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211 results for “Chlorophyta”
Figure 2 in Germanium dioxide as agent to control the biofouling diatom Fragilariopsis oceanica for the cultivation of Ulva fenestrata (Chlorophyta)
Figure 2: Total diatom biomass at different GeO2 concentrations after 22 days of cultivation at 137 µmol photons m−2 s−1 and 9 °C. Data are means of three replicates per treatment (n = 3) and error bars represent standard deviations. Lowercase letters above columns indicate statistically significant differences between the treatments (P <0.001, 1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer HSD post-hoc test).
Figure 5 in Morphogenesis of Ulva mutabilis (Chlorophyta) induced by Maribacter species (Bacteroidetes, Flavobacteriaceae)
Figure 5: Phylogenetic tree of strains of Flavobacteriaceae tested for morphogenetic activities. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic inference of 16S rRNA gene sequences of the genus Maribacter and related genera in the family Flavobacteriaceae (phylum Bacteroidetes). Maribacter sp. strain MS6 (bold) and all type strains found to be MS6 substitutes in Ulva morphogenesis bioassays are marked in green. Test type strains which did not elicit the MS6 morphotype are marked in dark-red. For taxonomic robustness, the tree was constructed only with high-quality, ≥ 1300 bp 16S rRNA gene sequences, mostly from type strains. The gene sequence of strain MBIC04683 (349 bp) was added to the tree a posteriori using the ARB parsimony function. Numbers at tree nodes are bootstrap values calculated in ML analysis, and values ≥ 70% are shown. The unrooted tree is drawn to scale, and the scale bar represents the number of nucleotide substitutions per site (Costa et al. 2013, Keller-Costa et al. 2014). Arrows indicate strains which were identified as morphogenesis-inducing bacteria in previous studies (Matsuo et al. 2003, Spoerner et al. 2012).
Figure 4 in Morphogenesis of Ulva mutabilis (Chlorophyta) induced by Maribacter species (Bacteroidetes, Flavobacteriaceae)
Figure 4: Relative morphogenetic activity of the tested Flavobacteriaceae. Algae with normal cell wall formation (i.e. without any protrusions) were counted after 14 days of co-cultivation with following bacterial type strains: Maribacter chUngangensis, Maribacter arcticUs, Maribacter sedimenticola, Maribacter stanieri, Maribacter Ulvicola, Maribacter polysiphoniae, Algibacter lectUs, Ulvibacter litoralis, Polaribacter dokdonensis, PseUdozobellia thermophila, Arenibacter palladensis, MUricaUda zhangzhoUensis and the isolated strains RoseovariUs sp. MS2 (formerly Roseobacter sp. MS2) and Maribacter sp. MS6 (formerly Cytophaga sp. MS6). Error bars represent standard deviation (n = 50–70 individual algae). RoseovariUs sp. MS2 and Maribacter sp. MS6 were used as control strains for comparison.
Figure 1 in Morphogenesis of Ulva mutabilis (Chlorophyta) induced by Maribacter species (Bacteroidetes, Flavobacteriaceae)
Figure 1: Control experiment for complementary activity of morphogenesis-inducing bacteria (reference strains). Axenic Ulva mUtabilis sl G mt(+) germlings (A) were inoculated with either RoseovariUs sp. MS2 (B) or Maribacter sp. MS6 (C) or both bacteria (D). Gametophytes were propagated for gamete production and release under laboratory conditions (Wichard and Oertel 2010). Afterwards axenic gametes were prepared according to Wichard (2015). Purified gametes [mating type (+)] were inoculated with selected bacteria (final concentration OD = 1 × 10 − 6) in 10 ml Ulva culture medium and kept in the dark for 24 h to let gametes settle on culture tissue flask. After 14 days 600 growth at 18°C and 90–120 µmol photons s− 1 m− 2 for 17 h light and 7 h dark, thallus development of 50–70 germlings derived from triplicate experiments was examined with an inverted Leica DMIL LED microscope (Leica, Solms, Germany) equipped with a digital camera (Nikon, Düsseldorf, Germany). The four morphotypes are colour-coded. Black arrows indicate protrusions from the exterior cell wall. Scale bars = 100 µm.
Figure 3 in Morphogenesis of Ulva mutabilis (Chlorophyta) induced by Maribacter species (Bacteroidetes, Flavobacteriaceae)
Figure 3: Bioassay screening for morphogenetic activity among selected Flavobacteriaceae (rows). Two-week old germlings are shown. Selected strains were tested with axenic Ulva gametes alone (left column: A–F) and in combination with RoseovariUs sp. MS2 (middle column: G–L) or with Maribacter sp. MS6 (right column: M–R). Black arrows indicate protrusions from the exterior cell wall. Different colours of frames indicate different morphotypes, as explained in Figure 2 and shown for the control experiments in Figure 1. Scale bars = 100 µm.
Figures 27–30 in Cell structure and microtubule organisation during gametogenesis of Ulva mutabilis Føyn (Chlorophyta)
Figures 27–30: Tubulin immunofluorescence in released gametes of Ulva mUtabilis. (27) Released gamete bearing two equal flagella. Note that cortical microtubule bundles (tubulin fluorescence) extend from basal body towards the posterior. Scale bar: 20 µm. (28) Differential interference contrast microscopy-image of gamete in Figure 27. Scale bar: 20 µm. (29 and 30) Two gametes in which (apart from the two flagella) an intensely fluorescent microtubule bundle starting from flagellar basal body is directed to cytoplasm (arrows). Scale bar: 20 µm.
Figure 2 in Morphogenesis of Ulva mutabilis (Chlorophyta) induced by Maribacter species (Bacteroidetes, Flavobacteriaceae)
Figure 2: Bioassay screening for morphogenetic activity among selected Maribacter strains (rows). Two-week old germlings are shown. Maribacter strains were tested with axenic Ulva gametes alone (left column: A–F) and in combination with RoseovariUs sp. MS2 (middle column: G–L) or with Maribacter sp. MS6 (right column: M–R). Yellow framing (F) highlights an axenic-like development and morphotype with protrusions from the exterior cell wall (black arrow). Purple framing (L) shows cell divisions and blade formation with malformed cell walls (black arrow) indicating an MS2-like morphotype. Red framing (A–E, M–R) shows longitudinal growth and normal cell wall formation similar to the MS6-like morphotype. If the tested strain harboured an MS6-like bioactivity and was inoculated with RoseovariUs sp. MS2, the complete morphogenesis was observed (green framing, G–K). Scale bars = 100 µm.
Figures 5–8 in Cell structure and microtubule organisation during gametogenesis of Ulva mutabilis Føyn (Chlorophyta)
Figures 5–8: Transmission electron micrographs of cells of Ulva mUtabilis 48 h after the induction of gametogenesis. (5) The cell is polarised with most of the cytoplasm and organelles gathered at the tip area. The external cell wall has formed a projection towards the apical region. The cell wall appears differentiated at this area (N: nucleus). Scale bar: 2 µm. (6) Detail of the apical wall of the previous image, showing the loose structure of the wall and the formation of amorphous dark-stained material. Scale bar: 0.35 µm. (7) More advanced stage of a wall projection. The dark-stained material covers the projection, while its central part appears as a plug, consisting of amorphous material. The internal wall layer under the tip is considerably thickened and pushes the plug out (asterisk). Scale bar: 4 µm. (8) Cross-section of a cell with a plug-like cap. The dark-stained material is extended covering the cap. Scale bar: 0.33 µm.
Figures 9–14 in Cell structure and microtubule organisation during gametogenesis of Ulva mutabilis Føyn (Chlorophyta)
Figures 9–14: Immunolocalization of tubulin in developing gametangia of Ulva mUtabilis. (9) Interphase cell before induction of gametogenesis. The microtubules are mainly peripherally arranged in more or less parallel bundles. Scale bar: 20 µm. (10) Early stage, 36–48 h after induction of gametogenesis. Intensely fluorescent microtubule bundles traverse the cortical cytoplasm converging on a particular area (arrow localises the conical cell projection). Scale bar: 20 µm. (11) More advanced stage, 48–60 h after induction of gametogenesis, showing microtubules starting from a pointed site at basal part of gametangium. Scale bar: 20 µm. (12) Αdvanced stage, 48–60 h after induction of gametogenesis, showing microtubules organised in a basketlike configuration, leaving a circular opening at the top (arrow). Scale bar: 20 µm. (13) Gametangium, 60–72 h after induction of gametogenesis. The microtubule-free area at the top appears broader than before (arrow). Scale bar: 20 µm. (14) Hoechst 33258 staining of the nucleus of the cell in Figure 12. Scale bar: 20 µm.
Figures 2–4 in Cell structure and microtubule organisation during gametogenesis of Ulva mutabilis Føyn (Chlorophyta)
Figures 2–4: Vegetative cells of Ulva mUtabilis before induction of gametogenesis. (2) Light micrograph of a semithin section showing a unilayered thallus. Note the difference in staining between external and internal cell wall layer. Scale bar: 20 µm. (3) Transmission electron micrograph of a thallus cell before induction of gametogenesis. The nucleus (N) has a relatively central position and the chloroplast (CHL) occupies a large part of the cytoplasm (CYT). Note the thick external wall. Scale bar: 3.6 µm. (4) Detail of external wall of a cell before induction of gametogenesis. Wall shows strict stratification, i.e. a thick internal amorphous layer, a median region with multiple fibrillar layers and an external dark-stained region (see brackets). Scale bar: 1 µm.
Figure 1 in Cell structure and microtubule organisation during gametogenesis of Ulva mutabilis Føyn (Chlorophyta)
Figure 1: Time course of induced gametogenesis and discharge of gametangia from Ulva mUtabilis in relation to the swarming inhibitor (SWI) synthesis and action (summary of new and previous results). Gametogenesis was induced in Ulva mUtabilis [mutant slender sl-G(mt +)]. The "determination phase" and "differentiation phase" are defined as described by Stratmann et al. (1996). The "swarming phase" is the time period when gamete release can be induced by light or a medium change, or may occur later spontaneously. (A) Regular vegetative G1 cell cycle phase in which gametogenesis can be induced by the removal of sporulation inhibitors SI-1 and SI-2 from the medium. (B) Regular vegetative S phase in which the genome is replicated normally or, after induction of gametogenesis, the period of SWI synthesis and excretion. (C) Next G1 phase after induction of gametogenesis. (D) Next S phase after induction of gametogenesis and accumulation of starch granules. (E) Time of irreversible commitment to gametangium differentiation. (F) Period of progamete formation, chloroplast reorientation and papilla initiation. (G) Period of progamete multiplication to 16 cells, and papilla maturation. (H) Period of gamete and pore cap maturation. (I) Period when the exit pores are open and when gamete release can be induced by light and/or depletion of SWI in the medium. (J) Period when the gametangia become insensitive to SWI and gamete release may occur spontaneously and asynchronously. Figure is from Wichard and Oertel (2010) with permission of © Wiley 2010. Images show the transformation of blade cells into gametangia. Microscopic images for stages a, f, h and i are shown (scale bars: 25 µm).
Fig. 1 in An Atlantic origin for the introduced species Halimeda incrassata (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta)
Fig. 1: Distribution of Halimeda incrassata and several Indo-Pacific species that it may be confused with morphologically. The species introduced in the Mediterranean Sea is the Atlantic species and the only realistic migration pathway would have been from the Atlantic Sea through the Strait of Gibraltar.
Fig. 2 in The first record of Ulva adhaerens (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta) from Jeju Island, Korea
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree of Ulvacean species inferred from the plastid tufA including Ulva adhaerens Matsumoto & Shimada collected from Jeju, Korea. Support values on each branch are ML bootstrap (>60%, left) and Bayesian posterior probability (>0.60, right). Sequences produced in this study are marked in bold font. Branch lengths are proportional to substitution rate.
Fig. 1 in The first record of Ulva adhaerens (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta) from Jeju Island, Korea
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree of Ulvacean species inferred from the plastid rbcL-3P including Ulva adhaerens Matsumoto & Shimada collect- ed from Jeju, Korea. Support values on each branch are ML bootstrap (>60%, left) and Bayesian posterior probability (>0.60, right). Sequences produced in this study are marked in bold font. Branch lengths are proportional to substitution rate.
Fig. 3 in The first record of Ulva adhaerens (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta) from Jeju Island, Korea
Fig. 3. Ulva adhaerens Matsumoto & Shimada. (A) Natural habit of U. adhaerens from Munseom, Jeju, growing blossom-like attached on benthic invertebrates, seaweeds or sands. (B) The voucher specimen (MSK-GA00073) of U. adhaerens from Munseom, Jeju, Korea, Jan 30, 2013. Thallus habit composed blossom-like and dorsiventral lobes having rounded and slightly ruffled blade. (C) Marginal part slightly uneven without marginal denticulations or microscopic protuberances. (D) Sub-roundish to polygonal cells at the surface view of upper part with irregular arrangement. (E) More angular cells at the surface view of basal part with irregular arrangement. Pyrenoids are one or two per cell (white arrows). (F) Transection of blade at upper part composed of cuboidal cells with solid cell profiles. The height of both dorsal and ventral cells is similar. (G) Transection at middle part composed of cuboidal cells with solid cell profiles. Dorsal cells are slightly higher than ventral ones. (H) Basal transection composed of cuboidal cells with solid cell profiles. Dorsal cells are much higher than ventral ones. (I-K) Blade adherence by numerous and interwoven secondary rhizoids (black arrows). Blade adherence (black arrowheads) occurs at the basal part between dorsal plane of main blade and ventral plane of subsidiary one. Both secondary rhizoids originated from distromatic cells are fused to each other. (L-N) The development of minute rhizoidal holdfasts. Rhizoids are bud off from distromatic cells (black arrow) (L). Rhizoids are expanding through ventral cell plane downwardly (black arrows) (M). Fully expanded and interwoven rhizoids (black arrow) produce minute and disciform holdfast (black arrowhead) at the tips (N). Scale bars: B = 1 cm; C-H, L = 30 μm; I, J, N = 150 μm; K = 60 μm; M = 50 μm.
Fig. 5 a in Latest Jurassic - Early Cretaceous Dasycladalean Algae (Chlorophyta) From The Morand Drilling At Montricher (Canton Of Vaud, Switzerland)
Fig. 5 a to p (scale bar: 250 µm): a random section of Terquemella sp., "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 107; b random section of Terquemella sp., "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 128; c subtransverse section of Deloffrella hauteriviana, " Pierre jaune", Lower Hauterivian, sample 171; d section of a lateral of Rajkaella minima, Vions Fm, Upper Berriasian, sample 287; e section of a lateral of Rajkaella minima, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 312; f subtransverse section of Salpingoporella steinhauseri, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 307; g oblique section of Salpingoporella steinhauseri, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 307; h tangential section of Salpingoporella steinhauseri, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 307; i oblique section of a verticil of Actinoporella sp. (note: the corona structure is visible), Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 301; j oblique section of a verticil of Clypeina parasolkani, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 310; k subaxial section of a verticil of Clypeina parasolkani, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 310; l oblique section of a verticil of Clypeina parasolkani, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 310; m subtransverse section of a verticil of Clypeina parasolkani, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 309; n oblique section of Clypeina aff. parasolkani (two fertile verticils visible), transition Vions - Pierre Châtel formations, Middle-Upper Berriasian, sample 291.8; o subaxial section of Clypeina aff. parasolkani (three fertile verticils visible), transition Vions - Pierre Châtel formations, Middle-Upper Berriasian, sample 291.8; p oblique section of Otternstella lemmensis, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 317
Fig. 3 a in Latest Jurassic - Early Cretaceous Dasycladalean Algae (Chlorophyta) From The Morand Drilling At Montricher (Canton Of Vaud, Switzerland)
Fig. 3 a to l (scale bar: 500 µm): a oblique section of Zergabriella embergeri, Chambotte Fm, Upper Berriasian, sample 253; b oblique section of Triploporella? praturloni, "Calcaires roux", Lower Valanginian, sample 241; c oblique section of Triploporella? praturloni, "Calcaires roux", Lower Valanginian, sample 241.60; d tangential section of Zergabriella embergeri, Vions Fm, Upper Berriasian, sample 258; e transverse section of Zergabriella embergeri, Chambotte Fm, Upper Berriasian, sample 253; f oblique section of a verticil of Selliporella neocomiensis, transition Vions - Pierre Châtel formations, Middle-Upper Berriasian, sample 291.80; g oblique section of Falsolikanella danilovae, "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 116; h subaxial section of a verticil of Falsolikanella danilovae, "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 107; i oblique section of Dissocladella intercedens "Calcaires roux", Lower Valanginian, sample 241.60; j tangential section of a verticil of Clypeina sulcata, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 317; k oblique section of a verticil of Clypeina sulcata, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 317; l random sections of verticils of Clypeina sulcata, Pierre Châtel
Fig. 6 a in Latest Jurassic - Early Cretaceous Dasycladalean Algae (Chlorophyta) From The Morand Drilling At Montricher (Canton Of Vaud, Switzerland)
Fig. 6 a to o (scale bar: 250 µm): a oblique section of Salpingoporella annulata, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 317; b oblique section of Salpingoporella annulata, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 317; c subtransverse section of Salpingoporella annulata, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 317; d oblique section of Falsolikanella campanensis, Vions Fm, Upper Berriasian, sample 270; e deep tangential section of Pseudoactinoporella fragilis, "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 101; f oblique section of Pseudoactinoporella fragilis, "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 107; g oblique section of Conradella bakalovae, "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 134; h oblique section of a verticil of Clypeina parasolkani, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 309; i oblique section of a verticil of Clypeina parasolkani, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 293; j oblique section of a verticil of Clypeina parasolkani, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 293; k subaxial section of a verticil of Clypeina parasolkani, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 309; l subtransverse section of a verticil of Clypeina parasolkani, Pierre Châtel Formation, Middle Berriasian, sample 309; m deep tangential section of Deloffrella quercifoliipora, Vions Fm, Upper Berriasian, sample 271; n random section of Cymopolia sp. or Neomeris sp., "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 115; o oblique section of Angioporella fouryae, "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 129
Fig. 7 a in Latest Jurassic - Early Cretaceous Dasycladalean Algae (Chlorophyta) From The Morand Drilling At Montricher (Canton Of Vaud, Switzerland)
Fig. 7 a to o (scale bar: 250 µm): a tangential to oblique section of Salpingoporella muehlbergii, "Urgonien blanc", Upper Hauterivian, sample 42; b transverse section of Salpingoporella muehlbergii, "Urgonien blanc", Upper Hauterivian, sample 42; c oblique section of Salpingoporella muehlbergii, "Urgonien blanc", Upper Hauterivian, sample 42; d oblique section of Salpingoporella genevensis, "Urgonien blanc", Upper Hauterivian, sample 40; e oblique section of Suppiluliumaella sp., "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 96; f oblique section of Suppiluliumaella sp., "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 96; g oblique section of Suppiluliumaella sp., "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 96; h oblique section of a verticil of Falsolikanella danilovae, "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 116; i transverse section of Salpingoporella melitae, "Urgonien blanc", Upper Hauterivian, sample 42; j oblique section of Cylindroporella sp., "Urgonien blanc", Upper Hauterivian, sample 71; k oblique section of Salpingoporella heraldica, "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 115; l oblique section of Angioporella fouryae, "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 115; m subtransverse section of Suppiluliumaella sp., "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 96; n tangential section of a sterile verticil of Angioporella fouryae, "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 115; o tangential section of a verticil of Pseudoclypeina sp., "Urgonien blanc", Upper Hauterivian, sample 72; p to u (scale bar: 500 µm): p oblique section of Deloffrella hauteriviana, "Urgonien blanc", Upper Hauterivian, sample 37.85; q subtransverse section of Dissocladella? sp., "Urgonien blanc", Upper Hauterivian, sample 90; r oblique section of Deloffrella hauteriviana, "Urgonien blanc", Upper Hauterivian, sample 37.85; s axial section of Oroseina sp., "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 114; t random section of Oroseina sp., "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 112; u tangential section of Oroseina sp., "Urgonien jaune", Upper Hauterivian, sample 112.
Fig. 1 in Latest Jurassic - Early Cretaceous Dasycladalean Algae (Chlorophyta) From The Morand Drilling At Montricher (Canton Of Vaud, Switzerland)
Fig. 1 Location map. Montricher and Éclépens are two localities at the foot of the Swiss Jura mountains.
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