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Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1 cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL 772362. Scale bar = 1 cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light, palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1 cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows). in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 6. Cornaceae. Alangium (a–e), Mastixia (f–r). a–e: Alangium, DMNH EPI.47806. Scale bar = 1 cm. b, e: Reflected light, palladium coated. a, c, d: Micro-CT scan surface rendering. a: Locule cast, face view of slightly larger locule. b: Face view of slightly smaller locule. c: Lateral view of the endocarp, the slightly enlarged left carpel separated from the smaller carpel by a longitudinal septal groove; the faint pitting in the groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. d, e: Views of either end of the endocarp, illustrating the size difference between the two carpels and the pitting in the septal groove suggestive of the septal vasculature. f–k: Mastixia USNM PAL 772362. Scale bar = 1 cm. f, g, j, k: reflected light, palladium coated; h, i: micro-CT scan surface rendering. f: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred dorsal germination valve groove facing the viewer. Note irregular, rugose, longitudinal ridges. g: Lateral view of endocarp, inferred germination valve with median longitudinal groove to left. h: Lateral view of endocarp reoriented with the same longitudinal groove to the right. i: Lateral view, rotated to ventral surface. j: View of one end of the endocarp, germination valve groove up. k: Opposite end view, with prominent radial ridges and intervening grooves, germination valve groove up. l–r: Mastixia USNM PAL 772363. Scale bar = 1 cm. l: View of one face of endocarp, displaying a groove that may represent the surficial expression of the dorsal infold of a Mastixia-like germination valve. Surface badly eroded, reflected light, palladium coated. m: Opposite face of endocarp displaying extensive erosion and a central hole interpreted as feeding damage. n: Lateral view; m, n micro-CT scan surface renderings. o: A view of one end, displaying the prominent groove, reflected light, palladium coated. p: Opposite end to (o). q: View as in (o); p, q micro-CT scan surface renderings. r: Virtual transverse section showing curved locule (arrows).

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Text-fig. 4. Juglandaceae Carya (a–w). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–d: USNM PAL 772352, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Obliquelateral view of nut, apex up. b: Basal view with damage to left and clear depiction of meridional grooves. c, d: Two lateral views oriented about 130° from each other and avoiding the area of damage; the meridional grooves clear in (c). e–l: USNM PAL 772350. e: Intact nut, lateral view, apex up, reflected light. f: One half of split nut revealing in situ chalcedony locule cast, reflected light. g–k: Virtual sections from micro-CT data. g: Longitudinal section parallel to the exposed face in (f). h: Longitudinal section at 90° from (g). i: Transverse section in apical 1/3 showing locule bracketed by C-shaped lacunae (arrows). j: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of the locule separated by primary septum, lacuna evident below as white line. k: Transverse section near base in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 4. Juglandaceae Carya (a–w). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–d: USNM PAL 772352, reflected light, palladium coated. a: Obliquelateral view of nut, apex up. b: Basal view with damage to left and clear depiction of meridional grooves. c, d: Two lateral views oriented about 130° from each other and avoiding the area of damage; the meridional grooves clear in (c). e–l: USNM PAL 772350. e: Intact nut, lateral view, apex up, reflected light. f: One half of split nut revealing in situ chalcedony locule cast, reflected light. g–k: Virtual sections from micro-CT data. g: Longitudinal section parallel to the exposed face in (f). h: Longitudinal section at 90° from (g). i: Transverse section in apical 1/3 showing locule bracketed by C-shaped lacunae (arrows). j: Equatorial transverse section showing two lobes of the locule separated by primary septum, lacuna evident below as white line. k: Transverse section near base

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Simulating flow forming/spinning of as-cast aluminum at elevated temperature: example implicit & explicit FEA

This collection of files largely automates the creation and running of FEA models of rotary forming at temperature. The modelling approaches are detailed further here: M.J. Roy, D.M. Maijer, Analysis and modelling of a rotary forming process for cast aluminium alloy A356, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Volume 226, 2015, Pages 188-204, ISSN 0924-0136, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.06.036. Briefly, the multi-stage model was developed with MATLAB 7.2 and Abaqus 11.2 and configured to run on a Linux-based system with PBS functionality, last tested on a muti-node CentOS 5 system. The main script is FFauto.m, which will write input files and user subroutines and call FFauto_Abaqus11Submit.m to run the input files or intermediate post-processing to set up the next job. More specifically: <ol> <li>FFauto will write an input deck based on 2D implicit heat transfer and then run it.</li> <li>Once the analysis is complete, it will perform some cursory post processing by writing an Abaqus Python script and then submitting that.</li> <li>Based on the post-processing of the implicit analysis, it will then generate a 3D explicit forming analysis input file. Depending on the operator's input, this can include an explicit cooling step as well.</li> <li>It will then submit the 3D analysis.</li> </ol> Note that steps can be skipped - that is, if the results for an implicit heat transfer calculation are available, then it will use those results to generate the explicit step(s). Note that the implicit user subroutine *uhard.f contains a DFLUX subroutine in addition to the UHARD subroutine. This was not employed in the published work. Leave the ArtHeat variable as True to both speed up simulation times and get similar results as published. Running FFauto.m is accomplished by submitting the FFauto4.pbs file.

FIGURE 5 in Comparison of methods: Micro-CT visualization method and epoxy cast-embedding reveal hidden details of bioerosion in the tube walls of Cretaceous polychaete worms

FIGURE 5. Pyrgopolon (Septenaria) cf. tricostata (Goldfuss, 1841), longitudinal section of a tube from Kaňk "Na Vrších", no. NM O8728. A. SEM image of the resulting cast providing a three-dimensional view of three bi-camerate specimens of Entobia isp. and numerous shafts of Trypanites isp. cut by the longitudinal boring Maeandropolydora isp.; galleries are duplicated, more or less parallel, partially touching each other. B. The same view to the specimen by using micro-CT. C. detail of the resin cast showing a pair of bi-camerate Entobia isp. D. micro-CT scan from the same view, details of Entobia chambers are below the lower limit of micro-CT resolution.

ANIMATION 1 in Comparison of methods: Micro-CT visualization method and epoxy cast-embedding reveal hidden details of bioerosion in the tube walls of Cretaceous polychaete worms

ANIMATION 1. Three-dimensional animation of specimen Cementula sp., a coiled tube, no. CZ2, from Velim locality, the Czech Republic.

FIGURE 3 in Comparison of methods: Micro-CT visualization method and epoxy cast-embedding reveal hidden details of bioerosion in the tube walls of Cretaceous polychaete worms

FIGURE 3. Cementula sp., a coiled tube, no. CZ2, from Velim. A–C. Scanning electron microscope images of resin cast, B–C insets in A showing microbioerosion beneath D–F. Micro-CT images. A, D and E. Identical views using different methods. B. SEM image of resin cast shows branching stolons of Iramena isp., below lower limit of micro-CT resolution. C. Detail showing microbioerosion beneath tube surface and shaft incompletely filled with epoxy resin. D. 2D section through both tubes. E. Semi-transparent rendering of 2D section. F. Volume reproduction image, 3D view to smooth inner surfaces of the tubes.

FIGURE 1. A in Comparison of methods: Micro-CT visualization method and epoxy cast-embedding reveal hidden details of bioerosion in the tube walls of Cretaceous polychaete worms

FIGURE 1. A. Simplified geographic map of Bohemian Cretaceous Basin indicating locations of the studied sites (in rectangle). B. Geographic position of nearshore deposits at Velim, Kaňk "Na Vrších" and Kamajka, where samples were taken (black pentangles).

FIGURE 4 in Comparison of methods: Micro-CT visualization method and epoxy cast-embedding reveal hidden details of bioerosion in the tube walls of Cretaceous polychaete worms

FIGURE 4. Placostegus zbyslavus (Ziegler, 1984), longitudinal section of a tube from Kamajka near Chotusice, no. NM O8727. A. SEM image of the resin cast showing a high degree of silicification that led to incomplete dissolution of the tube wall in HCl; image shows only indeterminate non-branching shafts. B. The same view of the specimen using micro-CT clearly shows relatively frequent Maeandropolydora isp. and shallow shafts of Trypanites isp.

FIGURE 2 in Comparison of methods: Micro-CT visualization method and epoxy cast-embedding reveal hidden details of bioerosion in the tube walls of Cretaceous polychaete worms

FIGURE 2. Stratigraphic provenance of serpulid tubes from Velim, Kamajka, and Kaňk. 1 - crystalline basement; 2 - basal Cenomanian conglomerate; 3 - redeposited Turonian conglomerate; 4 - bioclastic limestone with calcitic-clayey matrix; 5 - organodetritic clayey limestone; 6 - marly siltstone with intercalations of phosphatized horizon; 7 - sponge 'meadows'; 8 - limestone layer with nodule-like bodies; 9 - calcareous claystone (modified from Košťák et al., 2010; Kočí, 2012). Full filled circles indicate position of serpulid fauna.

ANIMATION 2 in Comparison of methods: Micro-CT visualization method and epoxy cast-embedding reveal hidden details of bioerosion in the tube walls of Cretaceous polychaete worms

ANIMATION 2. Three-dimensional animation of specimen Placostegus zbyslavus (Ziegler, 1984), from Kamajka locality, the Czech Republic, no. NM O8727.

Fig. 9 in Muscle attachment scars in helcionelloids from Denmark cast light on mollusc evolution in the Cambrian

Fig. 9. Muscle scars on internal mould of the rostroconch Ribeiria Sharpe, 1853, in lateral view. Both the anterior and posterior median muscle scars lie across the median dorsal plane of symmetry, the former attached to the transverse pegma preserved as a deep cleft on the internal mould. The posterior scar is a uniform attachment area, often ornamented with transverse growth lines, unlike the multiple small scars of Eotebenna (based on Pojeta and Runnegar 1976; Polechova 2015).

Fig. 7 in Muscle attachment scars in helcionelloids from Denmark cast light on mollusc evolution in the Cambrian

Fig. 7. Muscle scars on internal moulds of Palaeozoic bivalves. A. Left valve of Babinka Barrande, 1881, from the Lower Ordovician of Öland, Sweden (after Soot-Ryen 1969, length of specimen about 20 mm). B. Left valve of Palaeoneilo musculosa (Knod, 1908) from the Devonian of Bolivia (after Babin and Farjat 1994, length of specimens about 20 mm). C, D. Sketches in apical view showing asymmetry between pedal muscle scars (black) on internal molds of Palaeoneilo musculosa between left and right valves, and variation in pattern of pedal muscle between specimens (after Babin and Farjat 1994). Abbreviation: am, anterior adductor muscle scar.

Fig. 8 in Muscle attachment scars in helcionelloids from Denmark cast light on mollusc evolution in the Cambrian

Fig. 8. Muscle scars on internal moulds of helcionelloids. All sketches oriented in lateral view with the apex to the right. A. Vendrascospira frykmani Peel and Kouchinsky, 2022 (after Peel 2023). B. Anhuiconus microtuberus Zhou and Xiao, 1984 (after Parkhaev 2002). C. Hensoniconus siku (Peel and Kouchinsky, 2022) (after Peel 2023). D. Bemella communis Parkhaev, 2001 showing three pairs of muscle scars (black, after Parkhaev 2014b); Li et al. 2021) considered the two pairs of scars on the supra-apical surface (joined by grey) to be traces of a single pair of scars. E. Yochelcionella (based on outline of Yochelcionella ostentata Runnegar and Jell, 1974) showing pair of apical muscle scars described by Vendrasco et al. (2010) in Yochelcionella snorkorum Vendrasco, Porter, Kouchinsky, Li, and Fernandez, 2010. F. Eotebenna danica sp. nov., with multiple scars forming a muscle attachment area at the apex.

Fig. 6 in Muscle attachment scars in helcionelloids from Denmark cast light on mollusc evolution in the Cambrian

Fig. 6. Surface textures on internal mould of a helcionelloid mollusc Vendrascospira frykmani Peel and Kouchinsky, 2022, PMU 39208 from GGU sample 271492, Henson Gletscher Formation, Løndal, Peary Land, North Greenland, Miaolingian, middle Cambrian. A1. Lateral view with one muscle attachment scar from each of the two pairs of muscle scars (arrows). A2. Dorsal view showing pair of symmetrically placed muscle scars (arrows) on the supra-apical surface (right side of A1). The muscle scars lie on each side of the median area with botryoidal surface texture. A3. Detail of muscle scar (left scar in A1). A4. Detail of finely imbricate shell structure from the median area of A2.

Fig. 3. Helcionelloid mollusc Eotebenna viviannae Peel, 1991a in Muscle attachment scars in helcionelloids from Denmark cast light on mollusc evolution in the Cambrian

Fig. 3. Helcionelloid mollusc Eotebenna viviannae Peel, 1991a, internal moulds, Andrarum Limestone, Bornholm, Denmark, Guzhangian, Miaolingian, middle Cambrian. A. MGUH 19565, paratype, lateral view (A1) with detail of apex (A2). B. MGUH 34273, lateral (B1) and apico-lateral views showing impression of comarginal ornamentation and cylindrical form of median sub-apical area (B2). C. Specimen lost, lateral view (C1) with detail of apex (C2), arrow locates detail of shell structure (C3). D. MGUH 34274, lateral view with detail of radial fibrous structure and overlying imbricated lamellae (D2), and patch of ornamented outer shell (D1, arrow). E. MGUH 34275, lateral view with detail of apex (E2) with muscle scars; arrows locate possible muscle scar. F. MGUH 34276, lateral view (F1) with detail of possible muscle scar (F2) located by arrows.

Fig. 2. Helcionelloid mollusc Eotebenna viviannae Peel, 1991a, MGUH 19564 in Muscle attachment scars in helcionelloids from Denmark cast light on mollusc evolution in the Cambrian

Fig. 2. Helcionelloid mollusc Eotebenna viviannae Peel, 1991a, MGUH 19564, holotype, internal mould, Andrarum Limestone, Bornholm, Denmark, Guzhangian, Miaolingian, middle Cambrian. A1. Oblique lateral view showing margin of shell (arrow) along the narrow slit joining the sub-apical and supra-apical apertures. A2. Oblique apico-lateral view. A3. Lateral view. A4. Oblique view showing inverted teardrop-shaped sub-apical aperture and irregular area (arrow) of possible muscle scar. A5. Lateral view of apex. A6. Oblique lateral view of apex showing radial fibrous structure beneath smooth outer layer.

Fig. 1. Geological and geographical background. A in Muscle attachment scars in helcionelloids from Denmark cast light on mollusc evolution in the Cambrian

Fig. 1. Geological and geographical background. A. Cambrian stratigraphy of southern Bornholm, Denmark (based on Nielsen and Schovsbo 2007). B. Map of the Baltic area showing location of Bornholm, with location of studied locality (asterisk) on the rivulet Øleå (C), and the Lake Vänern area in southern Sweden (D), with collection locality on the western slopes of the hill Kinnekulle (asterisk).

Fig. 4 in Muscle attachment scars in helcionelloids from Denmark cast light on mollusc evolution in the Cambrian

Fig. 4. Helcionelloid mollusc Eotebenna danica sp. nov., internal moulds, Andrarum Limestone, Bornholm, Denmark, Guzhangian, Miaolingian, middle Cambrian. A. MGUH 34277, lateral view (A1) with rectangles indicating location of Fig. 5B1, B2, and B3. Muscle scars at apex illustrated in different orientations (A2–A6), with arrow in A2 indicating slight diagenetic compression or deformation along edge of muscle field. Arrow in A3 indicating imbricated lamellar structure shown in detail in A4. B. MGUH 34278, apex in lateral view. C. MGUH 34279, lateral view. D. MGUH 34280, holotype, lateral (D1) and apico-lateral (D2) views, the latter showing the laterally compressed shell form, with detail of apical muscle scars (D3). E. MGUH 34281, lateral view. F. MGUH 34282, apex in lateral view. pontifex Runnegar and Jell, 1976, from the Currant Bush southern Freuchen Land, North Greenland is more strongly Limestone (Miaolingian) of Queensland, Australia, is also coiled than Eotebenna danica, with a convex supra-apical much more elongate than Eotebenna danica but the massive surface, in lateral view, and the apex strongly overhanging snorkel is circular in cross-section compared to the inverted the sub-apical surface (Peel 1989, 1991b). teardrop-shape in the two Bornholm species. Eotebenna arctica Peel, 1989, from the Henson Gletscher Stratigraphic and geographic range.—Drumian of Sweden Formation (uppermost Series 2, Stage 4, lower Cambrian) of and Guzhangian of Denmark (both middle Cambrian).

Fig. 5 in Muscle attachment scars in helcionelloids from Denmark cast light on mollusc evolution in the Cambrian

Fig. 5. Helcionelloid mollusc Eotebenna danica sp. nov. from Miaolingian, middle Cambrian A. MGUH 34283, internal mould with traces of comarginal ornamentation and rugae (arrow), western slopes of Kinnekulle, southern Sweden, Drumian. B. MGUH 34277, details of shell structure, Andrarum Limestone, Bornholm, Denmark, Guzhangian (general view of the specimen in Fig. 4A). Surface of internal mould (B1) digitally inverted and mirrored here (B2) to depict shell structure on the interior surface of the shell. Detail of imbricate lamellae on internal mould (B3).