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Fig. 7 in Pterosauria of the Great Oolite Group (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire, England

Fig. 7. Examples of Taynoton Limestone Formation limb elements from Taynton Limestone Formation (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic), Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, UK. A. NHMUK PV R 40126, left femur in anterior view. B. NHMUK PV R 11186, left? wing phalanx in dorsal view. These fossils are complete enough for a full description but do not have a great deal of taxonomic significance. They are presented here as examples of the majority of the Stonesfield Slate pterosaur assemblage and are described in SOM 2. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 4 in Pterosauria of the Great Oolite Group (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire, England

Fig. 4. The holotype of rhamphorhynchid pterosaur Klobiodon rochei gen. et. sp. nov. (NHMUK PV OR 47991) from Stonesfield Slate Member, Taynton Limestone Formation (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic), Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, UK; right mandible in right lateral view.

Fig. 3 in Pterosauria of the Great Oolite Group (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire, England

Fig. 3. Pterosaur first wing phalanges from Taynton Limestone Formation (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic), Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, UK. A. The holotype of Pterodactylus duncani Owen, 1874 (NHMUK PV R 40126 B), right wing phalanx I in dorsal view. B. The holotype of Pterodactylus kiddi Owen, 1874 NHMUK PV R 40126 C), left wing phalanx I in ventral view. C. The type specimen of Pterodactylus aclandi Owen, 1874 (NHMUK PV R 40126 A), right wing phalanx I in ventral view. All three species considered to be nomina dubia.

Fig. 2. A in Pterosauria of the Great Oolite Group (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire, England

Fig. 2. A. The holotype mandible ("Huxley 1859: fig. 2") of "Rhamphocephalus" bucklandi (Meyer, 1832) (nomen nudum) from Taynton Limestone Formation (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic), Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, UK, which has since gone missing and is presumed lost. B. The holotype mandible (GSM 113723) of "Rhamphocephalus" depressirostris Huxley, 1859 from Fuller's Earth Formation (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic), Smith's Quarry, Sarsden, Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, UK. Both after Huxley (1859: figs. 1a/1b and 2 respectively). No scales in the original figures.

Fig. 7 in Palaeoenvironmental control on distribution of crinoids in the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of England and France

Fig. 7. Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) crinoid elements from England. A. Cup Apiocrinites sp. B. Articular view of Apiocrinites sp. 1 BM(NH) EE 5843, Forest Marble Watton Cliff. C. Articular view of Millericrinus cf. exilis (de Loriol, 1882) BM(NH) EE 5844, Forest Marble Watton Cliff. D. Brachial ossicles of Comatulid indet. E. Centrodorsal ossicle of Solanocrinites ooliticus (Gislén 1925) BM(NH) EE 5841, Forest Marble Watton Cliff. F. Syzygial articulum of comatulid indet. BM(NH) EE 5840, Forest Marble Watton Cliff. G. Centrodorsal ossicles of Solanocrinites ooliticus (Gislén 1925) BM(NH) E68067−9, Forest Marble, Gloucestershire. Scale bars: A–D, G, 10 mm; E, F, 5 mm.

Fig. 1 in Palaeoenvironmental control on distribution of crinoids in the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of England and France

Fig. 1. Field localities in England and France (see Appendix 1) showing Jurassic and Bathonian outcrops. 1, Rhynchonelloidella wattonensis Beds 14 (= Wattonensis Beds 14), Watton Cliff; 2, Bed Z, Blockley Station Quarry; 3, Pecten Bed, Blockley Station Quarry; 4, Wattonensis Beds 3–11, Watton Cliff; 5, Rugitella Beds, East Cranmore; 6, Boueti Bed, Herbury Point; 7, Lower Cornbrash, Kirtlington; 8, Forest Marble, Watton Cliff; 9, Bradford Clay, Browns Folly; 10, Bradford Clay, Forest Marble, Old Canal Quarry; 11, Bradford Clay, Springfield; 12, Forest Marble, Sunhill Bradford Bed; 13, Sharps Hill Formation, Northleach; 14, Hampen Marly Formation, Hampen Cutting; 15, Sharps Hill Formation (Eyford member), Hampen Cutting; 16, Eyford Member, Huntsmans Quarry; 17, Sharps Hill Formation, Hornsleaslow Quarry; 18, Stonesfield Slate, Stonesfield; 19, Argiles de Lion, Sword Beach; 20, Caillasses de la Basse−Ecarde, Juno Beach; 21, Bath Rags, Ford Road Cutting; 22, Calcaire des Pichotts, Belle Houllefort; 23, Calcaire de Langrune, Sword Beach; 24, Caillasses de la Basse−Ecarde, Sword Beach; 25, Taynton Limestone, Huntsmans Quarry; 26, Sevenhampton Rhynchonellid Bed, Taynton Limestone, Hampen Cutting; 27, Rutland Formation, Woodeaton Quarry; 28, Forest Marble Formation, Kirtlington Old Cement Works; 29, White Limestone, Ardley Member, Kirtlington; 30, Sharps Hill Formation, Oakham Quarry; 31, Causses du Quercy Limestones. Dordogne Valley; 32, Doue Oncolite. Doue Valley; 33, Blisworth Limestone. Ketton Castle Cement Quarry; 34, Rutland Formation. Ketton Castle Cement Quarry.

Fig. 6. A–E in Palaeoenvironmental control on distribution of crinoids in the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of England and France

Fig. 6. A–E. Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) crinoid elements from England and France. Symplectial articulum of Isocrinus nicoleti (Desor, 1845). A. BM(NH)EE5834, Calcaire de Langrune Sword Beach. B. BM(NH)EE5835, Taynton Limestone, Huntsmans Quarry. C–E. BM(NH)EE36 (C), BM(NH)EE37 (D), BM(NH) EE 13503 (E), Forest Marble, Watton Cliff. F. Brachial muscular synarthry of brachial Isocrinus nicoleti (Desor, 1845), BM(NH) EE 5839, Forest Marble Watton Cliff. G. Symplectial articulum of Isocrinus sp. 3, BM(NH) EE 5779, White Limestone, Kirtlington. H. Cryptosyzygial articulum of brachial. Isocrinus sp. 3, BM(NH) EE 13504, White Limestone, Kirtlington. I. Symplectial articulum of Isocrinus sp. 2, BM(NH) EE 13505, Taynton Limestone, Huntsmans Quarry. J. Articulum of cirral ossicles of Isocrinus sp. 2 BM(NH) EE 5778, Taynton Limestone, Huntsmans Quarry. K. Pluricirral of Isocrinus sp. 2, BM(NH)EE 13506, Taynton Limestone, Huntsmans Quarry. L. Isocrinus nicoleti (Desor 1845) BM(NH) EE 5780. Forest Marble, Kirtlington. L1, noditaxis with articular face of the columnals; L2, magnified articular face. M. Cryptosyzygial articulum brachial of Isocrinus sp. 1 BM(NH) EE 5838 4, bed 50 Hampen Marly Beds, Hampen Cutting. N. Pluricirral and symplectial articulum of Isocrinus sp. 1., BM(NH)EE 13507, bed 50, Hampen Marly Beds. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 5 in Palaeoenvironmental control on distribution of crinoids in the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of England and France

Fig. 5. Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) crinoid elements from England. A. Symplectial articulum of Chariocrinus sp. 1, BMNH EE 5770, bed 14. B. Symplectial articulum of Balanocrinus cf. subteres (Münster in Goldfuss, 1831), BMNH EE 5771, bed 9, Watton Cliff. C. Symplectial articulum of Chariocrinus sp. 1 BMNH EE 5772, East Cranmore. D. Chariocrinus sp. 1, BM(NH) EE 5773, Hornsleaslow. D1, symplectial articulum; D2, noditaxis. E. Symplectial articulum of Chariocrinus aff. wuertembergicus (Oppel, 1856), BM(NH) EE 5774, bed 3, Watton Cliff. F. Symplectial articulum of Chariocrinus aff. wuertembergicus (Oppel, 1856), BM(NH)EE 13500, bed 3 Watton Cliff. G. Noditaxis of Chariocrinus aff. wuertembergicus, BM(NH) EE 5775, bed 3, Watton Cliff. H, I. Cryptosyzygial articulum of brachial Chariocrinus sp. 1, Hornsleaslow, BM(NH) EE 5776 (H) and BM(NH) EE 13501 (I). J, K. Articula of cirral ossicles of Pentacrinites cf. dargniesi (Hess 1972), Taynton Limestone, BM(NH)EE 13502 (J) and BM(NH) EE 5777 (K). Scale bars 3 mm.

Fig. 14 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 14. Diagrams to illustrate postulated evolution of occlusion. A–E. Divergence between Allotheria and Mammaliaformes. The teeth are seen mesiodistally, buccal to the left. Arrows indicate direction of the power stroke. A. Plesiomorphic condition, e.g., Sinoconodon, with no occlusal contact. B, C. Opposition develops by formation of supplementary cusprows in Allotheria; B is a hypothetical transitional stage. D. Unilateral transverse shearing in morganucodonts. E. Rearrangement (triangulation) of cusps, as in symmetrodonts, resulting in mesially and distally facing wear facets. F–I. Allotherians illustrating stages in the evolution of palinal occlusion. Teeth seen in side view, distal to the left. F. Vertical crushing in Theroteinus. G. Distally oblique crushing in Millsodon. H. Basin grinding with palinal movement in Thomasia. I. Horizontal palinal grinding in multituberculates.

Fig. 13. Allotheria incertae sedis, BMNH M46234, left I2 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 13. Allotheria incertae sedis, BMNH M46234, left I2 in lingual (A), distal (B), occlusal (C), and buccal (D) views. Mesial end upwards in C, crown upwards in the rest.

Fig. 12. BDUC J 782 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 12. BDUC J 782, left upper premolar, referred to Hahnotherium antiquum gen. et sp. nov. in occlusal (A), lingual (B), distal (C), and buccal (D) views. The three rows of cusps are labelled L, B, BB. Crown upwards in C, mesial end upwards in the rest.

Fig. 11. Right second lower molars. A. BMNH M46763 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 11. Right second lower molars. A. BMNH M46763, referred to Hahnotherium antiquum gen. et sp. nov. B. Kuehneodon sp. (based on Hahn 1969: fig. 36). C. Pinheirodon vastus (based on Hahn and Hahn 1999: fig. 4b). D. Bolodon osborni (based on Kielan−Jaworowska and Ensom 1992: pl. 3: 5). Mesial end upwards.

Fig. 9. BMNH M46640, right P3 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 9. BMNH M46640, right P3/4, referred to Kermackodon multicuspis gen. et sp. nov. A. Occlusal view, mesial to right. B. Basal view, mesial to left. C. Lingual view. D. Buccal view, crown upwards in C and D.

Fig. 10 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 10. Hahnotherium antiquum gen. et sp. nov., BMNH M46797, left M2 (holotype). A. Occlusal view, mesial end upwards. B. Oblique mesiobuccal view; to show buccally facing facets on buccal cusps; and contact facet at mesial end. C. Lingual view, crown upwards.

Fig. 7. A in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 7. A. Kermackodon multicuspis gen. et sp. nov., BMNH M46822, left M2 (holotype) in occlusal (A1), mesial (A2), distal (A3), buccal (A4), and lingual (A5) views. B. Paulchoffatiid M2 (re−drawn and simplified after Hahn 1969: fig 80). C. Bolodon osborni M2 (re−drawn from KielanJaworowska and Ensom 1992: pl. 3: 8)). Mesial end upwards in A1, B, C, crown upwards in the rest. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of epoxy resin casts. A–C. Kermackodon multicuspis gen. et sp. nov. A. BMNH M46822, right M2 (holotype) in occlusal (A1), oblique lingual (A2), and oblique buccal (A3) views. B. BMNH M46684, right p4 (referred) in distal (B1), lingual (B2), buccal (B3), and occlusal (B4) views. C. BMNH M46640, right upper premolar (referred) in lingual (C1) and occlusal (C2) views. D. Allotheria incertae sedis, BMNH M46234, left I2, lingual view. E, F. Hahnotherium antiquum gen. et sp. nov. E. BMNH M46717, left M2 (holotype) in occlusal (E1) and mesio−lingual (E2) views. F. BMNH M46773, right m2 (referred) in mesio−occlusal (F1), occlusal (F2), and mesio−lingual (F3) views. Mesial end upwards in A1, B4, C2, E1, F2, crown upwards in A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, D, E2, F3.

Fig. 5. A–D in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 5. A–D. Kirtlingtonia catenata gen. et sp. nov. A. BMNH M46497, right last upper molar (holotype) in occlusal (A1), buccal (A2), and lingual (A3) views. B. BMNH M46579, right last upper molar (paratype) in occlusal (B1), lingual (B2), and distal (B3) views. C. BMNH M46818, left upper premolar (referred) in occlusal (C1), lingual (C2), mesial (C3), and buccal (C4) views. D, E. Comparison of Kirtlingtonia (D) with M2 of a paulchoffatiid, genus B (after Hahn and Hahn 1998a) (E). Arrows represent postulated position of buccal and lingual cusp rows of m2. Not to scale. F. BDUC J 562, undetermined haramiyid, interpreted as a left lower molar, in occlusal (F1), lingual (F2), and distal (F3) views. Mesial end upwards in A1, A2, A3, B1, C1, D, E, F1; crown upwards in B2, B3, C2, C3, C4, F2, F3.

Fig. 3 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 3. "Haramiyidan" teeth. A, B. Millsodon superstes gen. et sp. nov. A. BMNH M46645, right m1 (holotype), in occlusal (A1), buccal (A2), and distal (A3) views. B. BMNH M46183, left m3 (paratype) in occlusal (B1), buccal (B2), and distal (B3) views. Mesial end upwards in occlusal and buccal views, crown upwards in distal view. C, D. Staffia aenigmatica. C1, C2, C3, right m1; D1, D2, D3, m3; redrawn after Heinrich (2002: fig. 5), corresponding views. The m3 is interpreted as a left tooth. E, F. Thomasia, redrawn after Sigogneau−Russell (1989: figs. 18, 7). E1, E2, right "Thomasia II" (?= m1); F1, F2, left (right reversed) small "Thomasia I" (?= m3). Mesial end upwards in occlusal and buccal views, crown upwards in distal views. G. BDUC J 3, right upper molar referred to Millsodon superstes, occlusal (G1), lingual (G2), and mesial (G3) views. In G1 and G2 the wear facets, indicated by vertical hatching, are probably due to the mesial cusp of the lower molar. G1, mesial end upwards; G2, G3, crown upwards. H. Postulated occlusal relations of upper and lower molars (shown as left in H2) of M. superstes, based on BDUC J 3 and BMNH M46645. H1, occlusal view, buccal side upwards; H2, lingual view; mesial end to right in both. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of epoxy resin casts. All in BMNH collection. A–C. Eleutherodon oxfordensis. A. M46832, right upper molar. B. M46821, right upper molar. C. M46851, left lower molar. D, E. Millsodon superstes gen. et sp. nov. D. M46645, right lower molar (m1), holotype. E. M46183, left lower molar (m3), paratype in buccal (E1) and occlusal (E2) views. F–H. Kirtlingtonia catenata gen. et sp. nov. F. M46497, right upper molar, holotype. G. M46183, right upper molar, paratype in occlusal (G1) and oblique lingual (G2, G3) views, higher magnification to show striations in basin. H. M46818, left upper premolar in lingual (H1) and occlusal (H2) views. Mesial end upwards in occlusal views, crown upwards in buccal and lingual views.

Fig. 2 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 2. Eleutherodon oxfordensis. All in BMNH collection. Right upper molars to illustrate variation. A. M46832. B. M46821. C. M46460 (holotype). D. M46585 (reversed). A1, B1, C, and D occlusal view (mesial end upwards). To show roots (crown upwards). A2, A3, buccal and mesial views. B2, B3, buccal and lingual views. E. Length plotted against width, upper molars of Eleutherodon. Letters refer to the specimens figured. F, G. Lower molars. F. M46851 in occlusal (F1), buccal (F2), and mesial (F3) views. G. M46654 in occlusal (G1) and buccal (G2) views. In F1, F2, G1, G2, mesial end upwards; F3, crown upwards. Scale bars 1 mm.