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FIGURE 1 in A new species of Machaerota Burmeister (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Machaerotidae) from China and Laos

FIGURE 1. Machaerota conicapita sp. nov. (male, holotype, China: Yunnan). A: lateral view. B: dorsal view

FIGURE 33 in Revision of Neotropical aphrophorine spittlebugs, part 2: tribe Orthoraphini (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea)

FIGURE 33. Lateral aspect of the nominate subgenus of Orthorapha (A–E) and subgenus Balsania (F–L). A–B, color varieties of O. laeta Jacobi; C, O. cassidioides Westwood, male; D, same, female; E, O. invidia sp. nov.; F, O. inflata sp. nov.; G, O. concinna (Stål); H, O. geminata (Jacobi); J, O. sagittata sp. nov.; K, O. reducta Walker; L, O. testacea Walker. Scale line: 1 mm.

FIGURE 34–36 in Revision of Neotropical aphrophorine spittlebugs, part 2: tribe Orthoraphini (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea)

FIGURE 34–36. Facial aspect (34), lateral aspect (35), tegmen in widest aspect (36) of Lepyronoxia. A, O. irregularis sp. nov.; B, O. frontalis (Stål); C, O. boliviana sp. nov.; D, O. obliqua (Jacobi), male; E, O. quadrimaculata (Lallemand); F, O. rana (Walker); G, O. decorata sp. nov.; H, O. oculata sp. nov.; J, O. sphaerata sp. nov.; K, O. subfasciata (A.& S.); L, O. obscurata (A. & S.), male; M, O. bufo (Walker). Scale line: 1 mm.

FIGURES 27–31 in Revision of Neotropical aphrophorine spittlebugs, part 2: tribe Orthoraphini (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea)

FIGURES 27–31. Male genitalia of Pacific Orthoraphini, lateral aspect: Strandiana (27), Novophilaenus (28), Fusiptyelus (29), Handschinia (30) and Costaclovia (31). 27A, S. virgulifera Hamilton, holotype; 27B, S. hyalina Hamilton, holotype; 27C, S. longipennis Lallemand; 27D, S. major Hamilton, holotype; 27E, S. remota Hamilton, holotype; 27F, S. distincta Hamilton, holotype; 28A, N. nocturnus (Distant); 28B, N. kraussi Hamilton, holotype; 28C, N. minor Hamilton, holotype; 28D, N. mouensis Hamilton, holotype; 28E, N. pulcher Hamilton, holotype; 28F, N. traversus Hamilton, holotype; 28G, N. lineolus (Montrouzier); 28H, N. panieanus (Distant); 28J, N. ignambianus (Distant); 29, F. umbrosus Hamilton, holotype; 30, H. salomis Lallemand; 31, C. furfuris Hamilton, holotype.

FIGURES 18–26 in Revision of Neotropical aphrophorine spittlebugs, part 2: tribe Orthoraphini (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea)

FIGURES 18–26. Male genitalia of Pacific Orthoraphini: Nesaphrestes (18), Interocrea (19), Perinoia (20) and Liorhina (21– 26), dorsal (A) and lateral (B–F) aspects. 18 A–B, Nesaphrestes dreptias Kirkaldy; 18C, N. clavocularis Hamilton, holotype; 18D, N. costans Hamilton, holotype; 18E, N. ptysmatophilus Kirkaldy; 18F, N. bicolor Hamilton, holotype; 19, Interocrea (Pareurycercopis) boharti (Lallemand & Synave); 20, Perinoia septemfasciata Walker; 21, Liorhina (Iophosa) speiseri (Distant); 22, Liorhina (Cloviana) imitans (Jacobi); 23, Liorhina (Cloviana) sp.; 24, Liorhina (Lemoultana) nigerrima (Jacobi); 25, Liorhina (s.s.) separata (Walker); 26, Liorhina (s.s.) disjuncta (Walker).

FIGURE 32 in Revision of Neotropical aphrophorine spittlebugs, part 2: tribe Orthoraphini (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea)

FIGURE 32. Antennae of Orthoraphini (A, E–U) compared to those of Cloviini (B), Philaenini (C) and Aphrophorini (D). A, J, Orthorapha; B, Bathyllus; C, Basilioterpa; D, Pseudaphronella; E. Orthorapha (Balsania); F, Lepyronoxia; G, Lallemandana; H, Strandiana; K, Interocrea (Pareurycercopis); L, Handschinia; M, Interocrea (s.s.); N, Nesaphrestes; O, Fusiptyelus; P, Costaclovia; Q, Liorhina (Iophosa); R, Perinoia; S, Carystoterpa; T, Interocrea (Eurycercopis); U, Novophilaenus.

FIGURE 2 in Revision of Neotropical aphrophorine spittlebugs, part 2: tribe Orthoraphini (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea)

FIGURE 2. New World Orthoraphini: habitus (A–B), hind wing (C–F) including detail of hamuli on costal margin (G–H), male abdomen in ventral aspect (J) and male genital capsule in lateral aspect (K). A, Orthorapha (Lepyronoxia) frontalis (Stål); B, F, H, O. cassidioides Westwood, female; C, Orthorapha (Lepyronoxia) obliqua (Jacobi); D, Orthorapha (Balsania) concinna (Stål); E, G, Orthorapha (Balsania) geminata (Jacobi); J, K, Orthorapha (Lepyronoxia) bufo (Walker).

FIGURE 1 in Revision of Neotropical aphrophorine spittlebugs, part 2: tribe Orthoraphini (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea)

FIGURE 1. Dorsolateral aspects of Orthoraphini. A, Orthorapha cassidioides; B, O. (Lepyronoxia) obscurata; C, Interocrea Pareurucercopis) boharti (Lallemand & Synave); D, Perinoia septemfasciata Walker; E, Handschinia (Salomonia) fusca (Lallemand); F, Bathyllus rugosus Blöte; G, Liorhina phalerata (Stål); H, Costaclovia furfuris Hamilton; J, Fusiptyelus umbrosus Hamilton; K, Strandiana virgulifera Hamilton.

FIGURES 3–17 in Revision of Neotropical aphrophorine spittlebugs, part 2: tribe Orthoraphini (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea)

FIGURES 3–17. Male theca of Orthorapha s.s. (3–5), subgenus Balsania (6–7) and Lepyronoxia (8–17), lateral (A) and caudal aspect of tip (B): 3, O. cassidioides; 4, O. laeta; 5, O. invidia; 6, O. reducta; 7, O. sagittata; 8, O. obscurata; 9, O. inscripta; 10, O. decorata; 11, O. oculata; 12, O. bufo; 13, O. rana (type of O. glabrata); 14, O. subfasciata; 15, O. frontalis; 16, O. quadrimaculata; 17, O. sphaerata. Scale line: 0.05 mm.

FIGURES 40–46 in The old-world Zygonini tr. nov. (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea, Clastopteridae), with new taxa from the related Machaerotinae

FIGURES 40–46. Wings of Clastopteridae: Clastopterinae (40–41), Zygonini (42) and Machaerotinae (43–46), tegmina (A) and hind wings (B). 40, Clastoptera globosa; 41, Iba sp. nov.; 42, Pseudomachaerota olivacea, holotype; 43, Irridiculum deformatum, holotype; 44, Conditor collatatus, holotype (redrawn from Distant 1916, fig. 141, as the unique specimen is no longer in the BMNH); 45, Allox transfigurata, paratype; 46, Aphrosiphon bauhiniae, from China (1935).

FIGURES 17A–R in The old-world Zygonini tr. nov. (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea, Clastopteridae), with new taxa from the related Machaerotinae

FIGURES 17A–R. Ovipositor shapes in 17 genera and subgenera of Clastopteridae: Zygonini (A, G–J, Q), Machaerotinae (B– D, K, R) and Clastopterinae (E, F, L–Q). A, Zygon desegregatum, paratype; B, Irridiculum deformatum, holotype; C, Allox transfigurata, paratype; D, Taiorhina geisha Schumacher; E, Grellaphia costalis Schmidt; F, Beesoniella sylvestris Lallemand; G, Pseudomachaerota olivacea, holotype; H, Ambonga lanceolata; J, Hemizygon saturnus (as in Ambonga apicenotata); K. Machaeropsis dramatica; L, Tremapterus (Nyanja) bimaculata Synave, holotype; M, Tremapterus (Abbalomba) typica Distant; N, Tremapterus (Patriziana) janus Linnavuori; O, Tremapterus (s.s.) rufus (Thunberg); P, Sepullia fuscolimbata Lallemand; Q, Pseudoclastoptera irrubesco; R, Machaerota sp. Scale line: 1 mm.

FIGURES 5–9 in The old-world Zygonini tr. nov. (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea, Clastopteridae), with new taxa from the related Machaerotinae

FIGURES 5–9. Zygonini, dorsolateral aspect (A); male subgenital plates (B), ventral aspect; (C), genital capsule and theca (with style in 7–9), lateral aspect; (D), theca, caudal aspect; (E) habitus, dorsal aspect. 5, Pseudoclastoptera irrubesco (style as in Pseudomachaerota); 6, Pseudomachaerota olivacea, female holotype; 7, Pseudomachaerota cucullata; 8, Hemizygon saturnus; 9, Zygon desegregatum. Scale line for habitus drawings: 1 mm.

FIGURES 1–4 in The old-world Zygonini tr. nov. (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea, Clastopteridae), with new taxa from the related Machaerotinae

FIGURES 1–4. New species of Zygonini, lateral aspect (A), dorsolateral aspect with pin erased (B), facial aspect (C) and hind legs (D). 1, Zygon desegregatum, male (A) and female (B) paratypes; 2, Pseudomachaerota cucullata, holotype; 3, Ambonga lanceolata, holotype; 4, Pseudoclastoptera irrubesco, holotype. Figs 1 and 3A–B to same scale; Figs 2 and 4 A–B slightly larger; Figs C and D largest. Scale line: 1 mm.

FIGURES 10–16 in The old-world Zygonini tr. nov. (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea, Clastopteridae), with new taxa from the related Machaerotinae

FIGURES 10–16. Examples of Clastopterinae (10–11) and Machaerotinae (12–16). 10, Clastoptera testacea Fitch; 11, Iba cuneata Schmidt, lectotype; 12, Allox transfigurata; 13, Metaenderleinia nervosa Lallemand; 14, Machaeropsis dramatica (genital capsule as in Metaenderleinia); 15, Irridiculum; 16, Hindoloides bipunctata (Haupt), male genitalia typical of Machaerotini and Hindoloidini. A, habitus; B, male genital capsule (small styles as in 16B omitted in 12–13B). Scale line for habitus drawings: 1 mm (Fig. 11A slightly larger).

FIGURES 33–39 in The old-world Zygonini tr. nov. (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea, Clastopteridae), with new taxa from the related Machaerotinae

FIGURES 33–39. Antennal sensilla of Cercopoidea compared to setal pit (33) left when seta is broken off: Epipygidae gen.nov. (34) and detail of pits (35), Cercopidae (36, detail of pits) and section through pit, showing moveable cup within pit (37), Zygon (Zygonini, 38) and Chaetophyes (Machaerotinae, 39) with details showing development of various forms of sensilla: a1, plesiomorphic arista arising gradually from apex of postpedicel; a2, apomorphic arista with excavated base; b1, basiconic sensillum; b2, globular sensillum; b3, furcate sensillum; c1, coeloconic sensillum in open cup; c2, coeloconic sensillum in double cup; 3c, multiple sensilla in deep cup.

FIGURES 18–32 in The old-world Zygonini tr. nov. (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea, Clastopteridae), with new taxa from the related Machaerotinae

FIGURES 18–32. Antennae of Clastopteridae: Clastopterinae (18–20) and Machaerotinae: Hindolini (21–23), Machaerotini (24–25) and Zygonini (26–32, boxed set). A, lateral aspect of head; B, detail of antennal and antenna ledge; C, tip of antenna, showing postpedicel; D, detail of postpedicel showing detail of pits, revealing 4 enclosed coeloconic sensilla in communal pits. 18, Clastoptera; 19, Sepullia; 20, Grellaphia; 21, Chaetophyes; 22, Hindola; 23, Allox; 24, Blastocaena; 25, Irridiculum; 26, Pseudomachaerota cucullata; 27, Zygon, with detail showing basiconic sensilla (b) and coeloconic sensilla (c) of various types (shown in greater detail in Fig. 38); 28, Ambonga lanceolata (Zygonini); 29, Ambonga apicenotata syntype with insert showing sensilla at base of arista; 30, Pseudoclastoptera irrubesco sp.nov., holotype; 31–32, Pseudoclastoptera invidia sp.nov., male holotype (32) and unassociated female (31).

FIGURE 11 in A new tribe and species of Clastopterinae (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Clastopteridae) from Africa, Asia and North America

FIGURE 11. Second valvulae of Taphrotylus (A), Sepullia (M–P) and Tremapterus subgenera Nyanja (B–G), Selenion (H), Tremiziana (J–L), and subgenus Abbalomba (Q–R). A, Taphrotylus insignificans, holotype; B, Tremapterus bimaculatus; C, T. humilis; D, T. perfasciatus; E, T. indecisus; F, T. scutellatus; G, T. virididorsum; H, T. longicaudatus, holotype; J, T. araneosus, paratype; K, T. scapulatus, paratype; L, T. oxythymus, paratype; M, Sepullia fuscolimbata; N, S. viridicollis; O, S. abyssinia; P, S. murrayi; Q, T. typicus; R, T. facialis. Scale line: 1 mm.

FIGURE 10 in A new tribe and species of Clastopterinae (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Clastopteridae) from Africa, Asia and North America

FIGURE 10. Second valvulae of Clastopterinae: Iba (A–C), Clastoptera (D–E), Tremapterus nominate subgenus (F–K) and subgenus Patriziana (L–P). A, Iba cuneata (holotype of C. bakeri); B, I. venosa sp. nov., holotype; C, I. (Parahindoloides) lumuana, lectotype; D, Clastoptera laevigata sp. nov., holotype; E, C. laenata Fowler, syntype; F, Tremapterus rufus; G, T. pluto, holotype; H, T. nigropunctatus; J, T. centonis; K, T. palimpsestus; L, T. combae, holotype; M, T. turneri, holotype; N, T. brunneus; O, T. janus; P, T. fuscus. Scale line: 1 mm.

FIGURES 12–18 in A new tribe and species of Clastopterinae (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Clastopteridae) from Africa, Asia and North America

FIGURES 12–18. Male genitalia of Beesoniella (12–14), Grellaphia (15–16), Tremapterus (17) and Sepullia (18). 12, B. cyclops sp. nov.; 13, B. forceps sp. nov.; 14, B. sylvestris; 15, G. costalis; 16, G. ro b u s t a sp. nov.; 17, T. dregei holotype; 18, Sepullia murrayi. A, genital capsule, lateral aspect (smaller scale than other figures); B, right pygofer process, ventral aspect, tip upwards; C, lateral aspect of connective, phallobase, theca and (17–18) endotheca; D, caudal aspect of theca and endotheca (when present). Scale line: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 9 in A new tribe and species of Clastopterinae (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Clastopteridae) from Africa, Asia and North America

FIGURE 9. Dorsal aspects of the nominate subgenus of Tremapterus (A–F) and Sepullia (G–Q). A, Tremapterus blennus, lectotype; B, T. centonis sp. nov.; C, T. nigropunctatus, lectotype; D, T. palimpsestus sp. nov.; E, T. pluto, holotype; F, T. rufus; G, Sepullia abyssinia sp. nov., male paratype; H, same, female holotype; J, S. sankisiensis, holotype; K–M, colour varieties of S. fuscolimbata; N, S. tricolor sp. nov., holotype; O, S. umzilla, holotype; P–Q, colour varieties of S. viridicollis. Scale line: 1 mm.