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42 results for “Composite Shell”
FIGURE 9 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods
FIGURE 9. XMT result of Cyrtospirifer whitneyi (CD). 1-10, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 11-18, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 19-24, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 25-28, lateral (25), ventral (26), dorsal (27) and posterior (28) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 29, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under falsecolor lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: dp, dental plates; tt, teeth.
FIGURE 10 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods
FIGURE 10. XMT result of Spiriferidae gen. sp. indet. (S1). 1-8, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 9-15, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 16-21, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 22-24, lateral (22), ventral (23) and posterior (24) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 25, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviation: dp, dental plates.
FIGURE 8 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods
FIGURE 8. XMT result of Indospirifer sp. (3229). 1-8, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 9-15, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 16-20, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 21-22, lateral (21) and ventral (22) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 23-24, ventral (23) and ventroanterior (24) views of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: dp, dental plates; cp, cardinal process; hp, hinge plate; sp, spiralia.
FIGURE 5 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods
FIGURE 5. XMT result of Cleiothyridina baracoodensis (ML32). 1-11, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 12-21, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 22-27, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 28-31, lateral (28), ventral (29), dorsal (30) and posterior (31) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 32, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 2 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: tt, teeth; sk, socket; cf, cardinal flanges.
FIGURE 4 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods
FIGURE 4. XMT result of Stenoscisma timorense (BS-2). 1-10, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 11-17, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 18-22, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 23-25, lateral (23), ventral (24) and dorsal (25) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 26, posterior view of the coronally sectioned 3-D model. 27, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: sd, spondylium; tt, teeth.
FIGURE 7 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods
FIGURE 7. XMT result of Spiriferina sp. (BS-1). 1-7, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 8-14, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 15-19, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 20-22, lateral (20), ventral (21) and dorsal (22) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 23, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: dp, dental plates; ms, median septum; sp, spiralia; tt, teeth; cr, crus; sk, socket.
FIGURE 6 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods
FIGURE 6. XMT result of Tylothyris transversa (TeP). 1-7, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 8-14, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 15-19, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 20-22, lateral (20), ventral (21) and dorsal (22) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 23, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviation: sp, spiralia.
FIGURE 2 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods
FIGURE 2. Thin section and cathodoluminescence (CL) photomicrographs: Indospirifer sp. (3229) (1-4), Cyrtospirifer whitneyi (CD) (5-8), Spiriferidae gen. sp. indet. (S1) (9-12), Spiriferella loveni (F8) (13-16), Meekella sangzhiensis (Q- 1) (17-18) and Tyloplecta nanjingensis (Q-2) (19-20). 1, plane-polarized light (PPL) image of infilling micrite and shell fragments scattered. 2-3, transmitted light (TL) (2) and corresponding CL (3) images of luminescent shell. 4, CL image showing slightly luminescent shell. 5-8, TL (5, 7) and CL (6, 8) images of both luminescent shell and infilling sediment. 9-10, PPL images of brachiopod shell, infilling packstone and thin silicified layer along their boundary. 11- 12, TL (11) and CL (12) images of nonluminescent shell. 13-16, TL (13, 15) and CL (14, 16) images showing a variety of shell luminescence and infilling sediment composed of calcitic skeletal grains (bryozoan in 15 and 16). 17-20, PPL (17, 19, 20) and TL (18) images of both silicified shells and infillings. Abbreviations: bs, brachiopod shell; im, infilling material; fs, fragmented shell; os, other shell material; sl, silicified layer; NL, nonluminescent; SL, slightly luminescent; L, luminescent.
FIGURE 3 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods
FIGURE 3. XMT result of Timaniella harkeri (GSC26406). 1-10, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 11-17, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 18-22, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 23-25, lateral (23), ventral (24) and dorsal (25) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 26, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 2 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: tt, teeth; sp, spiralia; sk, socket.
FIGURE 1 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods
FIGURE 1. Thin section and cathodoluminescence (CL) photomicrographs: Timaniella harkeri (GSC26406) (1-4), Spiriferina sp. (BS-1) (5-8), Stenoscisma timorense (BS-2) (9-12), Cleiothyridina baracoodensis (ML32) (13-16) and Tylothyris transversa (TeP) (17-20). 1-2, transmitted light (TL) (1) and corresponding CL images (2) of nonluminescent shell and infilling sediment composed of fine sand grains. 3-4, TL (3) and CL (4) images of nonluminescent associated with partially luminescent shell in the cardinal area of dorsal valve. 5-8, TL (5, 7) and CL (6, 8) images of nonluminescent associated with partially luminescent shell and luminescent infilling cement. 9-12, TL (9, 11) and CL (10, 12) images of luminescent shell with thin silicified layers and recrystallization along inner wall of brachiopod shell. 13, plane-polarized light (PPL) image of the original infilling sediment composed of calcareous sands. 14, PPL image showing the section of infilling cement. 15-16, TL (15) and CL (16) images of slightly luminescent shell. 17, PPL image of infilling comprising lime mud, calcite cement and relatively large, radially arranged, siliceous crystals. 18-19, TL (18) and CL (19) images of nonluminescent associated with partially luminescent shell. 20, CL image showing the section of nonluminescent internal shell structure (spiralia) preserved within infilling (This structure is hardly recognized in the TL image). Abbreviations: bs, brachiopod shell; im, infilling material; sl, silicified layer; cc, calcite crystal; NL, nonluminescent; SL, slightly luminescent; L, luminescent.
Engineering the Compositional Architecture of Core-Shell Upconverting Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticles for Optimal Luminescent Donor in Resonance Energy Transfer: The Effects of Energy Migration and Storage
<p>Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between single molecule donor (D) and acceptor (A) is well understood from fundamental perspective and is widely applied in biology, biotechnology, medical diagnostics and bio-imaging. However, the reliability of molecular FRET measurements can be affected by numerous artefacts which eventually hamper quantitative and reliable analysis, mostly due to issues with the donor and acceptor molecules. Lanthanide doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) have demonstrated their suitability as alternative donor species. Nevertheless, while they solved most disadvantageous features of organic donor molecules, such as photo-bleaching, spectral cross-excitation and emission bleed-through, the fundamental understanding and practical realizations of bio-assays with UCNP donors remain challenging. Among others, the actual donor ions in individual donor UCNPs are the numerous activator ions randomly distributed in the nanoparticle at various distances to acceptors anchored on the nanoparticle surface. Further, the power dependent, complex energy transfer upconversion and energy migration between sensitizing and activating lanthanide ions within UCNPs complicate the decay based analysis of <strong><em>D</em></strong>-<strong><em>A</em></strong> interaction. In this work, the assessment of designed virtual core-shell nanoparticle (VNP) models led us to the new designs of UCNPs, such as …@Er, Yb@Er, Yb@YbEr, which were experimentally evaluated as donor nanoparticles and compared to the simulations. Moreover, the specific properties of lanthanide-based upconversion motivated us to analyze not only steady-state luminescence and luminescence decay responses of both the UNCP donor and the sensitized acceptor, but also the effects of their luminescence rise kinetics upon RET was discussed in newly proposed disparity measurements. The presented studies help to understand the role of energy-transfer and energy migration between lanthanide ion dopants (due to their concentration and spatial distribution) and how the architecture of core-shell UCNPs affects their performance as FRET donors to organic acceptor dyes.</p>
Elevated temperature and carbon dioxide levels alter growth rates and shell composition in the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa
<p>We investigated the effects of 60-d exposure to end-of-the-century projections for seawater temperature (+3 °C) and <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> (+500 µatm) on growth, mineralogy, and organic content of shells and scutes in juvenile <em>Tridacna squamosa </em>clams. The provided excel file contains tables supplying the following raw datasets:</p> <p>(1) Concentrations of trace minerals (Data_Minerals) in shells and scutes</p> <blockquote> <p><strong>IndividualID</strong> - unique ID for each juvenile <em>Tridacna squamosa</em> clam<br> <strong>Type</strong> - type of skeletal material sampled (New: newly-formed, Old: older-growth, Shell: shell, Scute: scute).<br> <strong>Exposure</strong> - experimental treatments (Ambient: ambient seawater conditions, High Temp: elevated temperature alone, High pCO2: elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> alone, Multistressor: elevated temperature and <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> in combination).<br> <strong>SampleMass_mg</strong> - mass (in mg) of powdered skeletal material analyzed.<br> <strong>X_ppb</strong> - concentration (in parts per billion) of element X (Mg: Magnesium, Si: Silica, P: Phosphorus, K: Potassium, Mn: Manganese, As: Arsenic, Sr: Strontium, Ba: Barium, Ca: Calcium) in the sample.<br> <strong>X_mmol_kg-1</strong> - concentration (in mmol kg<sup>-1</sup>) of element X in the sample.<br> <strong>XCaRatio_mmol_mol-1</strong> - ratio of the concentrations of element X (in mmol) and calcium (in mol).<br> <strong>BaCaRatio_µmol_mol-1 </strong>- ratio of the concentrations of barium (in µmol) and calcium (in mol).</p> </blockquote> <p>(2) Morphometric characteristics (Data_Morphometry) of shells/scutes</p> <blockquote> <p><strong>IndividualID</strong> - unique ID for each juvenile <em>Tridacna squamosa</em> clam<br> <strong>Exposure</strong> - experimental treatments (Ambient: ambient seawater conditions, High Temp: elevated temperature alone, High pCO2: elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> alone, Multistressor: elevated temperature and <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> in combination).<br> <strong>X_pre_mm</strong> - measurement value (in millimeters) prior to exposure to experimental treatments (APM: anterior-posterior margin or shell length, DVM: dorsal-ventral margin or shell height, OrnamentationMaxWidth: maximum width of the shell across the scutes, Width: shell width).<br> <strong>X_pre_g</strong> - measurement value (in grams) prior to exposure to experimental treatments (WetMass: whole animal wet mass).<br> <strong>X_post_mm</strong> - measurement value (in millimeters) after 60-d exposure to experimental treatments.<br> <strong>X_post_g</strong> - measurement value (in grams) after 60-d exposure to experimental treatments.<br> <strong>X_gain_mm</strong> - change in measurment value (in millimeters) over the course of the 60-d experiment.<br> <strong>X_gain_%change</strong> - change in measurment value over the course of the 60-d experiment as a percentage of the initial, pre-exposure value (i.e., % change).</p> </blockquote> <p>(3) Organic content (Data_Organics) of shells</p> <blockquote> <p><strong>IndividualID</strong> - unique ID for each juvenile <em>Tridacna squamosa</em> clam<br> <strong>Exposure</strong> - experimental treatments (Ambient: ambient seawater conditions, High Temp: elevated temperature alone, High pCO2: elevated <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> alone, Multistressor: elevated temperature and <em>p</em>CO<sub>2</sub> in combination).<br> <strong>X-newgrowth_weight%</strong> - concentration of element X (Nitrogen, Carbon, or Hydrogen) as a percentage of the weight of sample analyzed in newly-formed shell.<br> <strong>X-oldgrowth_weight% </strong>- concentration of element X as a percentage of the weight of sample analyzed in older-growth shell.</p> </blockquote> <p> </p> <p> </p>
16S processed data and shell processing scripts for "Epithelial-myeloid exchange of MHCII constrains immunity and microbiota composition"
<p>Main repo for MHCII on IECs 16S processing code.</p>
Supplementary Data to: "Organic Phases in Bivalve (Arctica islandica) Shells: Their Bulk and Amino Acid Nitrogen Stable Isotope Compositions" in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
<p>This dataset contains the data generated for publication "Organic Phases in Bivalve (<em>Arctica islandica</em>) Shells: Their Bulk and Amino Acid Nitrogen Stable Isotope Compositions", including the following files:</p> <p>Specimen_ID_shell_morphology_measurement: Description of locality of collection, shell ID, shell working ID and the shell morphology measurement which can be referred to Section 2.1 of the manuscript.</p> <p>EA_IRMS_raw_error_propagate: This file contains data showing the m/z 28 signal intensities of all measurements and the error propagation that mentioned in Section 2.3 of the manuscript. It also includes the calculation of analytical accuracy and precision. </p> <p>Statistics: The file contains the summary of statistical analyses performed in this manuscript. Refer to Section 2.7 and 3.3.</p> <p>Recovery: It contains the recovery of the total nitrogen contents or amino acid concentrations after different treatments and this was mentioned in Section 4.1 of the manucript.</p> <p>Mass_balance: The computation procedure that showed in Section 3.4 and discussed in Section 4.3 can be traced in this file.</p> <p>GC-C-IRMS_long_term_sd: The file shows the long-term precision of GC-C-IRMS computed from the mixed standard of amino acids </p> <p>BSIA_d15N: The file contains all the bulk d15N data that used in this manuscript.</p> <p>CSIA_d15N: The file contains all the amino acid d15N data that used in this manuscript.</p> <p>AA_Composition: The file shows AA percent data that used in this manuscript.</p> <p><br> For details see main text of the manuscript.</p> <p><br> </p>
Data from: The early composition and evolution of the turtle shell (Reptilia, Testudinata)
The shell of the oldest true turtle (Testudinata) branch (Proterochersidae) from the Late Triassic (Norian) of Poland and Germany was built in its anterior and posterior part from an osteodermal mosaic which developed several million years after the plastron, neurals, and costal bones. The most detailed description of the shell composition in proterochersids thus far is provided together with a review of the shell composition in other Triassic pantestudinates, the scenario of early evolution of the turtle shell is proposed based on new data, and the possible adaptive meaning of the observed evolutionary changes is discussed. These observations are consistent with the trend of shell simplification previously reported in turtles. Several aspects of proterochersid shell anatomy are intermediate between O. semitestacea and more derived turtles, supporting their stem phylogenetic position. Three additional ossifications were sutured to xiphiplastra and pelvis in Proterochersis spp. and at least in some individuals the nuchal bone was paired. The peripherals, suprapygals, and pygal bone are most likely of osteodermal origin and homologous to the proterochersid shell mosaic.
Figure 1 in A theoretical composite model for population sex-specific shell size dynamics in Strombidae (Gastropoda, Neostromboidae)
Figure 1. Modelling male and females population distribution curves showing the mean size (μ) of each sex and the (1) Sex dependant factors: a) time to maturity; b) intra-male competition; c) femalespecific sexual selection; d) fecundity; (2) Inter-sex dependant factors: e) time to maturity; f) sex bias towards larger numbers of females; and (3) Population factors: g) environmental conditions; and h) universal size regulators that affect the size ratio between females and males.
Data from: The early composition and evolution of the turtle shell (Reptilia, Testudinata)
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Synergistic effects of micro and macro-sized palm kernel shell fillers on the tensile properties of HDPE composites
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Data from: Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of silica-modified SiO2@ANA-Si-Tb@SiO2, SiO2@ANA-Si-Tb-L@SiO2 core-shell-shell nanostructured composites
Three novel core-shell nanostructured composites SiO2@ANA-Si-Tb, SiO2@ANA-Si-Tb-L (L = second ligand) with SiO2 as the core and terbium organic complex as the shell were successfully synthesized. The core and shell were connected together by covalent bonds. The terbium ion was coordinated with organic ligand forming terbium organic complex in the shell layer. The organosilane (HOOCC5H4NN(CONH(CH2)3Si(OCH2CH3)3)2 (abbreviated as ANA-Si) was used as the first ligand and 1, 10-phenanthroline (phen) or 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) was used as the second ligand. Furthermore, silica-modified SiO2@ANA-Si-Tb@SiO2, SiO2@ANA-Si-Tb-L@SiO2 core-shell-shell nanostructured composites were also synthesized by sol-gel chemical route, which involved the hydrolysis and polycondensation processes of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surface-active agent. An amorphous silica shell was coated around the SiO2@ANA-Si-Tb, SiO2@ANA-Si-Tb-L core-shell nanostructured composites. The core-shell and core-shell-shell nanostructured composites exhibited excellent luminescence in solid state. Meanwhile, an improved luminescent stability property of the core-shell-shell nanostructured composites was observed for the aqueous solution. This type of core-shell-shell nanostructured composites exhibited bright luminescence, high stability and good solubility, which may present potential applications in the fields of optoelectronic devices, bio-imaging, medical diagnosis, and study on the structure of function composite materials.
Data from: Preparation, characterization and luminescence properties of core–shell ternary terbium composites SiO2(600)@Tb(MABA-Si)•L
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