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68 results for “Behavioral defenses”
Fig. 8 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 8. Dipsas andiana (Boulenger). Closeup of head of holotype. The characteristic Πshaped pattern differentiates andiana from Dipsas oreas and hints at a possible relationship with Panamanian Dipsas nicholsi.
FIGURE 8 in A trilobite cluster from the Silurian Rochester Shale of New York: predation patterns and possible defensive behavior
FIGURE 8. Plot of regressed PC coordinates against log-centroid size and histogram of maximum specimen length, coded for injured and noninjured specimens. A, Regressed PC coordinates against log-centroid size that shows no obvious pattern in injured and noninjured specimens, although many of the larger specimens are injured. B, Histogram of specimen length has an approximately normal distribution with the two largest specimens showing an injury.
FIGURE 1. Slab preserving a in A trilobite cluster from the Silurian Rochester Shale of New York: predation patterns and possible defensive behavior
FIGURE 1. Slab preserving a cluster of 18 fully articulated individuals of Arctinurus boltoni (AMNH- FI-101514–101531) from the mid-Silurian (Wenlock) Rochester Shale, New York state. Stars indicate injured specimens. Scale bar = 10 cm.
FIGURE 5 in A trilobite cluster from the Silurian Rochester Shale of New York: predation patterns and possible defensive behavior
FIGURE 5. Specimens of Arctinurus boltoni with injuries to the thorax (A, B) and with reconstruction that mimics an injury (C, D), under plain and UV light. Arrows point to injuries described in the text. Scale bar = 1 mm. A–B, AMNH-FI-101518. C–D, AMNH-FI-101516.
FIGURE 4 in A trilobite cluster from the Silurian Rochester Shale of New York: predation patterns and possible defensive behavior
FIGURE 4. Further specimens of Arctinurus boltoni with injuries to the pygidium, under plain and UV light. Arrows point to injuries described in the text. Scale bar = 1 mm. A–B, AMNH-FI-101529. C–D, AMNH- FI-101530. E–F, AMNH-FI-101531.
FIGURE 3 in A trilobite cluster from the Silurian Rochester Shale of New York: predation patterns and possible defensive behavior
FIGURE 3. Specimens of Arctinurus boltoni with injuries to the pygidium, under plain and UV light (with brighter areas indicating parts of reconstructed exoskeleton). Arrows point to injuries described in the text. Scale bar = 1 mm. A–B, AMNH-FI-101521. C–D, AMNH-FI-101527.
FIGURE 2 in A trilobite cluster from the Silurian Rochester Shale of New York: predation patterns and possible defensive behavior
FIGURE 2. Diagram of 12 landmarks selected to describe the overall shape of the exoskeleton of Arctinurus boltoni.
FIGURE 7 in A trilobite cluster from the Silurian Rochester Shale of New York: predation patterns and possible defensive behavior
FIGURE 7. Principal components analysis of landmark data, with 49.5% variance in the data explained by the first two PCs (PC1=29.7%, PC2=19.8%). PC1 describes the variation in the intersection of the occipital furrow and anterior-posterior axis and junction points between posterior margin of the 11th tergite. PC2 mostly describes variation in cephalic width.
FIGURE 6 in A trilobite cluster from the Silurian Rochester Shale of New York: predation patterns and possible defensive behavior
FIGURE 6. Arctinurus boltoni specimen AMNH-FI-101520 with injuries to the thorax and pygidium, under A, plain and B, UV light. Arrows point to injuries described in the text. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Fig. 2 in Notes on the defensive behavior and activity of Ablepharus kitaibelii (Bibron & Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1833) in Bulgaria
Fig. 2. Spirally wound adult individual of A. kitaibelii from "Sinite Kamani" area, Sliven town. Photography: A. Dyugmedzhiev.
Fig. 1. Juvenile A in Notes on the defensive behavior and activity of Ablepharus kitaibelii (Bibron & Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1833) in Bulgaria
Fig. 1. Juvenile A. kitaibelii from Pancharevo, Sofia with orange-reddish tail. Photography: N. Tzankov.
Figure 4 in Natural noise affects conspecific signal detection and territorial defense behaviors in songbirds
Figure 4 Spotted towhee predictors from the AICc top model for PC1approach (a), PC2fly (b), and PC3song (c). (a) Towhees approach more slowly and maintain a greater distance from the speaker as sound level increases. Shading represents 95% CI and rug plot denotes sound level of individual trials. California spotted towhees fly more frequently on control trials (b) and display a weaker song response during treatment-off trials (c) than on all other trials, within and among populations (see [a] for color legend). (b–c) Violins denote kernel density probabilities differentiated by trial type (x axis) and population (color), with means (±1 SE) connected by dotted line; boxplots denote median and quartiles, and whiskers show 1.5 times the interquartile range; points represent individual trials; and asterisks denote significant contrasts corresponding to 95% CIs (see Supplementary Appendix Table A3 for values). Data displayed as untransformed components.
Figure 2 in Natural noise affects conspecific signal detection and territorial defense behaviors in songbirds
Figure 2 Site design schematic of Idaho and California study areas. Tripods represent loudspeaker setups. aAny trial with chorusing cicadas was counted as cicada treatment, regardless of the trial type (treatment-on, treatment-off, control). bControl sites had the same layout as treatment sites, but with mock loudspeaker setups. cWe excluded cicada trials from analysis for spotted towhees due to low sample size.
Figure 3 in Natural noise affects conspecific signal detection and territorial defense behaviors in songbirds
Figure 3 Lazuli bunting predictors from the AICc top model for PC1fly (a) and PC3approach (b) response variables. (a) Buntings fly more as sound level increases in the presence of cicada noise (dashed line) and fly less as sound level increases in the absence of cicada noise (solid line). Rug plot indicates sound level for individual trials differentiated by presence/absence of cicadas (see [b] for color legend). (b) As sound level increases, buntings approach the conspecific speaker more slowly and maintain a greater distance from it. (a & b) Shaded bands denote 95% CIs. Data displayed as untransformed components.
Figure 1 in Natural noise affects conspecific signal detection and territorial defense behaviors in songbirds
Figure 1 Spectrograms (a) of spotted towhee song (left) and lazuli bunting song (right) in quiet control conditions. (b) Power spectra of the three treatments are overlayed with bunting and towhee song power spectra. Power spectra are normalized to a relative peak amplitude of 70 dB (re 1 dimensionless sample units). Treatment noise and song spectra overlap substantially, suggesting high masking potential.
Data from: Predators drive selection for adaptive plasticity in prey defense behavior
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Natural noise affects conspecific signal detection and territorial defense behaviors in songbirds
<p>Recent research suggests that anthropogenic noise can substantially alter animal behavior. Although there are many sources of natural background noise, the relative influence of these sounds on behavior has received much less attention. Using landscape-scale playbacks of rushing rivers and crashing ocean surf, we investigated how habitat appropriate natural noise alters territorial defense behaviors in lazuli buntings (<i>Passerina amoena</i>) occupying riparian areas and spotted towhees (<i>Pipilo maculatus</i>) in riparian and coastal areas when exposed to simulated intruder song. We also incorporated naturally occurring cicada noise as an acoustic source influencing lazuli bunting behavior. Both songbird species possess songs that share substantial spectral overlap with low-frequency, water-generated noise, and lazuli bunting song shares an additional high-frequency overlap with cicada calls. Thus, there is potential for background acoustic conditions to mask conspecific signals. We found that detection and discrimination of conspecific playback occurred more slowly for both species as background sound level increased. Lazuli buntings also exhibited complex flight behavior in noise, suggesting they respond differently depending on the amplitude and type (with versus without cicada calls) of background noise. Our results suggest natural noise can impair territorial defense behaviors in songbirds, highlighting natural soundscapes as an under-appreciated axis of the environment.</p>
Fig. 1 in Preliminary data on the defensive behavior and vocalization of the Lesser blind mole rat, Nannospalax leucodon (Nordmann, 1840)
Fig. 1. Defensive posture of the Lesser mole rat, Nannospalax leucodon (Nordmann, 1840).
Fig 3 in Preliminary data on the defensive behavior and vocalization of the Lesser blind mole rat, Nannospalax leucodon (Nordmann, 1840)
Fig 3. Consecutive series of 10 harsh calls.
Fig 2 in Preliminary data on the defensive behavior and vocalization of the Lesser blind mole rat, Nannospalax leucodon (Nordmann, 1840)
Fig 2. Harsh calls consisting of sequences of single very short phases.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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