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FIGURE 7. Generalized Bittacus male terminalia. a in The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species

FIGURE 7. Generalized Bittacus male terminalia. a) posteroventral view; b) lateral view; c) lateral view, without epandrium. Bs = basistylus; C = cercus; E = epandrium; G = gonostylus; P = penisfilum; S = sternite; Sa = subanal plate; T = tergite.

FIGURE 12 in The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species

FIGURE 12. Distribution records of Bittacus species in Brazil. a) B. angrensis, B. aripuanensis, B. blancheti, B. brasiliensis, B. brunipennis; b) B. boraceiensis, B. cruzi sp. n., B. diversinervis, B. femoralis; c) B. ferreirai sp. n., B. flavescens, B. froehlichi, B. latreillei; d) B. maculosus, B. omega, B. pintoi, B. varzeanus sp. n. Bittacus geniculatus is not represented because of its imprecise location.

FIGURE 11 in The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species

FIGURE 11. Bittacus varzeanus sp. n. a) wings; b) head, frontal view; c) head and thorax, dorsal view; d) male terminalia, lateral view; e) male terminalia, dorsal view; f) male terminalia, posterodorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 6. Bittacus wings. a in The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species

FIGURE 6. Bittacus wings. a) B. diversinervis; b) B. boraceiensis, holotype forewing; c) B. femoralis, forewing; d) B. latreillei, forewing. A = anal; cc = costal crossvein; Cu = cubital; M = medial; pt = pterostigma; pt c = pterostigmal crossvein; R = radial; Rs = radial sector; Sc = Subcosta. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 3. Bittacus adult habitus images. a in The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species

FIGURE 3. Bittacus adult habitus images. a) B. diversinervis; b) B. femoralis; c) B. latreillei. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURE 1. Bittacus adult habitus images. a in The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species

FIGURE 1. Bittacus adult habitus images. a) B. angrensis; b) B. brasiliensis, lectotype; c) B. flavescens, holotype; d) B. geniculatus, holotype. Scale bars = 1 mm. Type specimen photos provided by Michael Ohl (ZMHB).

FIGURE 2. Bittacus adult habitus images. a in The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species

FIGURE 2. Bittacus adult habitus images. a) B. aripuanensis; b) B. blancheti; c) B. maculosus. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figure 7 in Review of the Chinese Bittacus (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) with descriptions of three new species

Figure 7. Bittacus jiulianshanus sp. nov., male holotype. (A) Right wings; (B) terminalia in lateral view; (C) terminalia in dorso-caudal view. A, anal vein; AL, aedeagal lobe; Av, anal crossvein; Ce, cercus; CuA, anterior cubitus; CuP, posterior cubitus; Cuv, cubital crossvein; EL, epandrial lobe; FM, first fork of media; FRs, first fork of radial sector; Gc, gonocoxite; Gs, gonostylus; LBP, lower branch of proctiger; M, media; OM, origin of media; ORs, origin of radial sector; Pcv, pterostigmal crossvein; Pf, penisfilum; Ps, pterostigma; R, radius; Sc, subcosta; Scv, subcostal crossvein; T, tergum; UBP, upper branch of proctiger. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B and C = 0.5 mm.

Figure 4 in Review of the Chinese Bittacus (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) with descriptions of three new species

Figure 4. Bittacus setigerus sp. nov., male terminalia in lateral view. AL, aedeagal lobe; Ce, cercus; EL, epandrial lobe; Gc, gonocoxite; Gs, gonostylus; LBP, lower branch of proctiger; Pf, penisfilum; Sp, spiracle; T8, tergum 8; UBP, upper branch of proctiger. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figure 1 in Review of the Chinese Bittacus (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) with descriptions of three new species

Figure 1. Bittacus longantennatus sp. nov. (A) Male habitus in dorsal view; (B) right wings; (C) female habitus in lateral view; (D) male terminalia in lateral view. A, anal vein; Av, anal crossvein; CuA, anterior cubitus; CuP, posterior cubitus; Cuv, cubital crossvein; FM, first fork of media; FRs, first fork of radial sector; M, media; OM, origin of media; ORs, origin of radial sector; Pcv, pterostigmal crossvein; Ps, pterostigma; R, radius; Sc, subcosta; Scv, subcostal crossvein. Scale bars: A and C = 5 mm; B = 2 mm; D = 0.5 mm.

Figure 3 in Review of the Chinese Bittacus (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) with descriptions of three new species

Figure 3. Bittacus setigerus sp. nov., right wings. A, anal vein; Av, anal crossvein; CuA, anterior cubitus; CuP, posterior cubitus; Cuv, cubital crossvein; FM, first fork of media; FRs, first fork of radial sector; M, media; OM, origin of media; ORs, origin of radial sector; Pcv, pterostigmal crossvein; Ps, pterostigma; R, radius; Sc, subcosta; Scv, subcostal crossvein. Scale bar = 2.5 mm.

Figure 2 in Review of the Chinese Bittacus (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) with descriptions of three new species

Figure 2. Bittacus longantennatus sp. nov. (A) Head in frontal view; (B) male terminalia in lateral view; (C) male epandrial lobes in dorsal view; (D) male genitalia in caudal view; (E) female subgenital plate in ventral view; (F) female terminalia in lateral view; (G) tergum X and supraanal plate; (H) tergum X and subanal plate. Ant, antenna; AL, aedeagal lobe; Ce, cercus; E, compound eye; EL, epandrial lobe; Gc, gonocoxite; Gs, gonostylus; LBP, lower branch of proctiger; O, ocellus; Pf, penisfilum; SaP, subanal plate; SgP, subgenital plate; Sp, spiracle; SpaP, supraanal plate; T, tergum; UBP, upper branch of proctiger. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.

Figure 6 in Review of the Chinese Bittacus (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) with descriptions of three new species

Figure 6. Bittacus setigerus sp. nov., female. (A) Terminalia in lateral view; (B) subgenital plate in ventral view; (C) terminalia in dorsal view; (D) tergum X and subanale in ventral view; (E) spermatheca. Ce, cercus; SaP, subanal plate; SgP, subgenital plate; Sp, spiracle; SpaP, supraanal plate; T, tergum. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figure 5 in Review of the Chinese Bittacus (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) with descriptions of three new species

Figure 5. Bittacus setigerus sp. nov., male. (A) Terminalia in lateral view; (B) proctiger in lateral view; (C) epandrial lobes in dorsal view; (D) epandrial lobe in inner view; (E) genitalia in caudoventral view. AL, aedeagal lobe; Ce, cercus; EL, epandrial lobe; Gc, gonocoxite; Gs, gonostylus; LBP, lower branch of proctiger; Pf, penisfilum; Sp, spiracle; T, tergum; UBP, upper branch of proctiger. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Figure 9 in Morphology of immature stages of Bittacus choui (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) with notes on its biology

Figure 9. Bittacus choui, pupa. (A) Head, front view. (B) ibid, lateral view. (C) ibid, caudal view. (D) Left metathoracic leg, lateral view. (E) Pupa (female), lateral view. (F) Terminalia of male, lateral view. (G) ibid, female. bt, bridge of tentorium; cvpl, cervical plate; gl, galea; la, lacinia; Lbp, labial palpus; gc, gonocoxite; gs, gonostylus; an, anus; sp, spiracle; st8, sternum 8; t9, tergum 9; ce, cercus; D1, D2, D3, name of pairs of dorsal setae; L1, L2, L3, pairs of lateral setae.

Figure 10 in Morphology of immature stages of Bittacus choui (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) with notes on its biology

Figure 10. Immature stages of Bittacus choui. (A) Egg near hatching, showing the visible setae. (B) Hatching, showing the head out first. (D) ibid, abdomen out firstly. (C) Pupa ("). (E) First instar, feigning death. (F) Second instar. (G) Third instar.

Figure 5 in Morphology of immature stages of Bittacus choui (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) with notes on its biology

Figure 5. Chaetotaxy of thorax. (A) Prothorax. (B) Mesothorax. (C) Metathorax. sp, spiracle; XP1, XP2, anterior dorsal-cephalic protuberances; SDP, subdorsal protuberance; D1, D2, D3, dorsal setae; DP, dorsal protuberance; LP, lateral protuberance; MV1, MV2, minute ventral setae; SVP, subventral protuberance.

Figure 3 in Morphology of immature stages of Bittacus choui (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) with notes on its biology

Figure 3. First instar larva of Bittacus choui, head. (A) Tentorium. (B) Pharyngeal framework. (C) Labrum. (D) Left mandible, front view. (E) ibid, caudal view. (F) Left maxilla, caudal view. (G) ibid, front view. (H) Labium, caudal view. (I) Flagellum of antenna. (J) Portion of the pitted area of antennal pedicel. (K) Antenna of second instar larva, lateral view. (L) ibid, with flagellum removed, dorsal view. abd, dorsal abductor; add, dorsal adductor; AT, anterior tentorial arm; CT, corporotentorium; f, flagellum; Fr, frons; p, pedicel; PT, posterior tentorial arm; sc, scape; slv, salivary duct; tor, tormae.

Figure 1 in Morphology of immature stages of Bittacus choui (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) with notes on its biology

Figure 1. Ultrastructures of Bittacus choui (scanning electron micrographs). (A) Micropyle of egg. (B) Median ocellus of second instar, lateral view. (C) Apex of maxillary palpus, showing the sensilla basiconicum. (D) Finger-like annulated seta on abdominal segment 8, arrow indicating protuberance with small spines. (E) Finger-like annulated seta of abdominal segment 10, arrow showing the campaniform sensillum. (F) Head of second instar, showing setae with numerous hairs. (G) Prolegs. (H) Distal part of proleg. (I) Thoracic spiracle of second instar.

Figure 2 in Morphology of immature stages of Bittacus choui (Mecoptera: Bittacidae) with notes on its biology

Figure 2. Bittacus choui, head of first instar. (A) Front view. (B) Lateral view. (C) Caudal view. a9, posterior mandibular condyle; a0, cranial articulations of maxilla; Ant, antenna; at, anterior tentorial pits; Bu, egg burster; cas, cardo-stipes; Clp, cylpeus; cs, coronal suture; c, anterior mandibular acetabulum; cvpl, cervical plate; Cvx, cervix; E, compound eye; For, occipital foramen; Fr, frons; fs, frontal sutures; Ge, gena; gl, galea; Lb, labium; Lm, labrum; Lbp, labial palpus; Md, mandible; mt, mentum; Mx, maxilla; Mxp, maxillary palpus; occ, occipital condyle; O, ocellus; Plst, plerostoma; pmt, postmentum; pt, posterior tentorial pit; sgs, subgenal suture; sm, submentum; Vx, vertex; Head setae were named as A1, Lm1, Lm2, Cl1, Cl2, F1, F2, Vx1, Vx2, Vx3, G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5 respectively.