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43 results for “Breeding strategy”
Data - Sow what you sell: strategies for integrating organic breeding and seed production into value chain partnerships
<p>Online survey targeting organic farmers on organic seed use; 25 questions in the survey. The survey was conducted between November 2018 and June 2019 and distributed through the networks of partners involved in the Horizon2020 project LIVESEED, including 23 breeding & research institutes, seven breeding companies, eight seed companies, and 11 organic associations. 752 complete entries by farmers from 20 countries from Central, Northern, Southern and Eastern Europe could be used from the 1,475 total accesses to the survey.</p>
Characterization of grain carotenoids in global sorghum germplasm to guide genomics-assisted breeding strategies
<p><strong>Background</strong></p> <p>Crop biofortification is a successful strategy to ameliorate Vitamin A deficiency. Sorghum is a good candidate for vitamin A biofortification, as it is a staple food in regions with high prevalence of vitamin A deficiency. β-carotene—the main provitamin A carotenoid—is below the target concentration in sorghum grain, therefore, biofortification breeding is required. Previous studies found evidence that sorghum carotenoid variation is oligogenic, suggesting that marker-assisted selection can be an appropriate biofortification method. However, we hypothesize that sorghum carotenoids have both oligogenic and polygenic components of variation. Genomics-assisted breeding could accelerate breeding efforts, but there exists knowledge gaps in the genetics underlying carotenoid variation, as well as appropriate germplasm to serve as donors.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>In this study, we characterized carotenoids in 447 accessions from the sorghum association panel and carotenoid panel using high-performance liquid chromatography, finding high carotenoid accessions not previously identified. Genome-wide association studies confirmed that zeaxanthin epoxidase is a major gene underlying variation for not only zeaxanthin but also lutein and β-carotene. High carotenoid lines were found to have limited genetic diversity and originated predominantly from only one country. Potential novel genetic diversity for carotenoid content was identified through genomic predictions in 2,495 accessions of unexplored germplasm. Oligogenic variation of carotenoids was confirmed, as well as evidence for polygenic variation, suggesting both marker-assisted selection and genomic selection can facilitate breeding efforts.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong></p> <p>Sorghum vitamin A biofortification could be beneficial for millions of people who rely on it as a dietary staple. Carotenoid content in sorghum is low, but high heritability suggests that increasing concentrations through breeding is possible. Low genetic diversity among high carotenoid lines might be the main limitation for breeding efforts, therefore further germplasm characterization is needed to assess the feasibility of biofortification breeding. Based on germplasm here evaluated, most countries' germplasm lacks high carotenoid alleles, thus prebreeding will be needed. An SNP marker within the zeaxanthin epoxidase gene was identified as a good candidate for use in marker-assisted selection. Due to the oligogenic and polygenic variation of sorghum grain carotenoids, both marker-assisted selection and genomic selection can be employed to accelerate breeding efforts.</p>
Data from: Breeding site departure and post-departure movement strategy in Vireo olivaceus (Red-eyed Vireo)
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Characterization of grain carotenoids in global sorghum germplasm to guide genomics-assisted breeding strategies
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Potential drivers of differences in breeding phenology as a component of life history strategies among coexisting species
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Complex post-breeding moult strategies in a songbird migrating along the East Asian flyway, the Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler Locustella certhiola
<p>Moult strategies have received relatively little attention in current ornithology, and knowledge concerning the evolution, variability, and extent of moult is sparse in many bird species. This is especially true for East Asian <em>Locustella</em> species where assumptions on moult patterns are based on incomplete information. We provide evidence indicating a complex post-breeding moult strategy and variable moult extent among Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler <em>Locustella certhiola</em>, based on data from six ringing sites situated along its flyway from the breeding grounds to the wintering areas. A detailed study revealed for the first time that in most individuals wing feather moult proceeds from the centre both towards the body and the wing-tip, a moult pattern known as partial divergent moult (which is rare among Palaearctic passerines). In the Russian Far East, where both breeding birds and passage migrants occur, a third of the adult birds were moulting in late summer. In Central Siberia, at the northwestern limit of its distribution, adult individuals commenced their primary moult partly divergently and partly with unknown sequence. During migration in Mongolia, only descendantly (i.e. from the body towards the wing-tip) moulting birds were observed, while further south in Korea, Hong Kong and Thailand the proportion of potential eccentric and divergent feather renewal was not identifiable since the renewed feathers were already fully grown as expected. We found an increase in the mean number of moulted primaries during the progress of the autumn migration. Moderate body mass levels and low fat and muscle scores were observed in moulting adult birds, without any remarkable increase in the later season. According to optimality models, we suggest that an extremely short season of high food abundance in tall grass habitats and a largely overland route allow autumn migration with low fuel loads combined with moult-migration in at least a part of the population. This study highlights the importance of further studying moult strategy as well as stopover behaviour decisions and the trade-offs among migratory birds that are now facing a panoply of anthropogenic threats along their flyways.</p>
Use of amino acid isotope analysis to investigate capital versus income breeding strategies in migratory avian species
<p>Income and capital breeding represent opposing ends of a continuum of reproductive strategies. Quantifying nutrient allocation to reproduction is challenging, but recent advances in compound-specific stable isotope analysis hold promise for tracing the source of individual compounds allocated to reproduction. </p> <p>Here, we describe a novel approach of using measured carbon (δ<sup>13</sup>C) and nitrogen (δ<sup>15</sup>N) isotope values of individual amino acids (AAs) in pectoral muscle of egg-laying females and egg yolk as a useful tool to quantify the reliance on income versus capital breeding in migrating species. We used white-fronted (<em>Anser albifrons frontalis</em>), lesser snow (<em>A. caerulescens caerulescens</em>), and black brant (<em>Branta bernicla nigricans</em>) geese breeding in tundra ecosystems of northern Alaska as model organisms.</p> <p>All three species relied on mixed capital-income breeding strategies, but models based on AA isotope data estimated higher proportional contributions of endogenous resources to yolk synthesis compared to results based on bulk tissue isotope analyses. </p> <p>Tracing income versus capital nutrient allocation in migratory species at the compound level is a major advance from the current 'elemental' perspective obtained from bulk tissue stable isotope analyses. Our framework is applicable to all taxonomic groups, as long as there is a sufficient spatial or temporal isotopic gradient between resources obtained during the breeding and non-breeding periods.</p>
Data from: Bi-parental versus cooperative breeding in a passerine: fitness-maximizing strategies of males in response to risk of extra-pair paternity?
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Data from: Breeding synchrony and extrapair paternity in a species with alternative reproductive strategies
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Data from: Complex migration and breeding strategies in an elusive bird species illuminated by genetic and isotopic markers
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Complex post-breeding moult strategies in a songbird migrating along the East Asian flyway, the Pallas’s Grasshopper Warbler Locustella certhiola
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Strategies for the utilization of USDA mungbean germplasm collection for breeding outcomes
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Use of amino acid isotope analysis to investigate capital versus income breeding strategies in migratory avian species
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Supplementary materials for: Female‐female aggression in a cooperatively breeding bird during the non‐breeding period: The behavioral strategy to maintain long‐term partnerships
<p>Social monogamy evolves in association with biparental care. However, males who tend to pursue multiple mating are expected to place less value on established partnerships, whereas females do the opposite to ensure males'participation in rearing offspring. Accordingly, selection is expected to favor paired females to behave aggressively towards females that approach their social mates. For species with long-term partnerships, female-female aggression commonly observed during the breeding period should also occur in the non-breeding period. We look at whether these expectations are held up by conducting a field experiment in Tibetan ground tits Pseudopodoces humilis, a cooperatively breeding bird that has lifetime monogamy and forms new pair bonds in winter. Paired but not unpaired females were more aggressive towards the same-sex than towards opposite-sex intruders experimentally introduced into the winter group territory, an indication that paired females may be protecting partnerships. Both paired and unpaired males, on the other hand, displayed aggression almost equally against intruders of both sexes, indicating a likely function in territory defense. Our work provides the first evidence for the female's role in maintaining long-term monogamy during the non-breeding period in birds, and contributes to the recent progress regarding intrasexual competition between females as a component of sexual selection.</p>
Ecological and social constraints combine to promote evolution of non-breeding strategies in clownfish
<p><span>Individuals that forgo their own reproduction in animal societies represent an evolutionary paradox because it is not immediately apparent how natural selection can preserve the genes that underlie non-breeding strategies. Cooperative breeding theory provides a solution to the paradox: non-breeders benefit by helping relatives and/or inheriting breeding positions;<sup> </sup>non-breeders do not disperse to breed elsewhere because of ecological constraints. However, the question of why non-breeders do not contest to breed within their group has rarely been addressed. Here, we use a wild population of clownfish (<i>Amphiprion percula</i>), where non-breeders wait peacefully for years to inherit breeding positions, to show non-breeders will disperse when ecological constraints (risk of mortality during dispersal) are experimentally weakened. In addition, we show non-breeders will contest when social constraints (risk of eviction during contest) are experimentally relaxed. Our results show it is the combination of ecological and social constraints that promote the evolution of non-breeding strategies. The findings highlight parallels between, and potential for fruitful exchange between, cooperative breeding theory and economic bargaining theory: individuals will forgo their own reproduction and wait peacefully to inherit breeding positions (engage in cooperative options) when there are harsh ecological constraints (poor outside options) and harsh social constraints (poor inside options). </span></p>
Data from: QuLinePlus: extending plant breeding strategy and genetic model simulation to cross-pollinated populations – case studies in forage breeding
Plant breeders are supported by a range of tools that assist them to make decisions about the conduct or design of plant breeding programs. Simulations are a strategic tool that enable the breeder to integrate the multiple components of a breeding program into a number of proposed scenarios that are compared by a range of statistics measuring the efficiency of the proposed systems. A simulation study for the trait growth score compared two major strategies for breeding forage species, among half-sib family selection and among and within half-sib family selection. These scenarios highlighted new features of the QuLine program, now called QuLinePlus, incorporated to enable the software platform to be used to simulate breeding programs for cross pollinated species. Each strategy was compared across three levels of HS family mean heritability (0.1, 0.5 and 0.9), across three sizes of the initial parental population (10, 50, and 100), and across three genetic effects models (fully additive model, a mixture of additive, partial and over dominance model, and a mixture of partial dominance and over dominance model). Among and within half-sib selection performed better than among half-sib selection for all scenarios. The new tools introduced into QuLinePlus should serve to accurately compare among methods and provide direction on how to achieve specific goals in the improvement of plant breeding programs for cross breeding species.
Fig. 1 in Winter Distribution And Migratory Strategies Of Eurasian Spoonbills (Platalea Leucorodia) From The Pannonian Breeding Population: Are They Long-Distance Migrants?
Fig. 1. Winter distribution of the Hungarian Spoonbills ringed between 2003 and 2020. The map contains all wintering data collected between the winters of 2003/2004 and 2020/2021. The lines of 'winter shift' indicate the shifts between winters when a resident became a short-distance migrant (shifted from Hungary to Tunisia) and a short-distance migrant became a long-distance migrant (shifted from Morocco to Mauritania). Abbreviations: ind. = individuals; Carpathian B. = Carpathian Basin
Fig. 2 in Winter Distribution And Migratory Strategies Of Eurasian Spoonbills (Platalea Leucorodia) From The Pannonian Breeding Population: Are They Long-Distance Migrants?
Fig. 2. Detailed map on the winter distribution of the Hungarian Spoonbills in the Carpathian Basin and the Central and East Mediterranean areas. Abbreviations: ind. = indi- viduals; Carpathian B. = Carpathian Basin
Data from: Migration strategy and pathogen risk: non-breeding distribution drives malaria prevalence in migratory waders
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Data from: QuLinePlus: extending plant breeding strategy and genetic model simulation to cross-pollinated populations – case studies in forage breeding
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.