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858 results for “Carnivore”
Balancing carnivore conservation and sustainable hunting of a key prey species: a case study on the Florida panther and white-tailed deer
<p>1. Large carnivore restoration programs are often promoted as capable of providing ecosystem services. However, these programs rarely measure effects of successful restoration on other economically and ecologically important species. In South Florida, while the endangered Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) population has increased in recent years due to conservation efforts, the population of its main prey, the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), has declined in some regions. The extent to which panther predation has affected deer populations has been difficult to assess because several other factors have changed during this period, including hydrology and hunting regulations.</p> <p>2. We collected known-fate survival data on 241 GPS-collared adult deer (156 females and 85 males) from 2015 to 2018 in the Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge and the Big Cypress National Preserve in Florida, USA, to assess effects of panther predation on the deer population, while also evaluating the impacts of hunting and hydrology.</p> <p>3. Predation was the primary cause of death (110 of 134 mortalities), and 87% of predation events were attributed to panthers, a much greater rate than reported by studies conducted before the panther genetic restoration effort initiated in 1995. One deer was legally harvested, and two were likely killed by poachers. Increasing water depth decreased female survival but had little impact on male survival, and drowning was never a cause of mortality.</p> <p>4. Females had greater survival probability than males, except during fawning season. From 2015 to 2018, annual survival rates increased from 0.61 (0.52-0.70) to 0.86 (0.79-0.91) for females, and from 0.45 (95% CI: 0.33-0.58) to 0.79 (0.69-0.86) for males.</p> <p>5. Synthesis and applications – High predation rates, coupled with previous evidence of low recruitment of deer in South Florida, suggest that it will be challenging to meet society's competing demands for large predator restoration and sustainable deer harvest. Deer hunting in the area must remain tightly controlled, for now, if it is to be sustainable, and managers should seek to mitigate effects of high waters and improve deer habitat quality to increase deer population viability. Future work should closely monitor the deer population to assess if management actions can increase vital rates and abundance in the context of high predation rates.</p>
Selection against early flowering in geothermally heated soils is associated with pollen but not prey availability in a carnivorous plant
<p>This data set includes data on flowering phenology, rosette diameters and fitness of the perennial herb Pinguicula vulgaris, as well as data on soil temperature and experimental treatment applied. The data was collected during the summer of 2020 in 287 plant individuals located in a sub-arctic geothermal area in Ölfus municipality in SW-Iceland, Hengill (64°03’N; 21°18’W, ~360 m.a.s.l.).</p>
Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids. The red circle indicates the p4 in A new gigantic carnivore (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the late middle Miocene of France
Figure 4 Mandible and p4 comparison for several European amphycionids. The red circle indicates the p4 position on the mandible. Modified from Dehm (1950), Kuss (1965), Bergounioux & Crouzel (1973), Viranta (1996), Peigné & Heizmann (2003), Peigné et al. (2008), Nagel, Stefen & Morlo (2009), Morales et al. (2021a) and Morales et al. (2021b). NMB TD1162 (Heizmannocyon steinheimensis), NMB SO4377 (Megamphicyon giganteus). The scale bar is five cm for the mandibles. The p4 are not to scale. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-4
Figure 3 in A new gigantic carnivore (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the late middle Miocene of France
Figure 3 Holotype (MHNBx 2020.20.1) of Tartarocyon cazanavei nov. gen. & sp. from Sallespisse (MN7/8, Southwest France), in occlusal, lingual, and labial views. Scale bar is 5 cm. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-3
Figure 2 in A new gigantic carnivore (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the late middle Miocene of France
Figure 2 Sedimentological succession of the Sallespisse outcrop with the location of the specimen MHNBx 2020.20.1. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-2
Figure 5 in A new gigantic carnivore (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the late middle Miocene of France
Figure 5 Reconstruction of Tartarocyon cazanavei nov. gen. & sp. feeding on a stranded dolphin along the Serravallian sea. We know only few on the inland environmental conditions where Tartarocyon lived. This illustration thus combines all the data from the site la Crousquillière in Sallespisse including the intertidal dark deposits, the abundance of the molluscs, and the mandible of Tartarocyon in the high-tide line. Drawing by Denny Navarra. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-5
Figure 1 in A new gigantic carnivore (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the late middle Miocene of France
Figure 1 Geographical position of the fossiliferous locality of Sallespisse (Close-up on the Southwest France, redrawn from Cahuzac, Janin & Steurbaut, 1995). The light grey area represents the maximum of extension of the Serravallian Sea. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13457/fig-1
Predicting potential distributions of large carnivores in Kenya: An occupancy study to guide conservation
<p><span><strong>Aim</strong>:</span><span> Species distribution maps are frequently the foundation upon which species-specific conservation strategies are developed, however, mapping species distribution is challenging, especially across large spatial extents. Our aim was to use a novel empirical approach to predict the national distribution for all six large carnivore species </span><span>found in Kenya to guide conservation and management decisions by identifying knowledge and conservation gaps.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Location</strong>:</span><span> Kenya</span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>:</span><span> Data on carnivore presence and absence were collected through questionnaires and sightings-based surveys. These data were combined and analysed using single-season false-positive occupancy models, which account for imperfect detections and false positives. </span><span>To inform conservation strategies, </span><span>we used the occupancy outputs to make predictions for unsampled areas and create occupancy-based distribution </span><span>maps, where ψ>0.50, </span><span>to</span><span> (1) quantify differences with IUCN Red List range maps, (2) quantify overlap with wildlife areas and (3) </span><span>identify areas of high carnivore richness</span><span>.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>:</span><span> Large carnivore occupancy was associated with land conversion, habitat, and prey availability. Our results suggest that all six species are widely distributed across Kenya and reveal substantial differences in distribution maps compiled by the IUCN Red List. </span><span>More specifically, our occupancy-based distribution maps predict a </span><span>much larger distribution for African wild dog (5.09X), lion (4.77X), and leopard (1.46X), similar distribution for cheetah, and smaller distribution for spotted hyaena (0.84X) and striped hyaena (0.65X). For all large carnivores, the vast majority (~80%) of their predicted distribution falls outside wildlife areas and northern Kenya is predicted to have the highest large carnivore richness.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Main conclusions</strong>:</span> <span>Our results are encouraging as large carnivores may be widely distributed across Kenya, in some cases potentially more so than previously acknowledged. However, much of this range lies outside wildlife areas and represents areas of concern both for conservation and human livelihoods illustrating the challenges of conserving large carnivores across their range.</span></p>
Plant‐eating carnivores: Multispecies analysis on factors influencing the frequency of plant occurrence in obligate carnivores
<p>Plant-eating behavior is one of the greatest mysteries in obligate carnivores. Despite unsuitable morphological and physiological traits for plant consumption, the presence of plants in scat or stomach contents has been reported in various carnivorous species. However, researchers' interpretations of this subject are varied, and knowledge about it is scarce, without any multispecies studies. This study assessed the extent of variation in the frequency of plant occurrence in scat and stomach contents, as well as its relationship with various factors in 24 felid species using data from 213 published articles. Since the frequency of plant occurrence has not always been reported, we created two-part models and estimated parameters in a Bayesian framework. We found a significant negative relationship between the frequency of plant occurrence and body mass. This may be because plant-eating behavior reduces the energy loss caused by parasites and increases the efficiency of energy intake, which has a greater importance in smaller animals that have relatively high metabolic rates. This exploratory study highlights the importance of considering plant consumption in dietary studies on carnivorous species to understand the adaptive significance of this behavior and the relationship between obligate carnivores and plants.</p>
New giant carnivorous dinosaur reveals convergent evolutionary trends in theropod arm reduction
<p>Giant carnivorous dinosaurs such as <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em> and abelisaurids are characterized by highly reduced forelimbs that stand in contrast to their huge dimensions, massive skulls, and obligate bipedalism. Another group that follows this pattern, yet is still poorly known, is the Carcharodontosauridae: dominant predators that inhabited most continents during the Early Cretaceous and reached their largest sizes in Aptian-Cenomanian times. Despite many discoveries over the last three decades, aspects of their anatomy, especially with regard to the skull, forearm, and feet, remain poorly known. Here we report a new carcharodontosaurid, <em>Meraxes gigas</em>, gen. et sp. nov., based on a specimen recovered from the Upper Cretaceous Huincul Formation of northern Patagonia, Argentina. Phylogenetic analysis places <em>Meraxes</em> among derived Carcharodontosauridae, in a clade with other massive South American species. <em>Meraxes</em> preserves novel anatomical information for derived carcharodontosaurids, including an almost complete forelimb that provides evidence for convergent allometric trends in forelimb reduction among three lineages of large-bodied, megapredatory non-avian theropods, including a remarkable degree of parallelism between the latest-diverging tyrannosaurids and carcharodontosaurids. This trend, coupled with a likely lower bound on forelimb reduction, hypothesized to be about 0.4 forelimb/femur length, combined to produce this short-armed pattern in theropods. The almost complete cranium of <em>Meraxes</em> permits new estimates of skull length in <em>Giganotosaurus</em>, which is among the longest for theropods. <em>Meraxes</em> also provides further evidence that carchardontosaurids reached peak diversity shortly before their extinction with high rates of trait evolution in facial ornamentation possibly linked to a social signaling role.</p>
Data on the abundance of wild ungulates and large carnivores in the Roztocze National Park (south-east Poland), 2007-2022
<p>Data on the abundance of wild ungulates and large carnivores in the Roztocze National Park (south-east Poland), 2007-2022</p>
Data from: Pitcher geometry facilitates extrinsically powered 'springboard trapping' in carnivorous Nepenthes gracilis pitcher plants
<div> <p>Carnivorous pitcher plants capture insects in cup-shaped leaves that function as motionless pitfall traps. <em>Nepenthes gracilis</em>, evolved a unique 'springboard' trapping mechanism that exploits the impact energy of falling raindrops to actuate a fast pivoting motion of the canopy-like pitcher lid. We superimposed multiple computerized micro-tomography images of the same pitcher to reveal distinct deformation patterns in lid-trapping <em>N. gracilis</em> and closely related pitfall-trapping <em>N. rafflesiana</em>. We found prominent differences between downward and upward lid displacement in <em>N. gracilis </em>only. Downward displacement was characterised by bending in two distinct deformation zones while upward displacement was accomplished by evenly distributed straightening of the entire upper rear section of the pitcher. This suggests an anisotropic impact response, which may help to maximize initial jerk forces for prey capture, as well as the subsequent damping of the oscillation. Our results point to a key role of pitcher geometry for effective 'springboard' trapping in <em>N. gracilis</em>.</p> </div>
Fig. 1 in Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs
Fig. 1. Rough outline showing scale of size of Tyrannosaurus rex. By W. D. M. The association of the small forearm is probably incorrect.
Fig. 2 in Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs
Fig. 2. Inner surface of the left lower jaw of the type specimen of Dynamosaurus imperiosus. 1/8 nat. size.
Figs 1–10 in Identification Of Hungarian Mustelidae And Other Small Carnivores Using Guard Hair Analysis
Figs 1–10. Photographs of small carnivores guard hairs: 1 = pectinate pattern of cuticula (Mustela eversmanni); 2 = diamond petal pattern of cuticula (Lutra lutra); 3 = mosaic pattern of cuticula (Mustela erminea); 4 = regular, close wave pattern of cuticula (Lutra lutra); 5 = unicellular ladder pattern of medulla (Mustela erminea); 6 = scalloped margin of medulla (Mustela erminea); 7 = cloisonné pattern of medulla (Martes foina); 8 = fragmented medulla (Mustela erminea); 9 = cloisonné-like medulla with straight medullar margin and large, oval cells (Vulpes vulpes); 10 =
Fig. 4 in A novel method to obtain accurate length estimates of carnivorous reef fishes from a single video camera
Fig. 4. Boxplots showing the length distributions (mm) for Acanthistius patachonicus in five Submarine Parks within Golfo Nuevo, estimated by the naive (n = 132), Reference scale at the bait level (RSB) (n = 98) and Mirrored baited underwater video system (MBUV) (n = 132) methods. The numbers of fish measured with the MBUV in each reef are indicated, and the widths of the boxes within each reef are proportional to those numbers. The x-axis was truncated to avoid loss of detail.
Fig. 1 in A novel method to obtain accurate length estimates of carnivorous reef fishes from a single video camera
Fig. 1. Mirrored baited underwater video system (MBUV). (a) MBUV settled on bottom for calibration purposes: 1) video signal and remote control, 2) strained cables marked every 200 mm segments, 3) placement of the bait holder, 4) mirrored surface; (b) Camera view of a MBUV deployment showing the naive length of a sea bass Acanthistius patachonicus (NL), the length of its reflected image (LRI), and the reference scales (RS = 200 mm) used for applying the MBUV and Reference scale at the bait level (RSB) procedures. Four fishes (1-4) could be accurately measured in this snapshot; fish #4 could be sized even when its body laid wholly outside of the mirrored area but was partially reflected by it.
Fig. 3 in A novel method to obtain accurate length estimates of carnivorous reef fishes from a single video camera
Fig. 3. Histogram and boxplot showing the distribution of the relative errors of length estimates for three plastic silhouettes of 112 mm, 360 mm and 444 mm. The boxplot below indicates a median relative error = -0.9%.
Fig. 5 in A novel method to obtain accurate length estimates of carnivorous reef fishes from a single video camera
Fig. 5. Scatter plots with marginal histograms showing fish length estimates (mm) obtained with (a) Mirrored baited underwater video system (MBUV) and naive methods (n = 132), and with (b) MBUV and Reference scale at the bait level (RSB) methods (n = 67), in five Submarine Parks within Golfo Nuevo. Solid circles in (a) represent truncated lengths (>550 mm). The corresponding naive estimates for the truncated lengths are indicated next to the circles. Solid black lines represent the regression 1:1 in both boxes.
Fig. 2 in A novel method to obtain accurate length estimates of carnivorous reef fishes from a single video camera
Fig. 2. Calibration (a) and 'Height' (b) functions for the Mirrored baited underwater video system (MBUV) system. The solid lines represent the fitted models. Shaded areas represent 95% confidence regions. Jittered rugs on the x-axis indicate the distribution of the NL/LRI ratio and NL/LRI ratio-1 data, respectively. NL = naive length, LRI = length of the reflected image.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.