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209 results for “Biogeographic history”

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Figure 3. A, the single most parsimonious tree derived from 2129 in Phylogenetic relationships and biogeographical history of the genus Rhinoclemmys Fitzinger, 1835 and the monophyly of the turtle family Geoemydidae (Testudines: Testudinoidea)

Figure 3. A, the single most parsimonious tree derived from 2129 aligned characters of mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, cyt-b) (CI = 0.40; TL = 31; RI = 0.58) using maximum parsimony. Of these, 1229 characters are constant and 708 characters are parsimony-informative. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values and below are Bremer values. B, strict consensus of 96 trees generated from 1244 aligned characters of nuclear genes (Rag1 and Cmos) (CI = 0.82; TL = 205; RI = 0.84) using maximum parsimony. Of these, 1086 characters are constant and 90 are parsimonyinformative. Numbers above branches are bootstrap values and below are Bremer values.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2008View details →

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Figure 2 in Phylogenetic relationships and biogeographical history of the genus Rhinoclemmys Fitzinger, 1835 and the monophyly of the turtle family Geoemydidae (Testudines: Testudinoidea)

Figure 2. Previous hypotheses regarding the position of Rhinoclemmys among geoemydids (upper cladograms) and the relationships among the species of the genus (lower cladograms). †Fossil taxon.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2008View details →

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FIG. 5 in The marine vegetation of the Kerguelen Islands: history of scientific campaigns, inventory of the flora and first analysis of its biogeographical affinities

FIG. 5. — Graph of the similarity network between regions (coloured nodes) based on the Kerguelen macroalgae (black nodes) co-occurrence dataset (using ForceAtlas2 layout algorithm). Colour codes are the same as in Figure 1. Nodes size is relative to the number of species co-occurring in the Kerguelen Islands. 51 species of doubtful taxonomic status were not considered. Sites: AMS, Amsterdam I.; SPA, Saint-Paul I.; MAR, Marion I.; PED, Prince Edwards Is.; CRO, Crozet Is.; HEA, Heard and McDonald Is.; MAQ, Macquarie I.; AUK, Auckland Is.; CAM, Campbell Is.; FUE, Fuegia; FAL, Falkland Is.; SGI, South Georgia Is.; SSI, South Shetland Is.; SOI, South Orkney Is.; APE, Antarctic Peninsula; END, Enderby L.; McR, MacRobertson L.; QMA, Queen Mary L.; WIL, Wilkes L.; ADE, Adelie L.; VIC, Victoria L.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

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FIG. 4 in The marine vegetation of the Kerguelen Islands: history of scientific campaigns, inventory of the flora and first analysis of its biogeographical affinities

FIG. 4. — Number of marine macroalgae species reported in the Kerguelen Islands since the Ross expedition (1840), in each phylum (Delépine 1996 is a personnal communication to J.-P. Féral).

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

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FIG. 3. — A in The marine vegetation of the Kerguelen Islands: history of scientific campaigns, inventory of the flora and first analysis of its biogeographical affinities

FIG. 3. — A, Number of nominal species per family of marine macroalgae of the Kerguelen Islands; B, taxonomic status (accepted, uncertain, co-occurrence in the Northern Hemisphere) of the species for the three considered phyla (Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta-Phaeophycae and Rhodophyta).

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

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FIG. 2 in The marine vegetation of the Kerguelen Islands: history of scientific campaigns, inventory of the flora and first analysis of its biogeographical affinities

FIG. 2. — Location of historical collections of macroalgae in the Kerguelen Islands. Precise locations are not given by all reports and should be partly inferred. The map shows the sites visited during 1, the Ross expedition (Hooker 1844-1847); 2, the Challenger expedition (Dickie 1876a, b, c, e); 3, the US (Farlow 1876); 4, English (Dickie 1876d, f); and 5, German (Askenasy 1889); 6, Venus transit expeditions, as well as the German south polar expedition (Foslie 1908, Reinbold 1908). 7, The Hopeful Bay (Zinova 1973) was added.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

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FIG. 1 in The marine vegetation of the Kerguelen Islands: history of scientific campaigns, inventory of the flora and first analysis of its biogeographical affinities

FIG. 1. — Sub-Antarctic and Antarctic regions considered in the biogeographical analysis of the Kerguelen Islands marine macroalgae also occurring elsewhere in the Southern Ocean. Colours: orange, temperate Southern Africa; blue, sub-Antarctic Islands; light blue, sub-Antarctic New Zealand; light green, Magellanic region; green, Scotia Sea; violet, continental High Antarctic (after Spalding et al. 2007). Geographical coordinates are given in the inset.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

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Fig.3 in A global phylogeny of butterflies reveals their evolutionary history, ancestral hosts and biogeographic origins

Fig.3 | Relativemeandispersalratesofbutterfliesbetweenbioregions. Numbersbesideeacharrowareaverageratesfrom 1,000 simulationsusing biogeographicstochasticmappingin BioGeoBEARS. Thesenumbersweredividedby 100 foreaseof comparison (rawvaluescanbefoundin Supplementary Data 5). E., Eastern;W., Western.

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

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Fig. 1 in A global phylogeny of butterflies reveals their evolutionary history, ancestral hosts and biogeographic origins

Fig. 1 | Evolutionaryrelationshipsanddiversificationpatternsofbutterflies. Time-calibratedtreeof 2,244 butterflyspeciesbasedon 391 loci and 150 amino acidpartitions.Branchesshowdistinctchangesindiversification (circles) asestimatedbyclade-specificmodels.Lettersatnodesrefertocladeswith significantrateshifts (seesection 6 of Supplementary Results).Colouredlines intheouterringbesidetipsindicateassociationwithoneof the 13 hostmodules (seesection 17 of Extended Online Methods).Blacklinesinthehostassociation ringindicatespecieswithoutdata,andasterisksdenotenon-monophyletic subfamilies.Supplementary Fig. 1 showsthistreewithvisiblespeciesnamesand agesforallnodes.

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

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Fig. 2 in A global phylogeny of butterflies reveals their evolutionary history, ancestral hosts and biogeographic origins

Fig. 2 | Distributionofbutterfliesovertime. Bioregionshadingindicatesthenumberofbutterflylineagesthatwereassociatedwiththatbioregionduringthattime period,asdeterminedby BioGeoBEARSancestralstatereconstruction.Eachmapcorrespondstoa 15-Maintervalofbutterfly evolution.Resultsarebasedon data fromthisstudy.

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

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Phylogenomic analyses resolve relationships among garter snakes (Thamnophis: Natricinae: Colubridae) and elucidate biogeographic history and morphological evolution

Garter snakes (Thamnophis) are a successful group of natricines endemic to North America. They have become important natural models for ecological and evolutionary research, yet prior efforts to resolve phylogenetic relationships have resulted in conflicting topologies and weak support for certain relationships. Here, we use phylogenomic data generated with a reduced representation double-digest RADseq approach to reassess the evolutionary relationships across Thamnophis. We then use the resulting phylogeny to better understand how biogeography and feeding ecology have influenced lineage diversification and morphological evolution. We recovered highly congruent and strongly supported topologies from maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses, but some discordance with a multispecies coalescent approach. All phylogenomic estimates split Thamnophis into two clades largely defined by northern and southern North American species. Divergence time estimates and biogeographic analyses indicate a mid-Miocene origin of Thamnophis in Mexico. In addition, historical vicariant events thought to explain biogeographic patterns in other lineages (e.g., Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Rocky Mountain Range, and Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt) appear to have influenced patterns of diversification in Thamnophis as well. Analyses of morphological traits associated with feeding ecology showed degrees of phylogenetic signal, and ancestral state reconstruction suggested some association between head morphology and diet composition. Our new estimate of Thamnophis phylogeny yields an improved understanding of the biogeographic history and morphological evolution of garter snakes, and provides a robust framework for future research on these snakes.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

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Data from: The biogeographic history of neosuchian crocodiles and the impact of saltwater tolerance variability

Extant neosuchian crocodiles are represented by only 24 taxa that are confined to the tropics and subtropics. However, at other intervals during their 200 million-year evolutionary history, the clade reached considerably higher levels of species-richness, matched by more widespread distributions. Neosuchians have occupied numerous habitats and niches, ranging from dwarf riverine forms to large marine predators. Despite numerous previous studies, several unsolved questions remain with respect to their biogeographic history, including the geographic origins of major groups, e.g., Eusuchia and Neosuchia itself. We carried out the most comprehensive biogeographic analysis of Neosuchia to date, based on a multivariate K-means clustering approach followed by the application of two ancestral area estimation methods (BioGeoBEARS and Bayesian Ancestral Location Estimation) applied to two recently published phylogenies. Our results placed the origin of Neosuchia in north-western Pangaea, with subsequent radiations into Gondwana. Eusuchia probably emerged in the European archipelago during the Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous, followed by dispersal to the North American and Asian landmasses. We show that putative transoceanic dispersal events are statistically significantly less likely to happen in alligatoroids. This finding is consistent with the saltwater intolerant physiology of extant alligatoroids, bolstering inferences of such intolerance in their ancestral lineages.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

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