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FIGURE 16 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 16. Colocasiomyia ecornuta Toda & Takano, sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ paratypes and puparium from Soppeng, South Sulawesi, Indonesia). A, Head (frontal view); B, scutum and scutellum (dorsal view); C, D, abdominal sternites in ventral view (C, male; D, female); E, periphallic organs (caudolateral view; inset: cercal ventral lobe); F, phallal sheath (dorsal view); G, H, phallic organs (G, lateral view; H, ventral view); I peri-oviscapt (caudal view); J, oviscapt (ventral view); K, puparium (ventral habitus; inset: caudal-most portion at lower right and ventrolateral portion of segments at the upper right); L, mouth hook; M, cephalopharyngeal skeleton. Abbreviations: i vt s, inner vertical setae; sctl, scutellum. Scale bars: 0.1 mm in A–J and M, 1.0 mm in K.

FIGURE 12. Characters 48‒51 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 12. Characters 48‒51 on the female terminalia of Colocasiomyia colocasiae (Duda) (A, lateral view; B, hypoproct in ventral view) and C. cristata de Meijere (C, lateral view; D, hypoproct in ventral view). Abbreviations: epiprct, epiproct; hyprct, hypoproct; ov, oviscapt; t-VIII, tergite VIII. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 15 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 15. Habitus (upper, lateral view; lower, dorsal view) of species of the Colocasiomyia cristata subgroup. A, C. ecornuta sp. nov. ♂; B, C. grandis sp. nov. ♂; C, C. vieti sp. nov. ♂; D, C. cristata de Meijere ♂; E, C. sulawesiana Okada & Yafuso ♂; F, C. kinabaluana sp. nov. ♂; G, C. kotana sp. nov. ♂; and H, C. matthewsi sp. nov. ♂. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 8. Characters 16‒22 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 8. Characters 16‒22 on the male (A, C) and female (B, D) abdominal sternites (s) of Colocasiomyia gigantea (Okada) (A, B) and C. colocasiae (Duda) (C, D). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 4. Characters 5 and 6 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 4. Characters 5 and 6 on the cibarium (dorsal view) of Colocasiomyia xenalocasiae (Okada) (A), C. cristata de Meijere (B) and C. sarawakana sp. nov. (C). Abbreviations: a s, anterior sensilla; m s, medial sensilla; p s, posterior sensillum; s c, sensilla campaniformia. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 11. Characters 40‒47 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 11. Characters 40‒47 on the phallic organs of Colocasiomyia colocasiae (Duda) (A, lateral view; B, ventral view; C, hypandrium and gonocoxites, oblique lateral view), C. xenalocasiae (Okada) (D, lateral view; E, ventral view), C. sabahana sp. nov. (F, lateral view; G, ventral view) and C. cristata de Meijere (H, lateral view; I, ventral view). Abbreviations: aed, aedeagus; goncx, gonocoxite; hypd, hypandrium; phap, phallapodeme; ph sh, phallal sheath. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 7. Characters 13‒15 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 7. Characters 13‒15 on the fore (A, B, distal portion of tibia and tarsus) and mid (C, D, ditto) legs of Colocasiomyia colocasiae (Duda) (A, C) and C. cristata de Meijere (B, D). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 6. Character 12 in Phylogeny, taxonomy and flower-breeding ecology of the Colocasiomyia cristata species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of ten new species

FIGURE 6. Character 12 of costal setae on the wing (anterodistal portion) of Colocasiomyia xenalocasiae (Okada) (A), C. colocasiae (Duda) (B) and C. cristata de Meijere (C). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of the Colocasiomyia gigantea species group (Diptera, Drosophilidae) breeding on inflorescences of Scindapsus maclurei (Araceae)

FIGURE 5. Pre-imaginal stages of Colocasiomyia daiae Xue & Gao, sp. nov. A, Eggs (#10608–10610 from left to right) on wall of a pistil of host infructescence; B–D, larvae of 1st (#10611), 2nd (#10612) and 3rd instar (#10614), respectively; E, puparium (#10615; dorsal view); F–H, cephalopharyngeal skeleton of 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae, respectively (lateral and dorsal views for each); I–K, mouth hooks of 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae, respectively. Abbreviations: asp = anterior spiracle, dw = dorsal wing of pharyngeal sclerite, hp = hypopharyngeal sclerite, lp = latticed process of pharyngeal sclerite, mh = mouth hook, psp = posterior spiracle, vb = vertical bridge between dw and vw, vw = ventral wing of pharyngeal sclerite. Scale bars = 1.0 mm except for A (2 mm) and F–K (0.1 mm).

FIGURE 4 in A new species of the Colocasiomyia gigantea species group (Diptera, Drosophilidae) breeding on inflorescences of Scindapsus maclurei (Araceae)

FIGURE 4. Male and female terminalia of Colocasiomyia daiae Xue & Gao, sp. nov. (paratype #10567 and paratype #10573, respectively). A, Periphallic organs (posterior view); B, epandrial phragma (right one, lateral view; arrowhead); C, phallic organs (ventral view); D, phallus and phallapodeme (lateral view); E, pregonite (right one, lateral view); F, oviscapt (lateral view). Abbreviations: cerc = cercus, epand = epandrium, hypd = hypandrium, l goncx = lateral gonocoxite, m goncx = median gonocoxite, ph = phallus, ph sh = phallal sheath, phap = phallapodeme, preg = pregonite, sur = surstylus. Scale lines = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of the Colocasiomyia gigantea species group (Diptera, Drosophilidae) breeding on inflorescences of Scindapsus maclurei (Araceae)

FIGURE 1. Scindapsus maclurei (Merr.) Merr. et Metc from which adult specimens of the new species were collected in the Wuzhishan National Nature Preserve, Hainan, China. A, Lianas creeping on stone in the woodland; B, an inflorescence bud; C, a young inflorescence with spathe beginning to open; D, a spadix; E, a young infructescence.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of the Colocasiomyia gigantea species group (Diptera, Drosophilidae) breeding on inflorescences of Scindapsus maclurei (Araceae)

FIGURE 3. Adult morphology of Colocasiomyia daiae Xue & Gao, sp. nov. [holotype (A–C, I–K); male paratype #10567 (D–H); male paratype #10606 (L); female paratype #10607 (M)]. A, Lateral habitus, arrow indicates the presutural dorsocentral setae; B, head and thorax (dorsal view); C, head (anterior view); D, head (dorsal view); E, postocciput (posterior view); F, mouth part (lateral view); G, cibarium (dorsal view); H, prementum (ventral view); I, wing (left one, ventral view); J, foreleg (left one, inner view); K, abdomen (dorsal view); L and M, abdominal sternites. Abbreviations: as = anterior sensilla, cib = cibarium, cly = clypeus, ms = medial sensilla, plp = palpus, premnt = prementum, ps = posterior sensilla, sc = sensilla campaniformia, spc-s = supracervical setae. Scale bar = 1.0 mm except for C–F, L, M (0.5 mm) and G, H (0.1 mm).

FIGURE 2 in A new species of the Colocasiomyia gigantea species group (Diptera, Drosophilidae) breeding on inflorescences of Scindapsus maclurei (Araceae)

FIGURE 2. An unrooted, neighbor-joining tree built with p-distances calculated for COI DNA sequences determined previously (Li et al. 2014, Jiao et al. 2020) or in the present study for ten species of the Colocasiomyia gigantea species group. Sequences are referred to individually in the tree in a form of "voucher number-GenBank accession number".

FIGURE 11-1 in Phylogenetic classification and palm-inflorescence anthophily of the Colocasiomyia zeylanica species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of five new species

FIGURE 11-1. Male terminalia of Colocasiomyia pinangae sp. nov. (A), C. besaris sp. nov. (B), and C. luciphila sp. nov. (C). Subscript 1, periphallic organs (caudolateral view); 2, ditto (caudoventral view); 3, phallic organs (ventral view; C3a, hypandrium and pregonites); 4, ditto (lateral view; C4a, hypandrium and pregonites; C4b, phallus). Abbreviations: cerc, cercus; epand, epandrium; hypd, hypandrium; ph sh, phallal sheath; phap, phallapodeme; pregt, pregonite; sur, surstylus. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 15 in Phylogenetic classification and palm-inflorescence anthophily of the Colocasiomyia zeylanica species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of five new species

FIGURE 15. Pinanga coronata (Blume ex Mart.) Blume used as a host plant by the Colocasiomyia zeylanica species group at Cibodas, West Java. (A), An inflorescence just in anthesis and infructescences; (B), a great number of zeylanica-group flies gathering within the opened bract of inflorescence; (C), flies gathering among male flowers; (D), an embryo developing within an egg capsule laid on a slit of male flower.

FIGURE 14 in Phylogenetic classification and palm-inflorescence anthophily of the Colocasiomyia zeylanica species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of five new species

FIGURE 14. Habitus (lateral view) of Colocasiomyia pinangae sp. nov. (A), C. besaris sp. nov. (B), C. luciphila sp. nov. (C), C. oligochaeta sp. nov. (D), and C. grimaldii sp. nov. (E). Subscript 1, male; 2, female. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 13 in Phylogenetic classification and palm-inflorescence anthophily of the Colocasiomyia zeylanica species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of five new species

FIGURE 13. The most parsimonious tree resulting from the cladistic analysis (PAUP* v4.0a168) of the data matrix of 24 spp. × 89 morphological characters (Appendix 2) for 22 species of Colocasiomyia (as ingroup) and two species of Scaptodrosophila (as outgroup). The tree is rooted by outgroup rooting, and nonhomoplastic synapomorphies inferred from both ACCTRAN and DELTRAN character optimization are indicated on each internal branch (and the terminal branch for C. micheliae belonging to the crassipes species group) along with support value (BP).

FIGURE 12 in Phylogenetic classification and palm-inflorescence anthophily of the Colocasiomyia zeylanica species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of five new species

FIGURE 12. Female terminalia of Colocasiomyia pinangae sp. nov. (A), C. besaris sp. nov. (B), C. luciphila sp. nov. (C), C. oligochaeta sp. nov. (D), and C. grimaldii sp. nov. (E). Subscript 1, lateral view; 2, ventral view. Abbreviations: epig, epigynium; epiprct, epiproct; hypg v, hypogynial valve; hyprct, hypoproct. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 11-2 in Phylogenetic classification and palm-inflorescence anthophily of the Colocasiomyia zeylanica species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of five new species

FIGURE 11-2. (Continued). Male terminalia (lateral view) of Colocasiomyia oligochaeta sp. nov. (D) and C. grimaldii sp. nov. (E). Inset: whole view. Abbreviation: aed, aedeagus. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Phylogenetic classification and palm-inflorescence anthophily of the Colocasiomyia zeylanica species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with descriptions of five new species

FIGURE 10. Abdominal sternites of Colocasiomyia pinangae sp. nov. (A), C. besaris sp. nov. (B), C. luciphila sp. nov. (C), C. oligochaeta sp. nov. (D), and C. grimaldii sp. nov. (E). Subscript 1, male; 2, female. Abbreviation: s, sternite. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.