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Fig. 1 in New observations of Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts, from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Western Arctic Ocean) in August of 2023

Fig. 1. Map of the Western Arctic Ocean showing the 36 station locations sampled using a 20 µm mesh plankton net in the Chukchi Sea region during August of 2023. Note that station locations yielding samples in which Papulifère, putative ciliate cysts forms, were found (putative cyst stations) were located throughout the region sampled. Detailed station characteristics are given in Table 1.

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Figure 2 in Acoustic documentation of temperate odontocetes in the Bering and Chukchi Seas

Figure 2. (A) Map of the acoustic detections attributed to northern right whale dolphins at sites M2 and M5 with dotted lines denoting historical range extents. (B) A spectrogram from 10 November 2012, at M2 of a downsweeping, harmonic click/buzz at 0.5 s with is characteristic of northern right whale dolphins (despite being masked by the ping of another instrument on the mooring). Spectrogram settings are: window = Hanning, Nfft = 512, overlap = 99%, min dB = 11 dB, dB spread = 35 dB.

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Figure 3 in Acoustic documentation of temperate odontocetes in the Bering and Chukchi Seas

Figure 3. (top) Map of acoustic detections attributed to Pacific white-sided dolphins at M2, M5, and CH with dotted lines denoting historical range extents. Number of files with detections each day are in parentheses if>1. (bottom) A spectrogram from 25 October 2009, at M2 of buzzes with peaks and notches as expected for Pacific white-sided dolphins according to Soldevilla et al. (2008). Spectrogram settings are: window = Hanning, Nfft = 1,024, overlap = 99%, min dB = 12 dB, dB spread = 42 dB.

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Figure 1 in Acoustic documentation of temperate odontocetes in the Bering and Chukchi Seas

Figure 1. (A) Map of acoustic detections attributed to Risso's dolphins at sites M2, M5, and CH with dotted lines denoting historical range extents. (B) A spectrogram from 31 March 2010, at M2 zoomed into clicks attributed to Risso's dolphins because peaks and notches are centered near the expected frequencies reported in Soldevilla et al. (2008). Spectrogram settings are: window = Hanning, Nfft = 2,048, overlap = 99%, min dB = 10 dB, dB spread = 40 dB.

Figure 4 in Underwater acoustic behavior of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, 2007-2010

Figure 4. Monthly variation of bearded seal call types across all recording stations among three different years (2008, 2009, and 2010). Bar shading indicate year. Error bars are + SE. See Table S2 for call type definitions.

Figure 7 in Underwater acoustic behavior of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, 2007-2010

Figure 7. Proportion of bearded seal calls for all overwinter 2007–2008 (A) and overwinter 2008–2009 (B) recording stations (samples were 10 min long and recorded every 10th day).

Figure 6 in Underwater acoustic behavior of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, 2007-2010

Figure 6. Diel pattern of bearded seal calls combined across all summer 2009 (A) and summer 2010 (B) recording stations. Vertical bars represent the percentage of time bins that have calls present in each 1 h time bin. Horizontal bars indicate periods of daylight (white), periods of darkness (dark gray), and periods of daylight or darkness depending on the time of recording (light gray).

Figure 2 in Underwater acoustic behavior of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, 2007-2010

Figure 2. Bearded seal calls representing the major call types found in the Chukchi Sea dataset. Call types are modified from Risch et al. (2007). See Table 2 for call type definitions.

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Table 2 in New observations of Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts, from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Western Arctic Ocean) in August of 2023

Table 2. The morphological characteristics and sample data (stations and nominal concentrations) of the apparently new Papulifère forms found in the samples taken in 2023. LD refers to longest dimension of the main body (excluding filaments if present). In Morphology Notes, ‘Differs from fig. x.x’ refer to the figures in Dolan et al. 2023; figures are also given in the Supplementary File.<table><thead><tr><th>Cyst type</th><th>Morphology Notes</th><th>Station (s) found [conc. #L-1] # specimens</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>2A</th><td>Fusopsis sp., spindle smooth surface/LD 115 µm Differs from fig 6j in larger size and absence of a posterior knob</td><td>37 [0.01] 2</td></tr><tr><th>2B</th><td>Fusopsis sp., spindle smooth surface/LD 75–85/µm short (3–5µm) filaments Differs from figs 6 f,g,l in larger size and spine lengths & numbers</td><td>40 [.007] 1</td></tr><tr><th>2C</th><td>Fusopsis sp., spindle smooth surface/LD 50µm/5 long, 25 µm filaments Differs from fig 6c in overall shape small size</td><td>54 [0.016] 1</td></tr><tr><th>2D</th><td>Fusopsis sp., spindle smooth surface/LD 50 µm/ 3 pairs 30 µm filaments Differs from fig 6g,1 in larger size and filaments in pairs</td><td>59 [0.007] 1</td></tr><tr><th>2E</th><td>Sphaeropsis sp., oblong smooth surface/ LD 35µm/ 3 10 µm filaments Differs from fig 7f in smaller size and smooth surface</td><td>10 [0.04] 1</td></tr><tr><th>2F</th><td>Sphaeropsis sp., oblong smooth surface/LD 70 µm Differs from fig 7h in smaller size and ovoid shape</td><td>10 [0.01] 4</td></tr><tr><th>2G</th><td>Sphaeropsis sp., spherical smooth surface/LD 80 µm Differs from fig 7h in smaller size</td><td>39 [0.08] 2, 60 [0.08] 1</td></tr><tr><th>2H</th><td>Sphaeropsis sp., oblong smooth surface/LD 105 µm Differs in overall size and shape from other Sphaeropsis in fig7</td><td>40 [0.004] 1</td></tr></tbody></table>

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Table 1. Summary data for the 36 in New observations of Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts, from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Western Arctic Ocean) in August of 2023

Table 1. Summary data for the 36 stations sampled in 2023. Depth given is the vertical extent of the plankton net tow from the depth indicated to the surface. Chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a) is average integrated concentration (µg L-1) throughout the water column from the surface to approximately the depth of the plankton net tow. Cyst types found refer to the new forms shown in here in Figure 2 (2A-2H), and in the Figures 6 (6A, 6E, 6D) and 7 (7A, 7G, 7H, 7I, 7J, 7K, 7N) in Dolan et al. (2023). For convenience, the supplementary file contains images of all now known Chukchi Sea Papulifère forms in two plates, one showing the 16 spindle-shaped Fusopsis forms, another showing the 18 the spherical and oblong Sphaeropsi s forms.<table><thead><tr><th>St #</th><th>Date Aug 2023</th><th>lat (N°)</th><th>long (W°)</th><th>Tow Depth (m)</th><th>Station Depth</th><th>Chl a</th><th>SST (C°)</th><th>cyst types found</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td>3</td><td>65,17</td><td>–168,69</td><td>45</td><td>55</td><td>1,45</td><td>9,9</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>3</td><td>66,63</td><td>–168,69</td><td>35</td><td>45</td><td>7,47</td><td>7,8</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td>3</td><td>67,67</td><td>–168,96</td><td>45</td><td>55</td><td>9,92</td><td>6</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>8</th><td>4</td><td>68,24</td><td>–167,12</td><td>38</td><td>48</td><td>0,74</td><td>12,6</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>9</th><td>4</td><td>69,17</td><td>–168,67</td><td>43</td><td>53</td><td>0,58</td><td>9,9</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>10</th><td>5</td><td>70,50</td><td>–168,67</td><td>35</td><td>45</td><td>6,48</td><td>6</td><td>2E, 2F</td></tr><tr><th>11</th><td>5</td><td>71,43</td><td>–168,67</td><td>40</td><td>50</td><td>0,75</td><td>7,9</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>13</th><td>5</td><td>72,36</td><td>–168,66</td><td>50</td><td>60</td><td>6,16</td><td>1</td><td>6A</td></tr><tr><th>16</th><td>6</td><td>73,89</td><td>–168,19</td><td>100</td><td>183</td><td>1,5</td><td>1</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>18</th><td>6</td><td>74,80</td><td>–167,90</td><td>100</td><td>195</td><td>0,413</td><td>1</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>21</th><td>7</td><td>76,00</td><td>–170,49</td><td>100</td><td>1315</td><td>1,22</td><td>–0,5</td><td>6A, 7H, 7K, 7N</td></tr><tr><th>23</th><td>8</td><td>77,00</td><td>–170,00</td><td>100</td><td>2214</td><td>0,53</td><td>–1,1</td><td>6A</td></tr><tr><th>24</th><td>8</td><td>77,00</td><td>–174,99</td><td>100</td><td>2012</td><td>0,34</td><td>–1,3</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>25</th><td>9</td><td>77,00</td><td>179,95</td><td>100</td><td>1081</td><td>0,09</td><td>–1,2</td><td>OE</td></tr><tr><th>27</th><td>12</td><td>78,54</td><td>–177,58</td><td>100</td><td>1009</td><td>0,07</td><td>–1,2</td><td>7K</td></tr><tr><th>28</th><td>13</td><td>80,00</td><td>172,40</td><td>100</td><td>2702</td><td>0,14</td><td>–1</td><td>6A</td></tr><tr><th>29</th><td>14</td><td>79,00</td><td>172,80</td><td>100</td><td>2561</td><td>0,15</td><td>–0,9</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>30</th><td>14</td><td>78,00</td><td>173,20</td><td>100</td><td>1133</td><td>0,14</td><td>0,3</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>31</th><td>15</td><td>77,00</td><td>173,60</td><td>100</td><td>740</td><td>0,4</td><td>0,2</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>32</th><td>15</td><td>76,00</td><td>173,61</td><td>100</td><td>265</td><td>0,2</td><td>–1,1</td><td>7H</td></tr><tr><th>33</th><td>16</td><td>75,00</td><td>173,60</td><td>100</td><td>147</td><td>0,07</td><td>–0,06</td><td>6E</td></tr><tr><th>36</th><td>16</td><td>74,00</td><td>170,16</td><td>40</td><td>52</td><td>0,1</td><td>–0,8</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>37</th><td>17</td><td>74,69</td><td>174,62</td><td>60</td><td>72</td><td>0,2</td><td>–1</td><td>2A</td></tr><tr><th>39</th><td>18</td><td>75,73</td><td>177,18</td><td>100</td><td>499</td><td>0,15</td><td>–1,3</td><td>2G</td></tr><tr><th>40</th><td>20</td><td>75,07</td><td>176,80</td><td>100</td><td>196</td><td>0,31</td><td>–1,2</td><td>2B, 2H, 7I, 7N</td></tr><tr><th>43</th><td>21</td><td>75,16</td><td>–179,97</td><td>100</td><td>539</td><td>0,35</td><td>–1,4</td><td>6D, 6E, 7J</td></tr><tr><th>45</th><td>21</td><td>75,15</td><td>–176,00</td><td>100</td><td>327</td><td>1,36</td><td>–1</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>47</th><td>22</td><td>75,24</td><td>–171,97</td><td>100</td><td>505</td><td>2,73</td><td>–0,7</td><td>6A, 7J</td></tr><tr><th>50</th><td>23</td><td>75,69</td><td>–166,64</td><td>100</td><td>392</td><td>3,1</td><td>–0,9</td><td>6A, 7H, 7N</td></tr><tr><th>52</th><td>23</td><td>76,57</td><td>–164,36</td><td>100</td><td>550</td><td>0,019</td><td>–1,1</td><td>7G</td></tr><tr><th>54</th><td>24</td><td>77,47</td><td>–164,10</td><td>100</td><td>280</td><td>0,32</td><td>–1,3</td><td>2C, 7J</td></tr><tr><th>56</th><td>25</td><td>77,49</td><td>–158,73</td><td>100</td><td>1323</td><td>0,02</td><td>–1,3</td><td>7H, 7J</td></tr><tr><th>57</th><td>26</td><td>76,30</td><td>–156,22</td><td>100</td><td>725</td><td>0,23</td><td>–0,1</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>58</th><td>26</td><td>76,52</td><td>–159,78</td><td>100</td><td>2113</td><td>0,21</td><td>–1</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>59</th><td>27</td><td>75,50</td><td>–161,15</td><td>100</td><td>2098</td><td>0,2</td><td>–0,5</td><td>2D, 7A</td></tr><tr><th>60</th><td>27</td><td>74,52</td><td>–162,15</td><td>100</td><td>1596</td><td>0,27</td><td>1,8</td><td>2G, 6A, 7A, 7H</td></tr></tbody></table>

Fig. 6. The 12 in On Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts of diverse morphologies, with new observations from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean)

Fig. 6. The 12 fusiform (spindle-shaped, and oblong) Fusuposis papuliferid cyst forms found in Chukchi Sea plankton net tow material. The specimens shown in A, B, D, E, I, K, and L are all from the 2022 station 16. Scale bars all represent 50 µm.

Fig. 9 in On Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts of diverse morphologies, with new observations from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean)

Fig. 9. Geographical distribution of the records of the occurrences of Fusopsis in the 155,000 samples collected with the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) across the North Atlantic from 1958 to 1998, adapted from CPR (2004). Note the occurrence records from north of approximately 45°N and into the Arctic waters, in contrast to the absence of records from localities south of about 45°N. The CPR is a plankton sampling device towed by ships of opportunity which provides samples of the plankton of near surface waters captured on a filter gauze of approximately 270 µm mesh. For details see Beaugrand (2004) and CPR (2004). For the history of the device see Dolan (2022).

Fig. 2 in On Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts of diverse morphologies, with new observations from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean)

Fig. 2. The early illustrations of forms, of distinct morphologies, which would later come to be known as Fusopsis, from reports pre-dating Meunier's studies naming them as such. Canu (1893) depicted two forms, A 1, and A 2 (figs. 8 and 9, respectively, in Canu 1893), which he found in plankton net samples from coastal waters of Boulogne-sur-Mer (NW France). Vanhöffen reported finding the form B (Plate 6, fig. 5 in Vanhöffen 1897) in a plankton net samples from a fjord in western Greenland. Wright (1907) illustrated a form (Plate 5, fig. 4 in Wright 1907) that he found in a plankton net sam- ple from the coastal waters on New Brunswick (E. Canada).

Fig. 5 in On Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts of diverse morphologies, with new observations from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean)

Fig. 5. Locations of the sampling sites in the Chukchi Sea where Papulifère forms were found in plankton net tow material gathered during survey cruises in 2015, 2021, and 2022. The sites are numbered I to VII in chronological order of sampling. Details of the sites and sampling are given in Table 2.

Fig. 8 in On Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts of diverse morphologies, with new observations from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean)

Fig. 8. Frequency distributions of the largest dimensions of the two forms found in the greatest abundance. The left panel shows the distribution of 53 specimens of the form shown in Fig. 6E, resembling Meunier's Fusopsis umbracula (Fig. 1B), parsed into size-classes of longest dimension. The right panel shows the distribution of 20 specimens of the form shown in Fig. 7B, resembling Meunier's Sphaeropsis brevisetosa (Fig. 1S), parsed into size-classes of longest dimension. The distributions of the size-classes appears more 'normal' than bi-modal' suggesting that single populations were sampled with wide size-ranges.

Fig. 4 in On Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts of diverse morphologies, with new observations from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean)

Fig. 4. Illustrations of Papulifère forms said to be tintinnid cysts by Reid and John. From Reid and John 1978: A, B, J, K, & L. From Reid and John 1981: C, D, E, F, G, H, & I. Some were given specific designations: B: "cyst type P"; C: "cyst type S"; D: "cyst type T"; E: "cyst type M"; F: "cyst type F"; G: "cyst type Q"; H: "cyst type K; I: "cyst type N"; L: "cyst type O". Some of these specific designa- tions are still in use in the micropaleontology literature (e.g. Mudie et al. 2021a,b)

Fig. 7. The 14 in On Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts of diverse morphologies, with new observations from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean)

Fig. 7. The 14 spherical/ovoid 'Sphaeropsis' papuliferid cyst forms found in Chukchi Sea plankton net tow material. All the specimens shown are from the 2022 sample station 16 (sample VII in Table 2), except the one shown in Fig. F. Scale bars all represent 50 µm.

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Fig. 7 in Notes on the Occurrence of Tintinnid Ciliates, and the Nasselarian Radiolarian Amphimelissa setosa of the Marine Microzooplankton, in the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean) Sampled each August from 2011 to 2020

Fig. 7. The growth in the list of tintinnid species reported from the Chukchi Sea beginning with the first sampling in 1953 up to and including our 2020 sampling. The list of the 60 species now known for Chukchi Sea, with sampling year first found for each species, and the reference, is given in the supplementary file. Data are from Bursa 1963, Matsuno et al. 2014, Li et al. 2016, Yokoi et al. 2016, Dolan et al. 2017, Xu et al. 2018, Wang et al. 2019, and this study.

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Fig. 2. Sampling locations, 2011–2020 in Notes on the Occurrence of Tintinnid Ciliates, and the Nasselarian Radiolarian Amphimelissa setosa of the Marine Microzooplankton, in the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean) Sampled each August from 2011 to 2020

Fig. 2. Sampling locations, 2011–2020 in Chukchi Sea. See supplementary file for details of station locations and sampling dates. Colored zones indicate water column depth.