be easily detected.</span> <span>Background matching, for instance, is a well-known, effective camouflage strategy where the color and pattern of a stationary animal match its surrounding background. However, background matching may lose its efficacy when the animal moves, as the boundaries of the animal become more defined against its background. Recent evidence shows otherwise, as camouflaged objects can be less detectable than uncamouflaged objects even while in motion.</span><span> Here, we explored if the detectability of computer-generated stimuli varies with the speed of motion, background (matching and unmatching) and size of stimuli in six species of jumping spiders </span><span>(Araneae: Salticidae)</span><span>. Our results showed that in general, the responsiveness of all six salticid species tested decreased with increasing stimulus speed regardless of whether the stimuli were conspicuousness or camouflaged. Importantly, salticid responses to camouflaged stimuli were significantly lower compared to conspicuous stimuli. There were significant differences in motion detectability across species when the stimuli were conspicuous, suggesting differences in visual acuity in closely related species of jumping spiders. Furthermore, small stimuli elicited significantly lower responses than large stimuli across species and speeds. </span><span>Our results thus suggest that background matching is effective even when stimuli are in motion, reducing the detectability of moving stimuli.</span></p>
Main model fits and substitution rate predictions for: A quantitative genetic model of background selection in humans
<p>Across the human genome, there are large-scale fluctuations in genetic diversity caused by the indirect effects of selection. This can be thought of as a "linked selection signal" that reflects the impact of selection varying according to the placement of functional regions and recombination rates along the genome. Previous work has shown that negative selection against the steady influx of new deleterious mutations into conserved regions is the predominant mode of selection in humans. However, the theoretic model that underpins these results, classic Background Selection theory, is only applicable when new mutations are so deleterious that they cannot fix in the population. Here, we develop a statistical method based on a quantitative genetics view of the linked selection, which models the effects of weak draft created according to how polygenic additive fitness variance is distributed along the genome. We use a recent model that jointly predicts the equilibrium fitness variance and substitution rates due to both strong and weakly deleterious mutations, we estimate the distribution of fitness effects (DFE) and mutation rate across three human populations. While our model can accommodate weaker selection, we initially find evidence across three human populations of very strong selection against deleterious mutations consistent with previous work. However, the corollary predicted substitution rates for conserved regions are unreasonably low, and in disagreement with observed rates. We hypothesize this could be due to selected sites experiencing a further diminished population size due to selective interference. When we account for this in our method, we find evidence of weakly deleterious mutations in conserved regions which brings the predicted substitution rate into agreement with observations. However, these models lead to implausibly large mutation rate estimates. Overall, while our model of the genomic linked selection signal brings us a step towards uniting population and quantitative genetic selection models with the substitution process, our work suggests considerable uncertainty remains about the processes generating fitness variance in humans.</p>
Amazona obscured occurrences, background points, and environmental data
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Introduced species offer insight on whether and how organisms can shift their ecological niches during translocation. The genus <em>Amazona</em> offers a clear test case, where sister species Red-crowned (<em>A. viridigenalis</em>) and Lilac-crowned Parrots (<em>A. finschi</em>) have established breeding populations in southern California following introduction via the pet trade from Mexico where they do not coexist. After establishment in the 1980s, introduced population sizes have increased, with mixed species flocks found throughout urban Los Angeles. Here, we investigate the differences between the environmental conditions of the native and introduced ranges of these now co-occurring species.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Southern California and Mexico.</p> <p><strong>Method</strong>s: Using environmental data on climate and habitat from their native and introduced ranges, we tested whether Red-crowned and Lilac-crowned Parrots have divergent realized niches between their native ranges, and whether each species has significantly shifted its realized niche to inhabit urban southern California. We also analyzed data from Texas and Florida introductions of Red-crowned Parrots for comparative analysis.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>There are significant differences in the native-range niches of both parrot species, but a convergence into a novel, shared environmental niche into urban southern California, characterized by colder temperatures, less tree cover, and lower rainfall. Texas and Florida Red-crowned Parrots also show evidence for niche shifts with varying levels of niche conservatism through the establishment of somewhat different realized niches.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions: </strong>Despite significant niche shifts, introduced parrots are thriving, suggesting a broad fundamental niche and an ability to exploit urban resources. Unique niche shifts in different U.S. introductions indicate that <em>Amazona</em> parrots can adapt to diverse environmental conditions, with cities offering a resource niche and the timing of introduction playing a crucial role. Cities can potentially serve as refugia for threatened parrot species, but the risk of hybridization between species emphasizes the need for ongoing monitoring and genetic investigations.</p>
RASP: A new method for single puncta detection in complex cellular backgrounds
<p>Super-resolution and single-molecule microscopy are increasingly applied to complex biological systems. A major challenge of this approach is that fluorescent puncta must be detected in the low signal, high noise, heterogeneous background environments of cells and tissue. We present RASP, Radiality Analysis of Single Puncta, a bioimaging-segmentation method that solves this problem. RASP removes false positive puncta that other analysis methods detect, and detects features over a broad range of spatial scales: from single proteins to complex cell phenotypes. RASP outperforms the state-of-the-art in precision and speed, using image gradients to separate Gaussian-shaped objects from background. We demonstrate RASP's power by showing it can extract spatial correlations between microglia, neurons, and alpha-synuclein oligomers in the human brain. This sensitive, computationally efficient approach enables fluorescent puncta and cellular features to be distinguished in cellular and tissue environments with a sensitivity down to the level of the single protein. </p>
The Genetic Background of Hearing Loss in Patients with EVA and Cochlear Malformation
<p>This dataset comprises likely pathogenic variants identified through next-generation sequencing (NGS) using a multigene panel (237 genes associated with hearing loss), as well as clinical exome sequencing (TruSightOne Sequencing Panel). Raw data obtained during variant validation using Sanger sequencing method are also included. Furthermore, audiometric data are attached, from which the average air-conduction thresholds for ears with EVA malformation were determined.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Abstract manuscripts: </strong></p> <p>The most frequently observed congenital inner ear malformation is enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA). It is often accompanied with incomplete partition type 2 (IP2) of the cochlea and a dilated vestibule, which together constitute Mondini malformation. Pathogenic SLC26A4 variants are considered the major cause of inner ear malformation but the genetics still needs clarification. The aim of this study was to identify the cause of EVA in patients with hearing loss (HL). Genomic DNA was isolated from HL patients with radiologically confirmed bilateral EVA (n = 23) and analyzed by next generation sequencing using a custom HL gene panel encompassing 237 HL-related genes or a clinical exome. The presence and segregation of selected variants and the CEVA haplotype (in the 5′ region of SLC26A4) was verified by Sanger sequencing. Minigene assay was used to evaluate the impact of novel synonymous variant on splicing. Genetic testing identified the cause of EVA in 17/23 individuals (74%). Two pathogenic variants in the SLC26A4 gene were identified as the cause of EVA in 8 of them (35%), and a CEVA haplotype was regarded as the cause of EVA in 6 of 7 patients (86%) who carried only one SLC26A4 genetic variant. In two individuals with a phenotype matching branchio-oto-renal (BOR) spectrum disorder, cochlear hypoplasia resulted from EYA1 pathogenic variants. In one patient, a novel variant in CHD7 was detected. Our study shows that SLC26A4, together with the CEVA haplotype, accounts for more than half of EVA cases. Syndromic forms of HL should also be considered in patients with EVA. We conclude that to better understand inner ear development and the pathogenesis of its malformations, there is a need to look for pathogenic variants in noncoding regions of known HL genes or to link them with novel candidate HL genes.</p>
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