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Fig. 8. 2D in Reconstructed masticatory biomechanics of Peligrotherium tropicalis, a non-therian mammal from the Paleocene of Argentina

Fig. 8. 2D histograms showing distribution of estimated force magnitudes for Group 1 (G1) and Group 2 (G2) muscle recruitment scenarios (on ordinate), as a function of mesiodistal location (MDL; on abscissa). A. Canis familiaris. B. Crocuta crocuta. C. Diceros bicornis. D. Didephis marsupialis. E. Equus quagga. F. Erinaceus europaeus. G. Procyon lotor. H. Puma concolor. I. Sus scrofa. J. Tayassu pecari. K. Tupaia sp. L. Ursus arctos. Abbreviations: BF, bite force; JF-W/B, working-/balancing-side joint force.

Fig. 7 in Reconstructed masticatory biomechanics of Peligrotherium tropicalis, a non-therian mammal from the Paleocene of Argentina

Fig. 7. Violin boxplots showing distribution of Group 1 minus Group 2 values (on left) and closed gape minus open gape values (on right) for N = 12 representative extant therians. A. Canis familiaris (domestic dog). B. Crocuta crocuta (spotted hyaena). C. Diceros bicornis (black rhino). D. Didephis marsupialis (opossum). E. Equus quagga (quagga). F. Erinaceus europaeus (European hedgehog). G. Procyon lotor (racoon). H. Puma concolor (mountain lion). I. Sus scrofa (domestic pig). J. Tayassu pecari (white-lipped peccary). K. Tupaia sp. (treeshrew). L. Ursus arctos (brown bear). Abbreviations: T, total bite force; O, orthal bite force. Vertical axes represent magnitude values in au.

Fig. 6 in Reconstructed masticatory biomechanics of Peligrotherium tropicalis, a non-therian mammal from the Paleocene of Argentina

Fig. 6. Results of closed gape minus open gape analysis of orthal bite force (BF) for Peligrotherium tropicalis Bonaparte, Van Valen, and Kramarz, 1993. A. Lower left working-side hemimandible of P. tropicalis shown in closed gape (CG) and open gape (OG) position, postcanine crown surfaces are colorized by relative orthal BF (warmer colors represent higher relative orthal BF, and correspond among the taxa seen in Fig. 12). B. Violin boxplot showing distribution of total CG minus OG BF and its orthal component marginal over all locations in the woking-side postcanine toothrow. C. 2D histogram plot showing distribution of estimated bifulcral force magnitudes for CG and OG, as a function of mesiodistal location (MDL). JF-W/B, working-/balancing-side joint force.

Fig. 9. 2D in Reconstructed masticatory biomechanics of Peligrotherium tropicalis, a non-therian mammal from the Paleocene of Argentina

Fig. 9. 2D histograms showing distribution of estimated force magnitudes for closed gape (CG) and open gape (OG) mandible positions (on ordinate), as a function of mesiodistal location (MDL; on abscissa). A. Canis familiaris. B. Crocuta crocuta. C. Diceros bicornis. D. Didephis marsupialis. E. Equus quagga. F. Erinaceus europaeus. G. Procyon lotor. H. Puma concolor. I. Sus scrofa. J. Tayassu pecari. K. Tupaia sp. L. Ursus arctos. Abbreviations: BF, bite force; JF-W/B, working-/balancing-side joint force.

Fig. 11 in Reconstructed masticatory biomechanics of Peligrotherium tropicalis, a non-therian mammal from the Paleocene of Argentina

Fig. 11. Comparison of orthal Group 1 (G1) vs. orthal Group 2 (G2) bite force (BF) across the lower postcanine tooth-row. Warmer colors correspond to higher G1 muscle advantage, and cooler colors correspond to higher G2 advantage. A. Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758. B. Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758. C. Equus quagga Boddaert, 1785. Note that Sus scrofa matches Peligrotherium tropicalis most closely, in having greater G1 advantage disto-buccally and greater G2 advantage mesio-lingually. Color scale is based on range of G1 minus G2 orthal BF magnitudes scaled by the value of single sample (within-taxon) standard deviation in this value.

Fig. 10 in Reconstructed masticatory biomechanics of Peligrotherium tropicalis, a non-therian mammal from the Paleocene of Argentina

Fig. 10. Connectivity graphs summarizing the results of pairwise randomization tests performed on the per-vertex values of orthal bite force (BF) differences. Lines connect taxa that are not found to be significantly different, and gray-scale value of individual nodes are proportional to the value of the parameter tested (e.g., dark tones are lower in value, and higher values are closer to white). A. Graph summarizing pairwise significance tests of mean Group 1 (G1) minus Group 2 (G2) orthal BF. B. Graph summarizing pairwise significance tests of F-value (variance ratio) of G1 minus G2 orthal BF. C. Graph summarizing pairwise significance tests of mean closed gape minus open gape orthal BF. D. Graph summarizing pairwise significance tests of F-value (variance ratio) of closed gape minus open gape orthal BF.

Fig. 3 in Reconstructed masticatory biomechanics of Peligrotherium tropicalis, a non-therian mammal from the Paleocene of Argentina

Fig. 3. Comparison of 2D side-view and fully 3D definitions of parameters for the bifulcral model of mandibular leverage, shown using Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758 as an example. A. Left side-view of mandible in closed gape position, showing the locations of the working-side condylar fulcrum green) and bite point fulcrum (blue). The example temporalis force vector (red) drives rotation about both of these fulcra, and produces output force vectors that are tangential to circles centered on their respective fulcra (dashed arcs). B. Oblique lingual view showing important points and lever arms corresponding to the working-side medial pterygoid force (MP-W; shown as a red arrow) using a fully three-dimensional model of bifulcral mandibular leverage. The very medially directed line-of-action for the medial pterygoid demonstrates the large differences in orientation between the condylar plane (CP; shown with a green transparent plane), bite plane (BP; shown with a blue transparent plane), and a parasagittal (side-view) plane. The three-dimensional bifulcral model calculates bite forces and joint forces by projecting load points into their respective planes, as distances perpendicular to these projections do not affect leverage calculations. Definition of numbered points: 1, mesial postcanine point (PM); 2, distal postcanine point (PD); 3, centroid of insertion area for working-side medial pterygoid (MP-W); 4, centroid of origin surface for MP-W on skull; 5, location of working-side joint (WJ); 6, projection of WJ into BP; 7, projection of an example bite vertex on the third lower molar into the CP. Abbreviations: BF, bite force; ILBP-W, in-lever of the bite plane on the working-side; ILCP-W, in-lever of the condylar plane on the working-side; JF-W, joint force on the working-side; MP-W, medial pterygoid working-side; OLBP-W, out-lever of the bite plane on the working-side; OLCP-W, out-lever of the condylar plane on the working-side. Not to scale.

Fig. 1 in Reconstructed masticatory biomechanics of Peligrotherium tropicalis, a non-therian mammal from the Paleocene of Argentina

Fig. 1. Reconstruction of cranial eidonomy and osteology of the meridiolestidan mammal Peligrotherium tropicalis Bonaparte, Van Valen, and Kramarz, 1993, Punta Peligro, Argentina, Early Paleocene. A. Illustrated life reconstruction (courtesy of Amy Bishop). B. Digitized skull and mandible reconstructions produced by Paéz-Arango (2008).

Fig. 2 in Reconstructed masticatory biomechanics of Peligrotherium tropicalis, a non-therian mammal from the Paleocene of Argentina

Fig. 2. Reconstructed skull and hemimandibles of meridiolestidan mammal Peligrotherium tropicalis Bonaparte, Van Valen, and Kramarz, 1993(digitized from models produced by Paéz-Arango 2008). A. Skull and mandibles articulated into closed gape position and showing the attachments of several major muscle groups. B. Right-inferior oblique view of lower left hemimandible and skull in open gape position. Here the left side of the skull is assumed to be the working-side (WS), and the right side the balancing-side (BS); see Tables 1 and 2. Colored tubes are the lines-of-action of their respective muscle category; matching colored surfaces represent corresponding estimated origin and insertion areas; and black spheres show the locations of corresponding origin or insertion centroids. Abbreviations: DM-W, deep masseter working-side; MP-W/B, medial pterygoid working-side/ balancing-side; PT-W, posterior temporalis muscle category working-side; SM-W, superficial masseter working-side.

Fig. 5 in Reconstructed masticatory biomechanics of Peligrotherium tropicalis, a non-therian mammal from the Paleocene of Argentina

Fig. 5. Results of Group 1 (G1) minus Group 2 (G2) analysis of orthal bite force (BF) for Peligrotherium tropicalis Bonaparte, Van Valen, and Kramarz, 1993. A. Lower left working-side hemimandible of P. tropicalis with postcanine crowns colorized by relative G1 vs. G2 advantage (yellow shows areas where G1 produces higher orthal BF, while bluer colors correspond to higher G2 BF values; white areas are where G1 and G2 forces are sub-equal). B. Violin boxplot showing distribution of total GP1 minus GP2 BF and its orthal component marginal over all locations in the postcanine tooth-row (TR). C. 2D histogram plot showing distribution of estimated bifulcral force magnitudes for G1 and G2 muscle recruitment regimes, as a function of mesiodistal location (MDL). JF-W/B, working-/balancing-side joint force.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2019View details →

Mechanical drawings and calibration code for a custom built staircase to patient biomechanics

This repository accompanies a preprint (doi: , and hopefully one day a peer-reviewed manuscript) that describes the steps we took to design, fabricated, calibrate and validate a costume built staircase that we then integrated into a clinical gait analysis test session. This repository has 4 sub-directories that each provide specific information neccesary to recreate our staircase or build your own. 1. matlab.zip - this archived folder has 3 subfolders. i) calibrate_validate, ii) transfer_mocap_2_osim, and iii) batch_osim. This archived folder also has a readme. please read it. I cannot provide any warranty on this software but am happy to help reasonable requests. My contact info is in the readme. Also - check out my github < github.com/joshrbaxter > for updated code 2. stairs_drawings.zip - this archived folder has the bill of materials, mechanical drawings, and a cute 3D PDF. 3. trc_forces.zip - this folder has the motion capture data exported from Motion Analysis's Cortex software (version 7).  4. osim.zip - this folder contains all of the files required to run the opensim model along with all of the output files from inverse dynamics and inverse kinematics. these files were all generated from matlab routines provided in the matlab.zip folder.

Fig. 6 in Functional morphology and biomechanics of the cynodont Trucidocynodon riograndensis from the Triassic of Southern Brazil: Pectoral girdle and forelimb

Fig. 6. Movements in the left shoulder and elbow of Trucidocynodon riograndensis. Maximal (A) and minimal (B) humeral adduction, in dorsal view; humeral protraction in lateral view (C), humeral rotation in anterior view (D); elbow flexion in lateral view (E), medial translation of ulna during elbow flexion in anterior view (F). Darker shaded steps, in E and F the radius was not figured.

Fig. 5 in Functional morphology and biomechanics of the cynodont Trucidocynodon riograndensis from the Triassic of Southern Brazil: Pectoral girdle and forelimb

Fig. 5. Movements in the pectoral girdle of Trucidocynodon riograndensis. Right clavicle/interclavicle articulation, in ventral view, front upward (A); right clavicle/scapulocoracoid articulation, in dorsal (B), anterior (C), and lateral (D) views.

Fig. 4 in Functional morphology and biomechanics of the cynodont Trucidocynodon riograndensis from the Triassic of Southern Brazil: Pectoral girdle and forelimb

Fig. 4. Muscular reconstruction of pectoral region and forelimb of Trucidocynodon riograndensis in lateral (A) and ventral (B) views (only the muscles discussed in the text are labeled).

Fig. 2 in Functional morphology and biomechanics of the cynodont Trucidocynodon riograndensis from the Triassic of Southern Brazil: Pectoral girdle and forelimb

Fig. 2. The holotype of the non-mammalian cynodont Trucidocynodon riograndensis Oliveira, Soares, and Schultz, 2010 (UFRGS PV-1051-T) from Carnian (Upper Triassic) of Agudo municipality, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Fig. 1. A in Functional morphology and biomechanics of the cynodont Trucidocynodon riograndensis from the Triassic of Southern Brazil: Pectoral girdle and forelimb

Fig. 1. A. Map of South America with the state of Rio Grande do Sul shaded. B. Location of the Agudo municipality (arrow) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, where Middle and Upper Triassic rocks crop out. C. Sequence stratigraphy of Brazilian rocks containing Triassic vertebrates, with the Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone highlighted (modified from Horn et al. 2014).

Fig. 3 in Functional morphology and biomechanics of the cynodont Trucidocynodon riograndensis from the Triassic of Southern Brazil: Pectoral girdle and forelimb

Fig. 3. Pectoral appendicular skeleton of non-mammalian cynodont Trucidocynodon riograndensis Oliveira, Soares, and Schultz, 2010 (UFRGS PV- 1051-T) from Carnian (Upper Triassic) of Agudo municipality, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A–D. Pectoral girdle; right scapulocoracoid in lateral A) and ventral (D) views; right clavicle in dorsal view (C); interclavicle in ventral view (B). E–J. Forelimb; left humerus in anterior (E) and posterior F) views (F1, photograph; F2, interpretation of the attachment areas of some muscles); right ulna (G) and right radius (H) in lateral view; right hand in dorsal view (I). J. Reconstruction of the hand in dorsal (J1) and lateral (J2) views (gray-shaded bones were not preserved; the black bar in J2 represents the potential orientation of the forearm bones).

Fig. 7 in Functional morphology and biomechanics of the cynodont Trucidocynodon riograndensis from the Triassic of Southern Brazil: Pectoral girdle and forelimb

Fig. 7. Locomotory cycle of the right forelimb of Trucidocynodon riograndensis, in lateral (A) and anterior (B) views. The cycle begins with the leftmost image and its phases are those described in the text.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2015View details →

FIGURE S2 in Insights into the controversy over materials data for the comparison of biomechanical performance in vertebrate

FIGURE S2. Von Mises stress and strain distributions and the displacement field distribution for Connochaetes Alcelaphus buselaphus when elastic modulus is E=10000 MPa, E=25000 MPa and E=50000 MPa for a non-homogen (case B) when the coloured scale in the legend is the same for the three cases.