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Appendix 1 in Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths
<p><b>Appendix 1</b> (continued) Number of non-otolith taxa identified to lowest taxonomic ranking within each Claiborne Group unit. Shaded areas represent the stratigraphic range of taxa within Claiborne Group units in Alabama, USA.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Taxon</b></th><th colspan="2"><b>Meridian lower upper Tallahatta “lower” “upper” Lisbon/ lower Tallahatta Sand Tallahatta Tallahatta /Lisbon Lisbon Lisbon Gosport Gosport Fm. Member Fm. Fm. contact Fm. Fm. contact Sand</b></th><th><b>Gosport Sand</b></th><th><b>Total</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th><i>Myliobatis</i> sp. 1</th><td>5</td><td>307</td><td></td><td><b>312</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Myliobatis</i> sp. 2</th><td></td><td>18 207 1 48</td><td colspan="2">13 <b>287</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pseudaetobatus belli</i></th><td>15</td><td>210</td><td></td><td><b>225</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Rhinoptera</i> sp. <i>Meridiania</i> cf. <i>M. convexa</i></th><td>16</td><td>14 18 181 1 5 1525 1 1</td><td colspan="2">131 <b>1891</b> 2 <b>4</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Leidybatus jugosus</i></th><td></td><td>2 28 41</td><td></td><td><b>71</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Burnhamia daviesi</i></th><td></td><td>6 1 1</td><td>4</td><td><b>12</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Eoplinthicus yazooensis</i></th><td></td><td></td><td colspan="2">1 <b>1</b></td></tr><tr><th>Batomorphii indet.</th><td></td><td>4</td><td>3</td><td><b>7</b></td></tr><tr><th>Myliobatidae indet.</th><td></td><td>750 4 74 776 1 7 762</td><td>212</td><td><b>2586</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Cylindracanthus ornatus</i></th><td></td><td>2 1</td><td></td><td><b>3</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Cylindracanthus rectus</i></th><td></td><td>24 16 4 2</td><td></td><td><b>46</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Cylindracanthus</i> sp.</th><td></td><td>4 4 13 45 6</td><td></td><td><b>72</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pycnodus</i> sp.</th><td></td><td>8 2 10</td><td></td><td><b>20</b></td></tr><tr><th>Lepisostidae indet.</th><td></td><td>1 2 10</td><td>23</td><td><b>36</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Egertonia isodonta</i></th><td></td><td>35 12 7 37</td><td colspan="2">37 <b>128</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Paralbula</i> aff. <i>P. marylandica</i></th><td></td><td>17 52</td><td></td><td><b>69</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Phyllodus toliapicus Albula eppsi Albula oweni</i></th><td></td><td>8 15 3 23 2 1 6 1 15 3 1 6</td><td colspan="2"><b>26 33 25</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Albula</i> sp.</th><td></td><td>3 1</td><td></td><td>4</td></tr></tbody></table>
Appendix 1 in Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths
<p><b>Appendix 1</b> (continued) Number of non-otolith taxa identified to lowest taxonomic ranking within each Claiborne Group unit. Shaded areas represent the stratigraphic range of taxa within Claiborne Group units in Alabama, USA.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Taxon</b></th><th colspan="5"><b>Meridian lower upper Tallahatta “lower” “upper” Tallahatta Sand Tallahatta Tallahatta /Lisbon Lisbon Lisbon Fm. Member Fm. Fm. contact Fm. Fm.</b></th><th><b>Lisbon/ Gosport contact</b></th><th><b>lower Gosport Sand</b></th><th><b>Gosport Sand</b></th><th><b>Total</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th><i>Physogaleus alabamensis</i> comb. nov. <i>Physogaleus secundus</i></th><td></td><td>31 131</td><td>1 1</td><td></td><td>185 232 1 53 555 1</td><td></td><td>15 38</td><td colspan="2">17 <b>507</b> 27 <b>786</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Physogaleus</i> sp.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1 1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>2</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Galeocerdo eaglesomei</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4 13</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>18</td><td><b>38</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Galeocerdo clarkensis</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>83</td><td colspan="2">3 <b>86</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Galeocerdo</i> sp.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>16</td><td></td><td><b>16</b></td></tr><tr><th>Galeomorphii indet.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>1</b></td></tr><tr><th>Pristidae indet.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td><td></td><td>2</td><td colspan="2">7 <b>13</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Anoxypristis</i> sp. <i>Pristis</i> sp.</th><td></td><td>1 27</td><td></td><td></td><td>11 4 91 27</td><td></td><td>2 36</td><td>66</td><td><b>18 247</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Propristis schweinfurthi</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td colspan="2">8 <b>10</b></td></tr><tr><th>Myliobatiformes indet.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1 288 3</td><td></td><td></td><td>60</td><td><b>352</b></td></tr><tr><th>“ <i>Dasyatis</i> ” aff. <i>D. charlisae</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>4 4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>8</b></td></tr><tr><th>“ <i>Dasyatis</i> ” <i>jaekeli</i></th><td></td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>13</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>16</b></td></tr><tr><th>“ <i>Dasyatis</i> ” sp.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td><b>8</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aturobatis</i> aff. <i>A. aquensis</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>2</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Coupatezia</i> sp.</th><td></td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td>17</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>18</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Hypolophodon sylvestris</i></th><td></td><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>7</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Jacquhermania duponti</i></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>11</td><td></td><td>16</td><td colspan="2">1 <b>28</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aetobatis</i> sp.</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>12 103</td><td>1</td><td></td><td>11</td><td><b>127</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aetomylaeus</i> sp.</th><td>11</td><td>80</td><td></td><td></td><td>12 123 4</td><td></td><td>153</td><td>9</td><td>392</td></tr></tbody></table>
Fig. 2 in Growth and reproduction in captivity unveils remarkable life-history plasticity in the smallnose fanskate, Sympterygia bonapartii (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes)
Fig. 2. Egg cases and neonate of Sympterygia bonapartii born at Temaikèn Aquarium (Argentina). ah, anterior horns; mt, mucous tendrils; ph, posterior horns. Scale bar: 20 mm.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of whiptail stingray of the genus Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810 from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae)
FIGURE 5: Dasyatis colarensis n. sp., UERJ 2006, paratype. Detail of mouth showing the coloration of the lower lip margin.
Figure 1 in A new Early Cretaceous lamniform shark (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii)
Figure 1. Geographical and geological situation of the Vallipón site, upper Barremian, near Teruel in north-eastern Spain.
Figure 3 in A new Early Cretaceous lamniform shark (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii)
Figure 3. Eoptolamna eccentrolopha gen. et sp. nov. from the upper Barremian of Vallipón. A, anterolateral tooth, MPZ 2005-11, paratype, labial view. B, lateral tooth, MPZ 2005-12, paratype, labial view. C, lateral tooth, MPZ 2005-13, paratype, lingual view. D, lateral tooth, MPZ 2005-14, paratype, lingual view. E–F, anterolateral tooth, MPZ 2005-15, paratype. E, lingual view. F, labial view. G, intermediate? tooth, MPZ 2005-16, paratype, labial view. Scale bars: 0.25 cm.
Figure 9 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)
Figure 9. Additional phylogenetic analyses executed in TNT 1.5 for cross-checking results obtained from the main analysis. A, 50% majority rule consensus tree (tree length =148 steps, CI =0.57, RI =0.84) detected by excluding dental characters (59 to 70 of Supplemental material, Appendix A) from the main analysis; B, 50% majority rule consensus tree (tree length = 212 steps, CI = 0.46, RI = 0.76) detected using the New Technology Search analysis; C, 50% majority rule consensus tree (tree length = 212 steps, CI = 0.46, RI =0.76) detected by branch-and-bound method, using the swapping algorithm tree bisection reconnection (TBR) via 1000 replications; D, 50% majority rule consensus tree (tree length = 212, CI = 0.46, RI = 0.76) detected by branch-and-bound method, using the swapping algorithm tree bisection reconnection (TBR) via 100 replications, saving 100 trees per replication.
Figure 3 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)
Figure 3. Ostarriraja parva gen. et sp. nov. from the early Miocene of Upper Austria, holotype, NHMW 2005z0283/0097. A, closeup of the head and pectoral region of the holotype under UV light; B, restoration. Abbreviations: ac, antorbital cartilage; cb, 5th ceratobranchial; fpf, fronto-parietal fontanelle; hyo, hyomandibula; mc, Meckel's cartilage; mes, mesopterygium; met, metapterygium; nc, nasal capsule; pa, pectoral arch; pq, palatoquadrate; pro, propterygium; rad, radials; syn, synarcual. Scale bars: 5 mm.
Figure 4 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)
Figure 4. Anatomical details of some of the living skate representatives used for comparisons. A–D, Amblyraja sp., UNIVIE EMRG-Chond-H1, cleared and stained specimen; E, Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758, UNIVIE EMRG-H2, micro-CT scan of the tail; A, overall view of the specimen in ventral view; B, close-up of the head and pectoral region; C, close-up of the pelvic girdle and fins; D, detail of the propterygial radials near the head region; note their reduced catenated calcification; E, detail of the vertebral column on the tail of UNIVIE EMRG-H2 in ventral view, showing the prismatic calcification of the cartilage forming the haemal arches. Abbreviations: ac, antorbital cartilage; bas, basipterygium; cb, 5th ceratobranchial; cr, compound radial; ha, haemal arches; hyo, hyomandibula; mc, Meckel's cartilage; mes, mesopterygium; met, metapterygium; nc, nasal capsule; pq, palatoquadrate; pro, propterygium; prp, prepelvic process; pub, puboischiadic bar; ro, rostral cartilage; sca, scapulocoracoid; syn, synarcual; th, thorns. Scale bars: A–C = 20 mm; D = 10 mm; E = 5 mm.
Figure 12. Cyclobatis oligodactylus Egerton, 1844 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)
Figure 12. Cyclobatis oligodactylus Egerton, 1844 from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Hjoula, Lebanon. A, MNHN F.HDJ505a; B, detail of the pelvic girdle and fins, showing the compound radial articulating with several radials in parallel fashion (arrow); C, detail of the head, showing the articulation of nasal capsules with propterygia (arrow); D, MNHN F.HDJ505b, counterpart, detail of the of the pectoral girdle showing the suprascapulae (arrow). The arrowheads in C and D show the distance between pro-, meso- and metacondyles. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Figure 8. The 50 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)
Figure 8. The 50% majority rule consensus tree detected from the analysis of 74 morphological characters coded for 36 taxa showing the hypothetical relationships of Ostarriraja parva gen. et sp. nov. within Rajiformes. The list of synapomorphies on each node (capital letters) is given in Supplemental material, Table S1. Numbers below the nodes indicate the Bremer support.
Figure 10 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)
Figure 10. Palaeobiogeography of skates from the Late Cretaceous to Neogene: 1 – Egypt, 2 – India, 3 – Arkansas, 4 – Maryland, 5 – Texas, 6 – Sweden, 7 – Antarctica, 8 – Belgium, 9 – Germany, 10 – South Carolina, 11 – Oregon, 12 – France, 13 – England, 14 – Jordan, 15 – Switzerland, 16 – Niger, 17 – Czech Republic, 18 – Mexico, 19 – Ukraine, 20 – Portugal, 21 – Netherlands, 22 – Denmark, 23 – Austria, 24 – Poland, 25 – Malta, 26 – Japan, 27 – Costa Rica, 28 – California, 29 – Italy, 30 – Slovakia, 31 – Argentina. Data from Fischer-Ooster (1866), Lawley (1876), Leriche (1927), Radwanski (1965), Steininger (1966), Jonet (1968), Ray et al. (1968), Cappetta (1970, 2012), Welton (1972), Herman (1974), Langenwalter (1975), Ceuster (1976), Steurbaut & Herman (1978), Glaser (1979), Schultz (1979, 2013), Sahni & Mehrotra (1980), Ward (1984), Itoigawa et al. (1985), Werner (1989), Cappetta & Nolf (1991), Prasad & Cappetta (1993), Welton & Farish (1993), Long (1994), Hovestadt & Hovestadt-Euler (1995), Case & Cappetta (1997), Antunes et al. (1999), Laurito (1999), Muller (1999), Purdy et al. (2001), Siverson & Cappetta (2001), Ward & Bonavia (2001), Muller & Rozenberg (2003), Reinecke et al. (2005), Roth & Hoedemakers (2005), Adnet (2006), Becker et al. (2006), Cappetta & Cavallo (2006), Sabol & Kovac (2006), Antunes & Balbino (2007), Cahuzac et al. (2007), Adnet & Cappetta (2008), Gonźalez-Barba (2008), Wijnker et al. (2008), Brisswalter (2009), Cicimuri & Knight (2009), Schultz et al. (2010), Boessenecker (2011, 2013), Cione et al. (2012), Reinecke (2015), Pollerspock & Straube (2017), Engelbrecht et al. (2018). Maps are adopted and modified from Scotese (2002).
Figure 2 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)
Figure 2. Ostarriraja parva gen. et sp. nov. from the early Miocene of Upper Austria. A, NHMW 2005z0283/0097a, holotype under normal light; B, NHMW 2005z0283/0097a, holotype under UV light; C, NHMW 2005z0283/0097b, holotype, counterpart under normal light; D, NHMW 2005z0283/0097b, holotype, counterpart under UV light. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Figure 1. A in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)
Figure 1. A, location and simplified geological map of Upper Austria, based on Rupp et al. (2008), showing the position of the locality (red dot) where Ostarriraja parva gen. et sp. nov. was found. B, palaeogeographical sketch-maps of the Paratethys seas during the Ottnangian, middle Burdigalian, early Miocene showing the possible location of the locality in A, based on Rogl (1998).
Figure 5 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)
Figure 5. Ostarriraja parva gen. et sp. nov. from the early Miocene of Upper Austria, holotype, NHMW 2005z0283/0097. A, closeup of the tail with the anterior part on the left side; B, detail of the radials in the pectoral disc; C, close-up of the teeth; D, detail of some tail thorns. Abbreviations: mc, Meckel's cartilage; pq, palatoquadrate; th, thorns; vc, vertebral centra. The arrows indicate the rostral direction. Scale bars: A–C = 1 mm; D = 0.5 mm.
Figure 6 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)
Figure 6. Ostarriraja parva gen. et sp. nov. from the early Miocene of Upper Austria. A, NHMW 2005z0283/0097, close-up of the pelvic girdle and fins of the holotype under UV light; B, restoration. Abbreviations: bas, basipterygium; cr, compound radial; prp, prepelvic process; pub, puboischiadic bar; rad, radials. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Figure 7 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)
Figure 7. Ostarriraja parva gen. et sp. nov. from the early Miocene of Upper Austria. Three isolated teeth from the holotype NHMW 2005z0283/0097 in A, occlusal; B, lingual; C, labial; and D, lateral view. Scale bar: 200 µm.
Figure 2 in A new Early Cretaceous lamniform shark (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii)
Figure 2. Eoptolamna eccentrolopha gen. et sp. nov. from the upper Barremian of Vallipón. A–D, anterolateral tooth, MPZ 2005-4, holotype. A, labial view. B, profile view. C, lingual view. D, occlusal view. E–G, symphyseal? tooth, MPZ 2005-5, paratype. E, labial view. F, profile view. G, lingual view. H–J, anterior tooth, MPZ 2005-6, paratype. H, labial view. I, profile view. J, lingual view. K–N, lateral tooth, MPZ 2005-7, paratype. K, labial view. L, labio-occlusal view. M, profile view. N, lingual view. O–R, lateral tooth, MPZ 2005-8, paratype. O, labial view. P, labio-occlusal view. Q, profile view. R, linguo-occlusal view. S–V, lateral tooth, MPZ 2005-9, paratype. S, labial view. T, labio-occlusal view. U, profile view. V, lingual view. W–Z, posterior tooth, MPZ 2005-10, paratype. W, labial view. X, profile view. Y, lingual view. Z, occlusal view. Scale bar: 0.5 cm.
Figure 4 in Two new species of Mennerotodus Zhelezko, 1994 (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), from the Paleogene of the southeastern United States
Figure 4. Mennerotodus mackayi sp. nov. lower-dentition hypodigm, Paleocene (Danian) Pine Barren Member of the Clayton Formation, site ALn-13, Lowndes County, Alabama, USA. (a–d) MSC 42407, first lower left anterior tooth (paratype). (a) Distal view. (b) Lingual view. (c) Labial view. (d) Basal view. (e) Close-up of distal cusplet. (f–i) MSC 42405, second lower right anterior tooth (paratype). (f) Distal view. (g) Lingual view. (h) Labial view. (i) Basal view. (j) Close-up of mesial cusplet. (k–n) MSC 42410, third lower right anterior tooth (paratype). (k) Mesial view. (l) Lingual view. (m) Labial view. (n) Basal view. (o) Close-up of mesial denticle and cusplet. (p–s) MSC 42406, fourth lower left anterior tooth (paratype; reversed). (p) Mesial view. (q) Lingual view. (r) Labial view. (s) Basal view. (t) Close-up of mesial denticle and cusplet. (u–x) MSC 42409, lower right lateral tooth (paratype). (u) Mesial view. (v) Lingual view. (w) Labial view. (x) Basal view. (y) Close-up of mesial denticle. (z–ad) MSC 42632, lower right posterior tooth. (z) Close-up of distal cusplet. (aa) Lingual view. (ab) Labial view. (ac) Mesial view. (ad) Basal view. Labial at bottom in (d), (i), (n), (s), (x), and (ad). Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 1 in Two new species of Mennerotodus Zhelezko, 1994 (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), from the Paleogene of the southeastern United States
Figure 1. Generalized location and surface stratigraphy of site ALn-13, Lowndes County, AL, USA. (a) Geographic maps showing the location of site ALn-13 in country, state, and county contexts. (b) Danian surface stratigraphy in Alabama, USA. Shaded areas on the stratigraphic chart represent unconformities.
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