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FIGURE 2 in Genetic diversity and aquaculture conservation for a threatened Neotropical catfish

FIGURE 2 | Attributions of Lophiosilurus alexandri genotypes from A. captive broodstocks (Bebedouro, Paulo Afonso, and Itiúba) and wild samples taken from two stretches of the São Francisco River (upper and submiddle) and B. only for the wild samples. Each vertical bar represents a different individual and the length is proportional to the inferred group, cluster 1 (red) and cluster 2 (green). Respective estimated K value through log-likelihood. Y axis for delta (K) values and X axis for different K values tested.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2020View details →

FIGURE 1 in Genetic diversity and aquaculture conservation for a threatened Neotropical catfish

FIGURE 1 | Map showing the São Francisco River Basin with locations of the three restocking hatcheries () of Lophiosilurus alexandri and an experimental laboratory (LAQUA). The wild samples taken in the upper and submiddle stretches are denoted by.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 3 in Chloroplast genome of the conserved Aster altaicus var. uchiyamae B2015-0044 as genetic barcode

Fig. 3. The variable sites in the chloroplast genomes of Aster altaicus var. uchiyamae. Variable sequences are marked in red. GG: Yeoju, Gyeonggi Province, CB: Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk Province.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 2 in Chloroplast genome of the conserved Aster altaicus var. uchiyamae B2015-0044 as genetic barcode

Fig. 2. The sequence alignment of variable sites in the chloroplast genomes of Aster altaicus var. uchiyamae. Variable sequences are marked in red. GG: Yeoju, Gyeonggi Province, CB: Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk Province.

Fig. 5 in P e r s p e c t i v e Integrating current methods for the preservation of amphibian genetic resources and viable tissues to achieve best practices for species conservation

Fig. 5. Decision tree used for specimens euthanized to obtain tissue. Blue indicates steps in the decision tree. Green indicates procedures that will lead to preservation of tissues for genetic study. Purple indicates procedures that lead to achieving multiple goals, including cell culture and obtaining gametes for current or future ARTs. NOTE: Breeding and IVF can result in offspring that can be used for genetic purposes, thereby achieving multiple goals.

Fig. 6 in P e r s p e c t i v e Integrating current methods for the preservation of amphibian genetic resources and viable tissues to achieve best practices for species conservation

Fig. 6. Decision tree used to obtain tissue from live animals. Blue indicates steps in the decision tree. Green indicates procedures that will lead to preservation of tissues for genetic study. Purple indicates procedures that lead to achieving multiple goals, including obtaining gametes for current or future ARTs. NOTE: Breeding and IVF can result in offspring that can be used for genetic purposes, thereby achieving multiple goals.

Fig. 4 in P e r s p e c t i v e Integrating current methods for the preservation of amphibian genetic resources and viable tissues to achieve best practices for species conservation

Fig. 4. Length of time from cell culture initiation to freezing for amphibian cell lines in San Diego Zoo's Frozen Zoo®. Low = 19 days; high = 596 days; average = 154 days.

Fig. 3 in P e r s p e c t i v e Integrating current methods for the preservation of amphibian genetic resources and viable tissues to achieve best practices for species conservation

Fig. 3. The "tissue piecing" protocol used to preserve viable cells for establishment of cell lines in the future. A) Tissue is cut into long, thin strips. B) Tissue is diced into 1 mm3 fragments before adding medium containing 10% DMSO as a cryoprotectant. C) Prepared tissue is stored in LN2 until future cell culture is possible; those without cell culture capability can transport samples using a dry shipper to maintain cold-chain.

Fig. 2 in P e r s p e c t i v e Integrating current methods for the preservation of amphibian genetic resources and viable tissues to achieve best practices for species conservation

Fig. 2. Procedures used to obtain amphibian eggs or sperm for use in ARTs. A) Gravid female Leopard Frog (Lithobates sp.) after gonadotropic hormone injection. B) Expressing eggs into container by pressing on abdomen and pushing thumb toward cloaca; eggs can be fertilized (i.e., IVF) by fresh or cryopreserved sperm. Sperm can similarly be released from males by pushing towards the cloaca and releasing sperm naturally (in season) or after injection of gonadotropic hormones (e.g., HIS).

Fig. 1 in P e r s p e c t i v e Integrating current methods for the preservation of amphibian genetic resources and viable tissues to achieve best practices for species conservation

Fig. 1. Role of genetic resource collections in the research and conservation of amphibians. Green indicates the storage of tissues in biobanks. Purple indicates procedures associated with ARTs that lead to achieving multiple goals in amphibian research and conservation. Asterisk (*) denotes tissue or methodologies that are not currently used in ARTs but may be possible in the future. NOTE: For a more complete list of ARTs reference Clulow et al. (2014).

Fig. 4 in Spatial genetic structure in the vulnerable smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata, Mustelidae): towards an adaptive conservation management of the species

Fig. 4. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) plot (stress: 0.0045) performed using average pairwise TN93 (Tamura & Nei, 1993) distances among investigated Lutrogale perspicillata groups created according to the country of origin of samples (modern + museum DNA and GenBank entries).

Fig. 3. A in Spatial genetic structure in the vulnerable smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata, Mustelidae): towards an adaptive conservation management of the species

Fig. 3. A, Lutrogale perspicillata network computed using haplotypes (h) from the 305 bp-long sequence alignment (modern + museum DNA and GenBank entries). A scale to infer the number of sequences for each pie (i.e., haplotype) was provided together with a length bar to compute the number of mutational changes. The colour of each country and the number of each haplotype are indicated. See Table S1 for more details. B, Mismatch Distributions (MD) of the mtDNA pairwise differences (dotted: observed; line: expected) calculated for South East Asia haplogroup (Fig. 3A). Estimates of FS and R2 statistics (with related P values), r (raggedness index) and the outcome of SSD and SSD* test under a model (H0) of sudden demographic and spatial population expansion, respectively, are provided.

Fig. 2 in Spatial genetic structure in the vulnerable smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata, Mustelidae): towards an adaptive conservation management of the species

Fig. 2. Photos of MNHN-ZM-MO-2001-350, L. p. perspicillata holotype resident in the mammal collection of the National Museum of Natural History of Paris, France. A, right side, lateral view (bar length = 20 cm); B, left forelimb, lateral view; C, basement, in French "Lutra perspicillata = Lutra leptonix Horsf., loutre de Java par m Diard, mai 1821, la tête est au lab d'anatomie", which can be translated into and interpreted as: "Lutra perspicillata = Lutra leptonix (Horsfield, 1824), Java otter from M. Diard, May 1821, skull is in the lab of anatomy" (see also Material and Methods). Photos courtesy and copyright: © MNHN - RECOLNAT - Laura Flamme - 2014.

Fig. 1 in Spatial genetic structure in the vulnerable smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata, Mustelidae): towards an adaptive conservation management of the species

Fig. 1. Lutrogale perspicillata distribution (in yellow; see insets for Iraq and Pakistan) including sampling localities of modern (white circles) and museum (green squares) individuals. As far as the latter are concerned, we reported only sites for which samples were successfully investigated (see Table S1 for the entire sample size of this study; symbol "?" stands for unknown locality). The white stars indicate, in Iraq, the locality (TaqTaq, Kurdistan) where the sample of Omer et al. (2012) was collected, in Cambodia/Thailand and Malaysia, the country/ies of origin of EF472348 and KY117557 GenBank sequence, respectively. In Iraq, Pakistan, and supposedly Java, Indonesia, the green squares indicate localities (when known) of L. p. maxwelli, L. p. sindica, and L. p. perspicillata museum holotypes, respectively. Finally, Naga Hills at the border between Myanmar and India as well as Bahoo-Kalat River Basin between Iran and Pakistan are indicated (see text for more details). The species' geographic range was adapted from IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2015. Lutrogale perspicillata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019-3 was modified using CorelDraw!12 (2003). Digital images (insets) were obtained from Google Earth 7.1.5.1557 (2015 Google Inc.) and Google Earth map data (Data SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO - Image Landsat). Please note that thick dotted lines mark out new borders for L. p. sindica and L. p. perspicillata subspecies as established in this study (see text for more details).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2009View details →

Fig. 2 in Microsatellite variation and population genetic structure of a neotropical endangered Bryconinae species Brycon insignis Steindachner, 1877: implications for its conservation and sustainable management

Fig. 2. UPGMA clustering of the Nei's genetic distance (1972) of the Brycon insignis sampling locations based on six microsatellite loci. Bootstrap values above 50% are shown above branches indicating percentage support in 5000 permutations. Power Company Hatchery (PCH), São João River (SJR), Paraíba do Sul River (PSR), Imbé River (IMR), Muriaé River (MUR) and Itabapoana River (ITR).

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Genotype and genetic diversity data for: Contrasts in riverscape patterns of intraspecific genetic variation in a diverse Neotropical fish community of high conservation value

<p><span>Spatial patterns in genetic variation compared across species provide information about the predictability of genetic diversity of natural populations and areas requiring conservation measures. Due to their remarkable fish diversity, rivers in Neotropical regions are ideal systems to confront theory with observations and would benefit greatly from such approaches given their increasing vulnerability to anthropogenic pressures. We used SNP data from 18 fish species with contrasting life-history traits, co-sampled across 12 sites in the Maroni – a major river system from the Guiana Shield – to compare patterns of intraspecific genetic variation and identify their underlying drivers. Analyses of covariance revealed a decrease in genetic diversity as distance from the river outlet increased for 5 of the 18 species, illustrating a pattern commonly observed in riverscapes for species with low-to-medium dispersal abilities. However, mean within-site genetic diversity was lowest in the two easternmost tributaries of the Upper Maroni and around an urbanized location downstream, indicating the need to address the potential influence of local pressures in these areas, such as goldmining or fishing. Finally, the relative influence of isolation by stream distance, isolation by discontinuous river flow and isolation by spatial heterogeneity in effective size on pairwise genetic differentiation varied across species. Species with similar dispersal and reproductive guilds did not necessarily display shared patterns of population structure. Increasing the knowledge of specific life history traits and ecological requirements of fish species in these remote areas should help further understand factors that influence their current patterns of genetic variation.</span></p>

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Fig. 5 in Additional data on Spinitectus petterae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) from Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) in the Vaal River system: conserved morphology or high intraspecific genetic variability?

Fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs of immature female of Spinitectus petterae Boomker, 1993 collected from Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). A – apical view of cephalic region; B – vulva; C – conical tail end; D – conical tail. Abbrevations: A – anus; CA – caudal papilla; L – labium; MT – mucron tip; PL – pseudolabium.

Fig. 4 in Additional data on Spinitectus petterae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) from Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) in the Vaal River system: conserved morphology or high intraspecific genetic variability?

Fig. 4. Illustrations of Spinitectus petterae Boomker, 1993 – male, reproductive structures and tail end. A – lateral aspect of posterior section with left and right spicules, and associated structures; B – tip of left spicule from two views and tip of the right spicule with fleshy extension; C – ventral aspect of posterior section with caudal papillae and cloacal opening. Abbreviation: C – cloacal opening; CCO – cytoplasmic core opening; LS – left spicule; LSB – left spicule blade; LSS – left spicule shaft; M – manubrium; PcP – postcloacal papillae; PP – precloacal papillae; RP – rugosa plates; RS – right spicule; SM – spicule muscle; SP – spicular pouch; VD – vas deferens.

Fig. 7 in Additional data on Spinitectus petterae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) from Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) in the Vaal River system: conserved morphology or high intraspecific genetic variability?

Fig. 7. Phylogenetic relationships of Spinitectus spp. based on available cox1 mtDNA for Spinitectus based on Bayesian inference (BI)), with Rhabdochona xiphophori Caspeta-Mandujano, Moravec et Salgado-Maldonado, 2001 as the designated outgroup. Posterior probability (BI) and 1,000 bootstrap replicate (maximum likelihood (ML)) support indicated (BI/ML), nodes with less than 0.5 (50 %) support not annotated. Data shaded in colour from indicated geographical locality or river system, and three haplotypes recorded from the Vaal River system indicated (VRS1–VRS3).

Fig. 2 in Additional data on Spinitectus petterae (Nematoda: Rhabditida) from Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) in the Vaal River system: conserved morphology or high intraspecific genetic variability?

Fig. 2. Light and scanning electron micrographs of adult females of Spinitectus petterae Boomker, 1993 collected from Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). A – neck showing spines on annular rings; B – first three rings on neck, rings indicated numerically and spine length measurement illustrated; C – apical view of the cephalic region; D – lateral view of cephalic region; E – apical view of cephalic structures; F – excretory pore; G – diminishing spines; H – posterior end; inlay gonopore with vulva I – posterior end with gonopore, vulva position indicated; J – conical tail tip; K – conical tail and mucron tip. Abbreviations: A – anus; AP – amphid; CP – cephalic papillae; L – labia; MT – mucron tip; PL – pseudolabia; PS – porous structure; OO – oral opening; V – vulva; SL – sublabium.