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Figure 4 in Influence of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis with reducing rates of NPK on growth, physiology, and fruit quality of Citrus aurantifolia

Figure 4. Effect of two biofertilizers mixing with different level of NPK on leaf TSS content of Key lemon (Limau nipis). Error bars indicates ±SE. Different letters in the bar graph represent the statistically significant at 5% level. T0, control; T1, NPK 100% (100 g); T2, T. harzianum 50% (5g) + NPK 50%; T3, B. thuringiensis 50% (5g) + NPK 50%; T4, T. harzianum 75% (7.5g) + NPK 25%; T5, B. thuringiensis 75% (7.5 g) + NPK 25%, T6, 100% T. harzianum (10 g); T7, 100% B. thuringiensis (10 g).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Figure 5 in Influence of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis with reducing rates of NPK on growth, physiology, and fruit quality of Citrus aurantifolia

Figure 5. Effect of two biofertilizers mixing with different level of NPK on fruit TSS content of Key lemon (Limau nips). Error bars indicates ±SE. Different letters in the bar graph represent the statistically significant at 5% level. T0, control; T1, NPK 100% (100 g); T2, T. harzianum 50% (5g) + NPK 50%; T3, B. thuringiensis 50% (5g) + NPK 50%; T4, T. harzianum 75% (7.5g) + NPK 25%; T5, B. thuringiensis 75% (7.5 g) + NPK 25%, T6, 100% T. harzianum (10 g); T7, 100% B. thuringiensis (10 g).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Figure 1 in Influence of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis with reducing rates of NPK on growth, physiology, and fruit quality of Citrus aurantifolia

Figure 1. Effect of two biofertilizers mixing with different level of NPK on specific leaf area of limau nipis. Error bars indicate ± S. E. Different small case letters in mean value bars represent statistical difference at 5% level. T0, control; T1, NPK 100% (100 g); T2, T. harzianum 50% (5g) + NPK 50%; T3,B. thuringiensis 50% (5g) + NPK 50%; T4, T. harzianum 75% (7.5g) + NPK 25%; T5, B. thuringiensis 75% (7.5 g) + NPK 25%, T6, 100% T. harzianum (10 g); T7, 100% B. thuringiensis (10 g).

Fig. 4 in Disruption of the leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in citrus: effect of blend and placement height, longevity of disruption and emission profile of a new dispenser

Fig. 4. Pheromone release profiles for DCEPT CLM™ (closed circles) and SPLAT CLM™ (open circles). DCEPT CLM data (top graph) are mean (± SD) percentage of initial amount of (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal remaining in the dispensers (n = 10). SPLAT CLM points are equivalent data previously published (Stelinski et al. 2010). The amount of pheromone released (bottom graph) was calculated as the mean difference in pheromone remaining from the preceding period.

Fig. 1 in Disruption of the leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in citrus: effect of blend and placement height, longevity of disruption and emission profile of a new dispenser

Fig. 1. Mean ± SEM number of male Phyllocnistis citrella captured in pheromone-baited traps in untreated control plots (filled circles, n = 9) and in pheromonetreated plots (open circles, n = 14) of grapefruit at Emerald grove, St. Lucie County, Florida, USA. Triangles are mean ± SEM (n = 14) percentage trap catch disruption (right y axis). Insert: DCEPT CLM dispenser. Rubber disk is 1.2 cm in diameter; white plastic hanger is 3.5 × 4.3 cm.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2015View details →

Fig. 3 in Feeding behavior of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and its acquisition of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', on huanglongbing-infected Citrus reticulata leaves of several maturity stages

Fig. 3. The major EPG variables of Diaphorina citri adults feeding on citrus leaves of several maturity stages. Mean (+SE) (A) durations of pathway phase (C), xylem phase (G) and phloem phase (E1+E2) (B) durations of phloem salivation (E1), phloem ingestion (E2) and salivation before phloem ingestion (E1 before E2) (C) percentage of salivation in total phloem activities (E1/E1+E2) (D) time from start to first salivation in phloem (Time to first E1) and to the first ingestion from phloem (Time to first E2) and (E) numbers of single E1 (single salivation) and E1 followed by E2 (salivation followed by ingestion). Within the same series, means capped by the same letter are not significantly different according to Duncan's Multiple Range test (P> 0.05).

Fig. 2 in Natural parasitism of the citrus leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) over eight years in seven citrus regions of São Paulo, Brazil

Fig. 2. Annual parasitism of Phyllocnistis citrella by Ageniaspis citricola in São Paulo orange groves (n = samplings).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2015View details →

Fig. 1 in Ultrastructure and development of the new stylets inside pre-molting first instar nymphs of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

Fig. 1. Transmission electron micrographs of thin sections in the cuticle and new and old stylets of a pre-molting 1st instar nymph of D. citri. A. Old (oc) and new (nc) layers of the cuticle, with minor (arrow) and major (double arrows) folds in the new cuticle; note the exuvial space (es) between the new and old cuticle, and the epidermal cells (ec) with large nuclei (nu) and nucleoli (ne). B. The old (functional) stylets; note the larger food canal (fc) and a narrower salivary canal (sc) between the 2 interlocked maxillary stylets (mx1, mx2), and a mandibular stylet (md) with 2 dendrites in its central canal (cc); the other mandibular stylet has sprung out (during processing) and is not included in this section. C & D. Two masses of hypodermal cells (hc1, hc2) with large nuclei, and hypodermal cell extensions (hce) that end with developing mandibular (md) and maxillary (mx) stylets on each side. Note that around hc1, 2 sections of each of the (coiled) mandibular and maxillary stylets are shown, but around hc2 only one section of the mandibular stylet can be seen (the rest of the stylet sections are outside the frame of this image). E. Higher magnification of 2 sections in a developing (coiled) mandibular stylet (md1, md2) and a developing (coiled) maxillary stylet (mx1, mx2); fc, part of the food canal; hce, hypodermal cell extension with a large nucleus (nu); sc, part of the salivary canal; inset shows details of the cuticular molding structure (cm).

Fig. 4 in Movement of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) adults between huanglongbing-infected and healthy citrus

Fig. 4. Sketch of Y-tube for determining the taxis of Diaphorina citri adults to green, yellow, and white boards.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2015View details →

Fig. 1 in The effect of host plant species on the detoxifying enzymes of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

Fig. 1. Enzymatic activity of (A) general esterase (EST), (B) glutathione S-transferase (GST), and (C) cytochrome monooxygenase P450 from Diaphorina citri reared on Citrus sinensis, Murraya paniculata, and Bergera koenigii. Means with the same letter are not significantly different from each other (P <0.05, Fisher's protected LSD test).

Fig. 3 in Movement of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) adults between huanglongbing-infected and healthy citrus

Fig. 3. Device and set-up for determining the selection by Diaphorina citri adults of detached citrus shoots that were either young and infected, or young and healthy; or of detached shoots either with infected mature-yellow leaves, or with physiologically mature-yellow leaves, or with healthy mature-green leaves, or with infected mature-green leaves.

Fig. 5 in Movement of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) adults between huanglongbing-infected and healthy citrus

Fig. 5. Selection by Diaphorina citri adults of detached shoots of various conditions under continuous illumination. Bars with the same letter without parentheses are not significantly different among various conditions of shoots in the same adult group; bars with the same letter within parentheses are not significantly different among the 3 adult groups (Tukey's HSD test or Friedman test, P <0.05).

Fig. 1 in Movement of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) adults between huanglongbing-infected and healthy citrus

Fig. 1. Sketch of H-shaped device for determining the choices of Diaphorina citri adults for HLB-infected versus healthy citrus plants either in darkness or in normal illumination. The device was made of an opaque plastic, and the cylinders were covered either with 2 black paperboards or with 2 transparent plastic boards.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2017View details →

Fig. 1 in Oviposition of Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in citrus fruits, and development in relation to maturity of orange fruits

Fig. 1. Frequency of oviposition by females of Anastrepha fraterculus (A) and Ceratitis capitata (B) when provided with oranges as an oviposition substrate.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2017View details →

Fig 1. A parasitoid wasp and 1 in Predatory behavior of long-legged flies (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) and their potential negative effects on the parasitoid biological control agent of the Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

Fig 1. A parasitoid wasp and 1 of 7 species of predaceous long-legged flies collected in this study. The photograph is insufficient for identification. Although predation events could not be duplicated in captivity, the parasitoid wasp ap- pears to be within a size range that the long-legged fly would attack (e.g., Barrentine 2011). Scale bar = 2 mm.

Fig. 2 in Placement density and longevity of pheromone traps for monitoring of the citrus leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Fig. 2. Relationship between the proportional number of Phyllocnistis citrella captures per trap and day of aged lures with respect to unaged lures, and the number of weeks that each lure was exposed to field environmental conditions during spring 2013, for the 2 commercial brands of lures a) ISCA and b) AlphaScents.

Fig. 1 in Placement density and longevity of pheromone traps for monitoring of the citrus leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Fig. 1. Mean number of Phyllocnistis citrella adult male captures per trap and day (± standard error) from Apr 2012 to Dec 2013, at the 3 trap densities tested: high: approximately 1 trap per 0.40 ha (1 acre), medium: approximately 1 trap per 1.21 ha (3 acres), and low: approximately 1 trap per 2.02 ha (5 acres).

Fig. 1 in Incidence of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its feeding potential on various citrus (Sapindales: Rutaceae) cultivars in the Sargodha Region of Pakistan

Fig. 1. Food consumption and performance of Spodoptera litura 3rd instars on 4 citrus cultivars: (A) leaf area consumption (cm2); (B) relative growth rate (RGR); (C) relative consumption rate (RCR); (D) leaf weight consumed (mg); (E) larval weight (mg); (F) weight of feces produced (mg); (G) efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI).

Fig. 4 in Placement density and longevity of pheromone traps for monitoring of the citrus leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Fig. 4. Relationship between the proportional number of Phyllocnistis citrella captures per trap and day of aged lures with respect to unaged lures, and the number of weeks that each lure was exposed to field environmental conditions, with data combined for ISCA and AlphaScents during spring and ISCA during summer/fall 2013.

Fig. 4 in Factors affecting the overwintering abundance of the Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in Florida citrus (Sapindales: Rutaceae) orchards

Fig. 4. (A) Mean flush abundance (measured with a visual ranking: 0: no flush; 1: isolated flush on less than 10% of branches; 2: flush on 10 to 50% of branches; 3: flush on more than 50% of branches) in 4 citrus groves sampled in 2014. (B) Average number of Diaphorina citri adults per sample as a function of flush ranking of the sample area 1 wk before actual sampling. P-value refers to the output from the generalized linear mixed model with Poisson distribution.