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42 results for “Bergmann's rule”
Data from: Bergmann's Rule rules body size in an ectotherm: heat conservation in a lizard along a 2200-meter elevational gradient
Bergmann's Rule predicts larger body sizes in colder habitats, increasing organisms' ability to conserve heat. Originally formulated for endotherms, it is controversial whether Bergmann's Rule may be applicable to ectotherms, given that larger ectotherms show diminished capacity for heating up. We predict that Bergmann's Rule will be applicable to ectotherms when the benefits of a higher conservation of heat due to a larger body size overcompensate for decreased capacity to heating up. We test this hypothesis in the lizard Psammodromus algirus, which shows increased body size with elevation in Sierra Nevada (SE Spain). We measured heating and cooling rates of lizards from different elevations (from 300 to 2500 meters above sea level) under controlled conditions. We found no significant differences in the heating rate along an elevational gradient. However, the cooling rate diminished with elevation and body size: highland lizards, with larger masses, have a higher thermal inertia for cooling, which allows them to maintain heat for more time and keep a high body temperature despite the lower thermal availability. Consequently, the net gaining of heat increased with elevation and body size. This study highlights that the heat conservation mechanism for explaining Bergmann's Rule works and is applicable to ectotherms, depending on the thermal benefits and costs associated with larger body sizes.
Data from: When Bergmann's rule fails: evidences of environmental selection pressures shaping phenotypic diversification in a widespread seabird
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Data from: The cold-water connection: Bergmann's rule in North American freshwater fishes
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Bergmann's rule is followed at multiple stages of post-embryonic development in a long-distance migratory songbird
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Data from: Temperature-dependent oxygen limitation and the rise of Bergmann’s Rule in species with aquatic respiration
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Data from: Bergmann’s Rule rules body size in an ectotherm: heat conservation in a lizard along a 2200-meter elevational gradient
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Data from: Migratory shorebird adheres to Bergmann’s Rule by responding to environmental conditions through the annual lifecycle
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Data from: Southern Ocean mesopelagic fish comply with Bergmann's rule
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Data from: Evidence for Bergmann's rule and not allopatric subspeciation in the threatened kaka (Nestor meridionalis)
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Data from: Where are we now? Bergmann's Rule sensu lato in insects
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Data from: Oligo-Miocene climate change and mammal body size evolution in the northwest United States a test of Bergmann's Rule
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CPR dataset for: Testing Bergmann's Rule in Marine Copepods
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Data: Generalized evidence for Bergmann's rule body size variation in a cosmopolitan owl genus
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> The eco-geographic Bergmann's rule predicts that animals have smaller body size in warmer regions than in cold environments because of thermoregulatory reasons. Although this rule has been widely investigated, intraspecific analyses on cosmopolitan taxa are rare. We examined whether geographic variation in wing length, a proxy of body size, shows a Bergmannian pattern and can be explained by three mechanisms known to affect animal body size (heat conservation, resource availability and starvation resistance) in seven species of nocturnal raptors of the genus <i>Tyto</i>.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> World.</p> <p><strong>Taxon:</strong> Genus <i>Tyto</i>.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We measured wing length of 9033 museum specimens covering the entire distributional range of each species and linked it with geographic (absolute latitude, elevation) and climatic predictors associated with heat conservation, resource availability and starvation resistance hypotheses of spatial variation in body size.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> All the species show a trend of increasing wing length with increasing latitude and/or elevation, and in five of them either or both geographic predictors are statistically significant. In all the species showing a Bergmannian pattern, wing length significantly decreases with temperature, thus supporting the heat conservation hypothesis. Conversely, we found less generalized support for the other hypotheses, although in some species significant trends between wing length and proxies of climatic seasonality and/or primary productivity emerged.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> Consistent clines in body shrinking in warm environments are observed in species living in different continents at different latitudinal and temperature ranges, as well as exploiting different habitats. These findings thus support the hypothesis that body size is, at least partly, selected for heat maintenance depending on the thermal environment, even in nocturnal species which are not directly exposed to solar radiation. However, different selective pressures may also have concomitantly acted to promote body size evolution in this bird group.</p>
Data from: Testing mechanisms of Bergmann's rule: phenotypic but no genetic change in body size in three passerine bird populations
Bergmann's rule predicts a decrease in body size with increasing temperature and has much empirical support. Surprisingly, we know very little about whether 'Bergmann size clines' are due to a genetic response or is a consequence of phenotypic plasticity. Here we use data on body size (mass and tarsus length) from three long-term (1979-2008) study populations of great tits (Parus major), in which there has been a temperature increase, to examine mechanisms behind Bergmann's rule. We show that adult body mass decreased over the study period in all populations and that tarsus length increased in one population. Both body mass and tarsus length were heritable and under weak positive directional selection, predicting an increase, rather than decrease, in body mass. There was no support for micro-evolutionary change and thus the observed declines in body mass were a result of phenotypic plasticity. Interestingly, this plasticity was not in direct response to temperature changes but seemed to be due to changes in prey dynamics. Our results caution against interpreting recent phenotypic body size declines as an adaptive evolutionary response to temperature changes and highlight the importance of considering alternative environmental factors when testing size clines.
Data from: The relative importance of predation risk and water temperature in maintaining Bergmann's rule in a marine ectotherm
Bergmann's rule - an increase in body size with latitude - correlates with latitudinal declines in ambient temperature and predation risk, but relatively few studies simultaneously explore the relative importance of these factors. Along temperate Atlantic shorelines, the isopod Idotea balthica from high latitudes are 53% longer on average than are isopods from low latitudes. When reared at 6°- 24°C, juveniles increased growth and development rates with temperature. Because the increase in growth rate with temperature outstripped increases in development rate, female size at maturity increased with temperature. This thermal sensitivity of growth cannot account for the latitudinal pattern in body size. Within temperature treatments, females from low latitudes reached sexual maturity at younger ages and at a smaller size than did females from higher latitudes. This shift in life-history strategy is predicted by latitudinal declines in predation pressure, which we tested using field-tethering experiments. Overall, isopods at low latitudes had a 44% greater mortality risk from daytime predators relative to isopods at higher latitudes. We conclude that a latitudinal gradient in predation risk, and not temperature, is principally responsible for Bergmann's rule in I. balthica. Increases in body size during future warming of oceans may be constrained by local patterns of predation risk.
Data from: Patterns of size variation in bees at a continental scale: does Bergmann's rule apply?
Body size latitudinal clines have been widley explained by the Bergmann's rule in homeothermic vertebrates. However, there is no general consensus in poikilotherms organisms in particular in insects that represent the large majority of wildlife. Among them, bees are a highly diverse pollinators group with high economic and ecological value. Nevertheless, no comprehensive studies of species assemblages at a phylogenetically larger scale have been carried out even if they could identify the traits and the ecological conditions that generate different patterns of latitudinal size variation. We aimed to test Bergmann's rule for wild bees by assessing relationships between body size and latitude at continental and community levels. We tested our hypotheses for bees showing different life history traits (i.e. sociality and nesting behaviour). We used 142,008 distribution records of 615 bee species at 50 km x 50 km (CGRS) grids across the West Palearctic. We then applied Generalized Least Squares fitted linear model (GLS) to assess the relationship between latitude and mean body size of bees, taking into account spatial autocorrelation. For all bee species grouped, mean body size increased with higher latitudes, and so followed Bergmann's rule. However, considering bee genera separately, four genera were consistent with Bergmann's rule, while three showed a converse trend, and three showed no significant cline. All life history traits used here (i.e. solitary, social and parasitic behaviour; ground and stem nesting behaviour) displayed a Bergmann's cline. In general there is a main trend for larger bees in colder habitats, which is likely to be related to their thermoregulatory abilities and partial endothermy, even if a "season length effect" (i.e. shorter foraging season) is a potential driver of the converse Bergmann's cline particularly in bumblebees.
Data from: The relative importance of predation risk and water temperature in maintaining Bergmann's rule in a marine ectotherm
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Data from: Testing mechanisms of Bergmann's rule: phenotypic but no genetic change in body size in three passerine bird populations
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Data: Generalized evidence for Bergmann’s rule body size variation in a cosmopolitan owl genus
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Data from: Patterns of size variation in bees at a continental scale: does Bergmann’s rule apply?
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