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Fig. 4. Prodasineura Cowley, 1934 spp., females. A–C. P in A revision of the systematics and distribution of the damselfly genus Prodasineura Cowley, 1934 (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platycnemididae) in Vietnam with description of two new species

Fig. 4. Prodasineura Cowley, 1934 spp., females. A–C. P. coerulescens (Fraser, 1932), ZCDTU 2016100801-ODO. D–F. P. doisuthepensis Hoess, 2007, ZCDTU 2017062201-ODO. G–H. P. hoffmanni Kosterin, 2015, ZCDTU 2017062202-ODO. A, D = prothorax, lateral view; B, E, G = prothorax, dorsal view; C, F, H = tip of abdomen, lateral view (Fig. 4G–H is modified from in Kosterin 2015: fig. 4c, h). Images not to scale.

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Figure 2. Pharaxonotha body parts. A–C in Review of Pharaxonotha Reitter (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting the cycad genus Dioon Lindl. (Cycadales), with descriptions of nine new species and comments on P. kirschii Reitter

Figure 2. Pharaxonotha body parts. A–C) Dorsal view of head. A) P. kirschii, Mpio. Jalpan, Querétaro, Mexico. Arrow points to temple. B) P. occidentalis, paratype, El Campanario, Chiapas, Mexico. C) P. vovidesi, paratype, Mt. Oscuro, Veracruz, Mexico.D) P. kirschii, abdominal ventrites, Mpio. Jalpan, Querétaro, Mexico. Arrow points to tooth on ventrite 5. E–F) Antennal clubs. E) P. kirschii, Santa Isabel, Chiapas, Mexico. F) P. sclerotiza, holotype. G) Spermatheca of Pharaxonotha fawcettae from Jalpan de Serra, Querétaro, Mexico indicating the diagnostic structures and orientations used in descriptions.

Text-fig. 9. Paramblypterus cf. rohani. Scale bars 5 mm. a, b: drawing and photograph of the skull in lateral view, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4529; c, d: photograph and drawing of the skull in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64673; e: bones of the skull roof in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64656; f: bones of the skull roof in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945; g, h: drawing and photograph (whitened) of the bones of the skull roof in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64658. Abbreviations: ap – anterior pit line, Cl – cleithrum, Cor – coronoid, Dhy – dermohyal, Dpt – dermopterotic, Dsph – dermosphenotic, Extl – extrascapular lateral, Extm – extrascapular medial, Fr – frontal, Gul – lateral gular, Gum – medial gular, ioc – infraorbital canal, Ios – infraorbital superior, Ju – jugal, mc – mandibular canal, Md – mandible, Mx – maxila, mp – medial pit line, Na – nasal, Op – operculum, Pa – parietal, Pop – preoperculum, pp – posterior pit line, Psp – postspiracular, Pt – posttemporal, Ptr – postrostral, Qu – quadratum, Rbr – branchiostegaly rays, Sbo – suborbital, soc – supraorbital canal, Sop – suboperculum, Spi – spiracular. in Actinopterygians Of The Broumov Formation (Permian) In The Czech Part Of The Intra-Sudetic Basin (The Czech Republic)

Text-fig. 9. Paramblypterus cf. rohani. Scale bars 5 mm. a, b: drawing and photograph of the skull in lateral view, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4529; c, d: photograph and drawing of the skull in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64673; e: bones of the skull roof in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64656; f: bones of the skull roof in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945; g, h: drawing and photograph (whitened) of the bones of the skull roof in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64658. Abbreviations: ap – anterior pit line, Cl – cleithrum, Cor – coronoid, Dhy – dermohyal, Dpt – dermopterotic, Dsph – dermosphenotic, Extl – extrascapular lateral, Extm – extrascapular medial, Fr – frontal, Gul – lateral gular, Gum – medial gular, ioc – infraorbital canal, Ios – infraorbital superior, Ju – jugal, mc – mandibular canal, Md – mandible, Mx – maxila, mp – medial pit line, Na – nasal, Op – operculum, Pa – parietal, Pop – preoperculum, pp – posterior pit line, Psp – postspiracular, Pt – posttemporal, Ptr – postrostral, Qu – quadratum, Rbr – branchiostegaly rays, Sbo – suborbital, soc – supraorbital canal, Sop – suboperculum, Spi – spiracular.

Text-fig. 12. Paramblypterus cf. rohani. Arrows indicate directio cranialis. a, b: photograph and drawing of four ridge scales in front of the dorsal fin base, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 80178, scale bars 5 mm; c: scale rows from the area between the pectoral and pelvic fins, outer surfaces of the scales bear fine ridges terminating as denticles on the posterior edge of the scales, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4916, scale bar 5 mm; d: isolated scale, from anterior area of the lateral side of the body, with denticulated posterior edge, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945, scale bar 2 mm; e: isolated scale from the pelvic area of the body, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945, scale bar 2 mm; f, g: drawing and photograph of the postcleithrum and the scales behind the pectoral girdle (the scales bear conspicuous ridges on their outer surface; well preserved large postcleithrum is without ridges.), locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4915, scale bars 5 mm. Abbreviations: Cl – cleithrum, Pcl – postcleithrum, Scl – supracleithrum. in Actinopterygians Of The Broumov Formation (Permian) In The Czech Part Of The Intra-Sudetic Basin (The Czech Republic)

Text-fig. 12. Paramblypterus cf. rohani. Arrows indicate directio cranialis. a, b: photograph and drawing of four ridge scales in front of the dorsal fin base, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 80178, scale bars 5 mm; c: scale rows from the area between the pectoral and pelvic fins, outer surfaces of the scales bear fine ridges terminating as denticles on the posterior edge of the scales, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4916, scale bar 5 mm; d: isolated scale, from anterior area of the lateral side of the body, with denticulated posterior edge, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945, scale bar 2 mm; e: isolated scale from the pelvic area of the body, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30945, scale bar 2 mm; f, g: drawing and photograph of the postcleithrum and the scales behind the pectoral girdle (the scales bear conspicuous ridges on their outer surface; well preserved large postcleithrum is without ridges.), locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4915, scale bars 5 mm. Abbreviations: Cl – cleithrum, Pcl – postcleithrum, Scl – supracleithrum.

Text-fig. 16. Aeduellidae. Scale bars 5 mm. Arrows indicate directio cranialis. a: right operculum in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64662; b: right operculum in lateral view, locality Otovice "Stěnava", NM-M 4910; c: right suboperculum in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30948. in Actinopterygians Of The Broumov Formation (Permian) In The Czech Part Of The Intra-Sudetic Basin (The Czech Republic)

Text-fig. 16. Aeduellidae. Scale bars 5 mm. Arrows indicate directio cranialis. a: right operculum in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64662; b: right operculum in lateral view, locality Otovice "Stěnava", NM-M 4910; c: right suboperculum in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30948.

Text-fig. 11. Paramblypterus cf. rohani. Arrows indicate directio cranialis. Scale bars 5 mm. a: isolated maxilla, cleithrum and supracleithrum in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64661; b: left posttemporal in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64664; c: right operculum in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64883; d: anal fin, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4529; e: dorsal fin, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4916. Abbreviations: Cl – cleithrum, Mx – maxilla, Scl – supracleithrum. in Actinopterygians Of The Broumov Formation (Permian) In The Czech Part Of The Intra-Sudetic Basin (The Czech Republic)

Text-fig. 11. Paramblypterus cf. rohani. Arrows indicate directio cranialis. Scale bars 5 mm. a: isolated maxilla, cleithrum and supracleithrum in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64661; b: left posttemporal in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64664; c: right operculum in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64883; d: anal fin, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4529; e: dorsal fin, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4916. Abbreviations: Cl – cleithrum, Mx – maxilla, Scl – supracleithrum.

Text-fig. 5. Paramblypterus vratislaviensis (AGASSIZ, 1833). Scale bars 5 mm. a: drawing of the skull roof in dorsal view, locality Olivětín, NM-M 2213; b, c: photograph and drawing of the left maxila in lateral view, locality Ruprechtice, NM-M 64696; d: right parietal in dorsal view, locality Ruprechtice "Pod Světlinou", P 64741; e: left maxilla in lateral view, locality Ruprechtice "Pod Světlinou", P 64738; f, g: photograph and drawing of the left mandible in medial view, locality Ruprechtice "Pod Světlinou", P 64738. Abbreviations: ap – anterior pit line, Dpt – dermopterotic, Dsph – dermosphenotic, eo – edge overlapped by surrounding bones, Fr – frontal, mp – medial pit line, Na – nasal, Pa – parietal, pp – posterior pit line, Ptr – postrostral, soc – supraorbital canal, socp – pores of the supraorbital canal. in Actinopterygians Of The Broumov Formation (Permian) In The Czech Part Of The Intra-Sudetic Basin (The Czech Republic)

Text-fig. 5. Paramblypterus vratislaviensis (AGASSIZ, 1833). Scale bars 5 mm. a: drawing of the skull roof in dorsal view, locality Olivětín, NM-M 2213; b, c: photograph and drawing of the left maxila in lateral view, locality Ruprechtice, NM-M 64696; d: right parietal in dorsal view, locality Ruprechtice "Pod Světlinou", P 64741; e: left maxilla in lateral view, locality Ruprechtice "Pod Světlinou", P 64738; f, g: photograph and drawing of the left mandible in medial view, locality Ruprechtice "Pod Světlinou", P 64738. Abbreviations: ap – anterior pit line, Dpt – dermopterotic, Dsph – dermosphenotic, eo – edge overlapped by surrounding bones, Fr – frontal, mp – medial pit line, Na – nasal, Pa – parietal, pp – posterior pit line, Ptr – postrostral, soc – supraorbital canal, socp – pores of the supraorbital canal.

Text-fig. 10. Paramblypterus cf. rohani. a: the skull roof in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64665, scale bar 5 mm; b: bones of the skull roof in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4920, scale bar 5 mm; c: right frontal in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4923, scale bar 5 mm; d: right dermopterotic in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30943, scale bar 2 mm; e: right supracleithrum in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30944, scale bar 5 mm; f: fragment of not deformed body in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4916, scale bar 10 mm; g: right maxilla in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64661, scale bar 5 mm; h: right maxilla in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4922, scale bar 5 mm. Abbreviations: Dpt – dermopterotic, Dsph – dermosphenotic, Fr – frontal, Pa – parietal. in Actinopterygians Of The Broumov Formation (Permian) In The Czech Part Of The Intra-Sudetic Basin (The Czech Republic)

Text-fig. 10. Paramblypterus cf. rohani. a: the skull roof in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64665, scale bar 5 mm; b: bones of the skull roof in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4920, scale bar 5 mm; c: right frontal in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4923, scale bar 5 mm; d: right dermopterotic in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30943, scale bar 2 mm; e: right supracleithrum in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 30944, scale bar 5 mm; f: fragment of not deformed body in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4916, scale bar 10 mm; g: right maxilla in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64661, scale bar 5 mm; h: right maxilla in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4922, scale bar 5 mm. Abbreviations: Dpt – dermopterotic, Dsph – dermosphenotic, Fr – frontal, Pa – parietal.

Text-fig. 15. Aeduellidae. Scale bars 5 mm. a: isolated left maxilla in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64678; b: the skull in lateral view, locality Otovice "Stěnava", G 58; c, d: drawing and photograph of the skull roof in dorsal view, locality Otovice, NM-M 4910. Abbreviations: Dpt – dermopterotic, Dsph – dermosphenotic, Ext – extrascapular, Fr – frontal, Io – infraorbital, ioc – infraorbital canal, Md – mandible, mp – medial pit line, Mx – maxilla, Na – nasal, Op – operculum, Pa – parietal, pp – posterior pit line, soc – supraorbital canal, stc – supratemporal canal. in Actinopterygians Of The Broumov Formation (Permian) In The Czech Part Of The Intra-Sudetic Basin (The Czech Republic)

Text-fig. 15. Aeduellidae. Scale bars 5 mm. a: isolated left maxilla in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64678; b: the skull in lateral view, locality Otovice "Stěnava", G 58; c, d: drawing and photograph of the skull roof in dorsal view, locality Otovice, NM-M 4910. Abbreviations: Dpt – dermopterotic, Dsph – dermosphenotic, Ext – extrascapular, Fr – frontal, Io – infraorbital, ioc – infraorbital canal, Md – mandible, mp – medial pit line, Mx – maxilla, Na – nasal, Op – operculum, Pa – parietal, pp – posterior pit line, soc – supraorbital canal, stc – supratemporal canal.

Text-fig. 14. Photomicrographs of thin sections of specimen BP/16/1732 Palmoxylon dutoitii from Mhengere Hill, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: transverse section (TS) with four fibre vascular bundles (fvb) and poorly preserved parenchyma between; b: diagram of one of the fvbs in (a) of the reniform type (f – fibres, mx – metaxylum, p – phloem, px – protoxylum); c: close up of the vascular part of a fvb with 2 metaxylem elements and the collapsed cells to the lower left represents the phloem; d: fvb with 2 metaxylem elements, fibrous part to the left and parencymarous ground tissue to the right; e: lower magnification of fvb in (c); f: fvb with three metaxylem elements and phloem patch below; g: longitudinal section (LS) showing the vascular sections alternating with the fibrous sections; h: LS showing the horizontal thickening on the walls of the metaxylem vessels and a patch of parenchyma to the right (darker cells); i: spheroid echinate phytoliths that are typical of Hyphaene and Borassus. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 14. Photomicrographs of thin sections of specimen BP/16/1732 Palmoxylon dutoitii from Mhengere Hill, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: transverse section (TS) with four fibre vascular bundles (fvb) and poorly preserved parenchyma between; b: diagram of one of the fvbs in (a) of the reniform type (f – fibres, mx – metaxylum, p – phloem, px – protoxylum); c: close up of the vascular part of a fvb with 2 metaxylem elements and the collapsed cells to the lower left represents the phloem; d: fvb with 2 metaxylem elements, fibrous part to the left and parencymarous ground tissue to the right; e: lower magnification of fvb in (c); f: fvb with three metaxylem elements and phloem patch below; g: longitudinal section (LS) showing the vascular sections alternating with the fibrous sections; h: LS showing the horizontal thickening on the walls of the metaxylem vessels and a patch of parenchyma to the right (darker cells); i: spheroid echinate phytoliths that are typical of Hyphaene and Borassus.

Text-fig. 9. Portnallia. a–j: P. bognorensis M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 30421. a: Oblique lateral view with dorsal surface of locule cast facing towards right side. b: Basal view (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 40 of Chandler 1961). c–g: Micro CT data. c–f: Surface renderings. c: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. d: lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. e: Basal view. f: Apical view. g: Digital transverse section near equatorial position showing (c) to u-shaped locules. h: Apical view of tetralocular fruit, V. 30423 (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 42 of Chandler 1961). i: Transverse section of specimen in (h), reflected light. j–o: P. sheppeyensis M.CHANDLER, Holotype V. 30428, here synomomized with P. bognorensis, from micro-CT data. j–m: Surface renderings. j: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. k: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. l: Basal view. m: Apical view. n: Digital equatorial transverse section showing the three preserved locules and extensive cracking due to pyrite decomposition. o: Translucent volume rendering, apical view showing (c) to u-shaped locules. Scale bars 2 mm, bar in (a) applies also to (b), bar in (e) applies to also to (c, d), bar in (g) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to applies also to (k–m). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 9. Portnallia. a–j: P. bognorensis M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 30421. a: Oblique lateral view with dorsal surface of locule cast facing towards right side. b: Basal view (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 40 of Chandler 1961). c–g: Micro CT data. c–f: Surface renderings. c: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. d: lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. e: Basal view. f: Apical view. g: Digital transverse section near equatorial position showing (c) to u-shaped locules. h: Apical view of tetralocular fruit, V. 30423 (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 42 of Chandler 1961). i: Transverse section of specimen in (h), reflected light. j–o: P. sheppeyensis M.CHANDLER, Holotype V. 30428, here synomomized with P. bognorensis, from micro-CT data. j–m: Surface renderings. j: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. k: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. l: Basal view. m: Apical view. n: Digital equatorial transverse section showing the three preserved locules and extensive cracking due to pyrite decomposition. o: Translucent volume rendering, apical view showing (c) to u-shaped locules. Scale bars 2 mm, bar in (a) applies also to (b), bar in (e) applies to also to (c, d), bar in (g) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to applies also to (k–m).

Text-fig. 4. Original floral picture of locality Líšeň-Neklež drawn by Zlatko Kvaček, scale bars 10 mm. a: Alnus cf. julianiformis (STERNB.) KVAČEK et HOLÝ, MB102; b: Osmunda parschlugiana (UNGER) ANDR., MB81; c: Salvinia reussii ETTINGS., MB86; d: cf. Engelhardia orsbergensis (P.WESSEL et C.O.WEBER) JÄHNICHEN, MAI et H.WALTHER, MB104; e: Laurophyllum sp., MB89a; f:?Polypodiaceae gen. et sp. indet., MB84; g: Ulmus sp., MB105a; h: Ulmus sp., MB106; i: Schoenoplectiella cf. ragozinii (P.I.DOROF.) DOWELD, MB88a; j: Leguminophyllum sp. 1, MB96; k: Salix variansG ÖPP., MB107; l:?Carya sp., MB89b; m: Leguminophyllum sp. 1, MB97; n: Leguminophyllum sp. 1, MB87; o: Podocarpium podocarpum (A.BRAUN) HEREND., MB100; p: "Parrotia" pristina (ETTINGSH.) STUR, MB92. in A New Early Miocene (Ottnangian) Flora Of The "Rzehakia Beds" From Brno-Líšeň

Text-fig. 4. Original floral picture of locality Líšeň-Neklež drawn by Zlatko Kvaček, scale bars 10 mm. a: Alnus cf. julianiformis (STERNB.) KVAČEK et HOLÝ, MB102; b: Osmunda parschlugiana (UNGER) ANDR., MB81; c: Salvinia reussii ETTINGS., MB86; d: cf. Engelhardia orsbergensis (P.WESSEL et C.O.WEBER) JÄHNICHEN, MAI et H.WALTHER, MB104; e: Laurophyllum sp., MB89a; f:?Polypodiaceae gen. et sp. indet., MB84; g: Ulmus sp., MB105a; h: Ulmus sp., MB106; i: Schoenoplectiella cf. ragozinii (P.I.DOROF.) DOWELD, MB88a; j: Leguminophyllum sp. 1, MB96; k: Salix variansG ÖPP., MB107; l:?Carya sp., MB89b; m: Leguminophyllum sp. 1, MB97; n: Leguminophyllum sp. 1, MB87; o: Podocarpium podocarpum (A.BRAUN) HEREND., MB100; p: "Parrotia" pristina (ETTINGSH.) STUR, MB92.

Text-fig. A3. a: Leaf morphotype 1 Tebano MSF SG 049. b: Leaf morphotype 2 Oriolo MSF 631. c: Leaf morphotype 3 Oriolo MSF n.n. d, f: Leaf morphotype 4. d: Oriolo MSF 891. e: Oriolo MSF 856. f: Oriolo MSF 858. g: Leaf morphotype 5 Oriolo MSF 783. h: Leaf morphotype 6 Oriolo MSF 952. i: Leaf morphotype 7 Oriolo MSF 862. j, l: Leaf morphotype 8. j: Oriolo MSF 912. k: Oriolo MSF 662. l: Oriolo MSF 662-1. m: Leaf morphotype 9 Oriolo MSF 715. n: Leaf morphotype 10 Oriolo MSF 716. o: Leaf morphotype 11, overview and detail of margin Oriolo MSF 880. p–z: Various rosaceous leaves/ leaflets. p: Oriolo MSF 943. q: Oriolo MSF 890. r: Oriolo MSF 950. s: Oriolo MSF 958. t: Oriolo MSF 966 aff. Sorbus. u: Oriolo MSF 956. v: Oriolo MSF 961. w: Oriolo MSF 962. x: Oriolo MSF 874. y: Oriolo MSF 883. z: Oriolo MSF 960. in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome

Text-fig. A3. a: Leaf morphotype 1 Tebano MSF SG 049. b: Leaf morphotype 2 Oriolo MSF 631. c: Leaf morphotype 3 Oriolo MSF n.n. d, f: Leaf morphotype 4. d: Oriolo MSF 891. e: Oriolo MSF 856. f: Oriolo MSF 858. g: Leaf morphotype 5 Oriolo MSF 783. h: Leaf morphotype 6 Oriolo MSF 952. i: Leaf morphotype 7 Oriolo MSF 862. j, l: Leaf morphotype 8. j: Oriolo MSF 912. k: Oriolo MSF 662. l: Oriolo MSF 662-1. m: Leaf morphotype 9 Oriolo MSF 715. n: Leaf morphotype 10 Oriolo MSF 716. o: Leaf morphotype 11, overview and detail of margin Oriolo MSF 880. p–z: Various rosaceous leaves/ leaflets. p: Oriolo MSF 943. q: Oriolo MSF 890. r: Oriolo MSF 950. s: Oriolo MSF 958. t: Oriolo MSF 966 aff. Sorbus. u: Oriolo MSF 956. v: Oriolo MSF 961. w: Oriolo MSF 962. x: Oriolo MSF 874. y: Oriolo MSF 883. z: Oriolo MSF 960.

Text-fig. 3. a: Pterigophycos sp., whole-plant specimen, coll. No. 22.116, larger blades denoted B1–4 (for details, see text), scale bar = 2 cm; b: Close-up of blades B1 and B2, which resemble P. spectabilis A.MASSAL. and P. canossae A.MASSAL., respectively; c: Closeup of blade B3 resembling P. canossae; d: Close-up of blade B4 resembling P. gazolanus A.MASSAL. or Laminarites irideaephyllus A.MASSAL. Scale bars = 1 cm unless otherwise stated. in A Whole-Plant Specimen Of The Marine Macroalga Pterigophycos From The Eocene Of Bolca (Veneto, N-Italy)

Text-fig. 3. a: Pterigophycos sp., whole-plant specimen, coll. No. 22.116, larger blades denoted B1–4 (for details, see text), scale bar = 2 cm; b: Close-up of blades B1 and B2, which resemble P. spectabilis A.MASSAL. and P. canossae A.MASSAL., respectively; c: Closeup of blade B3 resembling P. canossae; d: Close-up of blade B4 resembling P. gazolanus A.MASSAL. or Laminarites irideaephyllus A.MASSAL. Scale bars = 1 cm unless otherwise stated.

Text-fig. 4. Graphical visualization of Phytogeographic Reference Regions Assessment (PRRA) of nearest living relative genera of fossil-taxa from late Early Miocene Wiesa assemblage in eastern Germany. Analysis yields only NLRs which have modern distribution area (partly) in E and SE Asia. For relationships of fossil-taxa to nearest living relatives or ecological equivalents, see Tab. 6; taxa used for analysis marked with asterisks. Three geographic resolutions conducted: a – grid with 1.5° latitude/longitude resolution, b – grid with 2°, c – grid with 3°; similarity column indicates cooccurrences of genera of nearest living relatives in single grid box. Maximum value in our analysis: grid box marked with arrow in map a, located in western Yunnan Province, P. R. China and southern Kachin Province, NE Myanmar (east of Myitkyina city), area with 97.371 7–98.874 2° longitude and 24.586 7–25.837 5° latitude, yields 23 co-occurring species of 13 genera (Tab. 7). in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)

Text-fig. 4. Graphical visualization of Phytogeographic Reference Regions Assessment (PRRA) of nearest living relative genera of fossil-taxa from late Early Miocene Wiesa assemblage in eastern Germany. Analysis yields only NLRs which have modern distribution area (partly) in E and SE Asia. For relationships of fossil-taxa to nearest living relatives or ecological equivalents, see Tab. 6; taxa used for analysis marked with asterisks. Three geographic resolutions conducted: a – grid with 1.5° latitude/longitude resolution, b – grid with 2°, c – grid with 3°; similarity column indicates cooccurrences of genera of nearest living relatives in single grid box. Maximum value in our analysis: grid box marked with arrow in map a, located in western Yunnan Province, P. R. China and southern Kachin Province, NE Myanmar (east of Myitkyina city), area with 97.371 7–98.874 2° longitude and 24.586 7–25.837 5° latitude, yields 23 co-occurring species of 13 genera (Tab. 7).

Text-fig. 3. Juglandaceae. Carya (a–x). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–e: USNM PAL 772346. Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a, b: Lateral, c: apical, d: basal views. e: Virtual equatorial transverse section. f–n: USNM PAL 772347. f: Lateral view, reflected light, showing path of saw cut for transverse section of (i). g: Basal view, reflected light. h: Apical view, micro-CT surface rendering. i: Physical transverse section displaying locule and cellular preservation of parts of wall. j–n: Virtual sections from micro-CT scan data. j: Transverse section at apical 1/3 of nut. Note narrow lacunae (arrows). k: Longitudinal section parallel to primary septum, traversing one of the cotyledon lobes and showing secondary septum at base. l: Longitudinal section in plane at right angles to (k) in plane of primary septum, showing divergent placental bundles arising from base of nut (arrows). m: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of locule separated by primary septum. n: Transverse section near base of nut showing primary and secondary septa, creating four basal lobes of locule; note diverging placental bundles (arrows). o–x: USNM PAL 772351. o: Lateral view of broken nut with exposed locule cast, reflected light. p: Same orientation of nut, micro-CT surface rendering. q: Same specimen lateral view, rotated 90° from (p), micro-CT surface rendering. r: Apical view, reflected light. s–x: Virtual sections from micro-CT in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 3. Juglandaceae. Carya (a–x). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–e: USNM PAL 772346. Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a, b: Lateral, c: apical, d: basal views. e: Virtual equatorial transverse section. f–n: USNM PAL 772347. f: Lateral view, reflected light, showing path of saw cut for transverse section of (i). g: Basal view, reflected light. h: Apical view, micro-CT surface rendering. i: Physical transverse section displaying locule and cellular preservation of parts of wall. j–n: Virtual sections from micro-CT scan data. j: Transverse section at apical 1/3 of nut. Note narrow lacunae (arrows). k: Longitudinal section parallel to primary septum, traversing one of the cotyledon lobes and showing secondary septum at base. l: Longitudinal section in plane at right angles to (k) in plane of primary septum, showing divergent placental bundles arising from base of nut (arrows). m: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of locule separated by primary septum. n: Transverse section near base of nut showing primary and secondary septa, creating four basal lobes of locule; note diverging placental bundles (arrows). o–x: USNM PAL 772351. o: Lateral view of broken nut with exposed locule cast, reflected light. p: Same orientation of nut, micro-CT surface rendering. q: Same specimen lateral view, rotated 90° from (p), micro-CT surface rendering. r: Apical view, reflected light. s–x: Virtual sections from micro-CT

Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1 cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL 772362. Scale bar = 1 cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light, palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1 cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows). in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1 cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL 772362. Scale bar = 1 cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light, palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1 cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows).

Text-fig. 8. Carpolithes (a–t). a–e: Carpolithes sp. 1. USNM PAL 772366. Scale bar = 1 cm. a: Lateral view of endocarp, note two longitudinal ridges. b: Lateral view of endocarp rotated 90° from (a), note single lateral ridge in center, a, b reflected light, palladium coated. c: Lateral view, Micro-CT scan surface rendering. d: View of rounded end of the endocarp, reflected light, palladium coated. e: View of the opposite (pointed) end of the endocarp, note split; reflected light, palladium coated. f–j: Carpolithes sp. 2. USNM PAL 772367. Scale bar = 5 mm. f: Lateral view, base down; note raphe-like structure (arrow), reflected light, palladium coated. g: Lateral view, the raphe-like structure extending vertically from the base. h: Lateral view, rotated 90° from (g). i: Lateral view, the opposite face to that in (h). j: Basal view, raphe-like structure running from the center to the right of the image. g–j: CT scan surface renderings. k–o: Carpolithes sp. 3 USNM PAL 772368. Scale bar = 5 mm. k: Ventral view of the specimen, note flared apical extension, reflected light, uncoated. l: Dorsal view illustrating the flared apical extension, rotated 180o from (k). m: Lateral view rotated 90° from that in (l). n: Apical view, the apical extension with central pore (arrow) and a clear lineation running down the side to the top of the image. o: Basal view. l–o: Micro-CT scan surface renderings. p–t: Carpolithes sp. 4. USNM PAL 772369. Scale bar = 3 mm. p: Basal view illustrating the concentric rings of radiating possible cells surrounding a central depression. q: Lateral view, base down, note possible cellular pattern. r: Lateral view, rotated 180° from (q), base down; p–r: reflected light, palladium coated. s, t: Basal and lateral views, micro-CT scan surface renderings. in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 8. Carpolithes (a–t). a–e: Carpolithes sp. 1. USNM PAL 772366. Scale bar = 1 cm. a: Lateral view of endocarp, note two longitudinal ridges. b: Lateral view of endocarp rotated 90° from (a), note single lateral ridge in center, a, b reflected light, palladium coated. c: Lateral view, Micro-CT scan surface rendering. d: View of rounded end of the endocarp, reflected light, palladium coated. e: View of the opposite (pointed) end of the endocarp, note split; reflected light, palladium coated. f–j: Carpolithes sp. 2. USNM PAL 772367. Scale bar = 5 mm. f: Lateral view, base down; note raphe-like structure (arrow), reflected light, palladium coated. g: Lateral view, the raphe-like structure extending vertically from the base. h: Lateral view, rotated 90° from (g). i: Lateral view, the opposite face to that in (h). j: Basal view, raphe-like structure running from the center to the right of the image. g–j: CT scan surface renderings. k–o: Carpolithes sp. 3 USNM PAL 772368. Scale bar = 5 mm. k: Ventral view of the specimen, note flared apical extension, reflected light, uncoated. l: Dorsal view illustrating the flared apical extension, rotated 180o from (k). m: Lateral view rotated 90° from that in (l). n: Apical view, the apical extension with central pore (arrow) and a clear lineation running down the side to the top of the image. o: Basal view. l–o: Micro-CT scan surface renderings. p–t: Carpolithes sp. 4. USNM PAL 772369. Scale bar = 3 mm. p: Basal view illustrating the concentric rings of radiating possible cells surrounding a central depression. q: Lateral view, base down, note possible cellular pattern. r: Lateral view, rotated 180° from (q), base down; p–r: reflected light, palladium coated. s, t: Basal and lateral views, micro-CT scan surface renderings.

Text-fig. 9. Carpolithes (a–r). a–d: Carpolithes sp. 5. USNM PAL 772370. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe descending from apex toward viewer. b: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe on right. c: Lateral view, opposite side, apex up, possible raphe on left. d: Apical view, note central pit with raphe descending towards bottom margin. e–h: Carpolithes sp. 6. USNM PAL 772371. Scale bar = 5 mm. e: Basal view illustrating depression and keel in plane of bisymmetry, reflected light, palladium coated. f–h: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view showing relatively smooth rounded surface. g: Specimen rotated 180° from (f), surface partially eroded. h: Longitudinal view, showing median keel. i–m: Carpolithes sp. 7 USNM PAL 772372. Scale bar = 5 mm. i: View of intact face of globose fruit, possible apical constriction at top. j: Lateral view, intact surface to right, possible apical constriction at top, both micro-CT scan surface renderings. k: Apical view. l: Face view illustrating the mineral filling and the fine, radiating structure of the fruit wall on the left and right margins, both reflected light, palladium coated. m: Closeup of the cellular layer on the left of (l), micro-CT scan surface rendering. n–p: Carpolithes sp. 8. USNM PAL 772373. Scale bar = 3 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. n: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, one ridge running vertically in the center of view, the other two forming the left and right margins. o: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, ridge in (n) on the left. p: End-on view illustrating one convex, one concave, and one relatively flat to very slightly concave face. q, r: Carpolithes sp. 9 USNM PAL 772374. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. q: Exterior of the smooth broken half-sphere. r: Interior of the broken half-sphere. in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 9. Carpolithes (a–r). a–d: Carpolithes sp. 5. USNM PAL 772370. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe descending from apex toward viewer. b: Lateral view of seed, apex up, possible raphe on right. c: Lateral view, opposite side, apex up, possible raphe on left. d: Apical view, note central pit with raphe descending towards bottom margin. e–h: Carpolithes sp. 6. USNM PAL 772371. Scale bar = 5 mm. e: Basal view illustrating depression and keel in plane of bisymmetry, reflected light, palladium coated. f–h: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view showing relatively smooth rounded surface. g: Specimen rotated 180° from (f), surface partially eroded. h: Longitudinal view, showing median keel. i–m: Carpolithes sp. 7 USNM PAL 772372. Scale bar = 5 mm. i: View of intact face of globose fruit, possible apical constriction at top. j: Lateral view, intact surface to right, possible apical constriction at top, both micro-CT scan surface renderings. k: Apical view. l: Face view illustrating the mineral filling and the fine, radiating structure of the fruit wall on the left and right margins, both reflected light, palladium coated. m: Closeup of the cellular layer on the left of (l), micro-CT scan surface rendering. n–p: Carpolithes sp. 8. USNM PAL 772373. Scale bar = 3 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. n: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, one ridge running vertically in the center of view, the other two forming the left and right margins. o: Lateral view of pyrene-like structure, ridge in (n) on the left. p: End-on view illustrating one convex, one concave, and one relatively flat to very slightly concave face. q, r: Carpolithes sp. 9 USNM PAL 772374. Scale bar = 5 mm, reflected light, palladium coated. q: Exterior of the smooth broken half-sphere. r: Interior of the broken half-sphere.