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Fig. 20 in Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus

Fig. 20. Tyrannosaurus rex. Amer. Mus. No. 973. Inner view of left dentary, with the splenial and supradentary absent. The small rugose plates between the teeth are outgrowths of the dentary alveolar borders. Below them is a groove for the bloofl vessel supplying the roots of the teeth (see Fig. 13).

Fig. 4 in Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus

Fig. 4. Tyrannosaurus rex. Posterior view of skull. Amer. Mus. No. 5027. lg. nu., pits for ligamentum nuchae. p. temp, fen., vestigial post-temporal fenestra. v f., venous foramen. f. qu., quadrate foramen. d. p., presplenial process or supradentary. Pr. art., prearticular (dermarticular).

Fig. 21 in Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus

Fig. 21. Tyrannosaurus rex. Inner view of dentary between exposed alveoli of 7th to 10th teeth. Amer. Mus. No. 973. Rela tions of the nutrient groove (gr.) and foramina (f) to the interdental plates (rugosae) and teeth.

Fig. 19 in Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus

Fig. 19. Tyrannosaurus rex. Superior view of articular region of lower jaw. Amer. Mus. No. 5027. hy., groove for hyoid bone.

Fig. 16 in Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus

Fig. 16. Diplodocus longus Marsh. Amer. Mus. No. 694. Scale 1/2. A, sagittal section with " brain cast" in place. B, " " " " " removed. S. end., saccus endolymphaticus. ves., region of vestibulum (recessus vestibuli).

Fig. 27 in Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus

Fig. 27. Allosaurus agilis Marsh. Lateral and posterior views of skull. Amer. Mus. No. 600. Scale 1/9. Abbreviations as in preceding figures. Q. j. f., quadrato-jugal foramen.

Fig. 10 in Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus

Fig. 10. Allosaurus agilis. Amer. Mus. No. 5753. Scale J. Oblique side view of brain case partly concealed by the postorbital (P. o.) and squamosal (Sq.)} showing relations of nerve foramina I-VII. qu. cot., articular socket for quadrate; tub. B. oc., tuber basioccipitale.

Fig. 13 in Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus

Fig. 13. Trachodon sp. Side view of cranium. Amer. Mus. No. 427. Scale 4/9. Po. + Pr.f " fused postorbital and prefrontal. Pa. sp., parasphenoid, suturally separate from presphenoid. qu. cot., cotylus for movable head of quadrate. i-xii, nerve foramina.

FIGURE 6 in Upper Pleistocene blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) trapped in fossilized crania of large mammals discovered from gravel pits in the Rhine rift valley from Hesse (Germany)

FIGURE 6 SEM-images (6.1, 6.3) and microscopic-image (6.2) of adult blow fly remains. 6.1 Leg of the extant blow fly Calliphora vicina and corresponding parts of the leg of fossil Protophormia terraenovae [6.1.1 upper part of the tibia, 6.1.2 probasitarsus (t1)], 6.2 Part of the mesothoracic spiracle of extant Calliphora vicina, 6.3 Fossil part of the mesothoracic spiracle of Protophormia terraenovae.

FIGURE 5. 3D in Upper Pleistocene blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) trapped in fossilized crania of large mammals discovered from gravel pits in the Rhine rift valley from Hesse (Germany)

FIGURE 5. 3D-models of parts of the cephaloskeleton reconstructed from fossil puparia. 5.1 entire cephaloskeleton (dorsal view), 5.2 entire cephaloskeleton (lateral view), 5.3 intermediate sclerite (dorsal view), 5.4 left mouth hook (lateral view). Available as animation online palaeo-electronica.org/content/2016/1461-forensic-palaeoentomology.

FIGURE 4 in Upper Pleistocene blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) trapped in fossilized crania of large mammals discovered from gravel pits in the Rhine rift valley from Hesse (Germany)

FIGURE 4. SEM-images of fossil remains (4.1, 4.3, 4.5, 4.7) in comparison of similar parts of the puparia of extant Protophormia terraenovae (4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 4.8). 4.1-2 Segment 1-4 of puparia, 4.3-4 mouth hooks of larvae, 4.5-6 spines of thoracic segment 3 show triangular structure with mainly one or two tips and a broad base, 4.7-8 anal division with six pairs of large papillae (I-VI) and two posterior stigmata of circular structure containing three spiracles.

FIGURE 2 in Upper Pleistocene blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) trapped in fossilized crania of large mammals discovered from gravel pits in the Rhine rift valley from Hesse (Germany)

FIGURE 2. Hardened skins of upper Pleistocene puparia of Protophormia terraenovae. 2.1 A fossil puparium in dorsal view. 2.2 Mass of fossil puparia discovered from the cranial fragment of Mammuthus primigenius (Geinsheim). a anterior; l lateral. Photo by Georg Oleschinski.

FIGURE 1 in Upper Pleistocene blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) trapped in fossilized crania of large mammals discovered from gravel pits in the Rhine rift valley from Hesse (Germany)

FIGURE 1. Locality map of important gravel pits of the Rhine rift valley between Mainz and Ludwigshafen. 1.1 Locality of the Rhine rift valley in Germany. 1.2 Gravel pits are marked with white spots; gravel pits of Geinsheim and Gross-Rohrheim are marked with a yellow star.

FIGURE 3 in Upper Pleistocene blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) trapped in fossilized crania of large mammals discovered from gravel pits in the Rhine rift valley from Hesse (Germany)

FIGURE 3. Cranial fragments of three Pleistocene mammals containing fossilised puparia. 3.1 Maxilla with left molar of Mammuthus primigenius from Geinsheim (ventral view), 3.2 Nearly complete skull of Megaloceros giganteus from Gross-Rohrheim without lower jaw and antler rose (lateral view), 3.3 Horn core with part of the cranium from Bos primigenius from Gross-Rohrheim (ventral view).

Fig. 21 in First Crania and Assessment of Species Boundaries in Nimbadon (Marsupialia: Diprotodontidae) from the Middle Miocene of Australia

Fig. 21. Variation in the cerebellar face of the right periotic of Nimbadon lavarackorum. A, QM F53848; B, QM F53847; C, QM F30904; D, QM F53866.

Fig. 18 in First Crania and Assessment of Species Boundaries in Nimbadon (Marsupialia: Diprotodontidae) from the Middle Miocene of Australia

Fig. 18. Representative Nimbadon lavarackorum glenoid regions in occlusal (A–B) and lateral (C–D) views. A, QM F53642; B, QM F31541; C, QM F31377; D, QM F50470. Not to scale.

Fig. 17 in First Crania and Assessment of Species Boundaries in Nimbadon (Marsupialia: Diprotodontidae) from the Middle Miocene of Australia

Fig. 17. Variation in Nimbadon lavarackorum basicranial structures. A, QM F42677; B, QM F40345; C, QM F53642; D, QM F50470. Not to scale.

Fig. 20 in First Crania and Assessment of Species Boundaries in Nimbadon (Marsupialia: Diprotodontidae) from the Middle Miocene of Australia

Fig. 20. Variation in the tympanic face of the right periotic of Nimbadon lavarackorum. A, QM F53848; B, QM F53844; C, QM F53842; D, QM F53846.

Fig. 16 in First Crania and Assessment of Species Boundaries in Nimbadon (Marsupialia: Diprotodontidae) from the Middle Miocene of Australia

Fig. 16. Lateral (A–F) and dorsal (A9–F9) profiles of representative Nimbadon lavarackorum adult skulls from AL90 site. A– A9, QM F53642; B– B9, QM F40345; C– C9, QM F53645; D–D9, QM F31377; E–E9, QM F50470; F–F9, QM F31541. See text for explanation of numbers.

Fig. 14 in First Crania and Assessment of Species Boundaries in Nimbadon (Marsupialia: Diprotodontidae) from the Middle Miocene of Australia

Fig. 14. Morphological variation in the RP3 of Nimbadon lavarackorum from AL90 site. Specimens used are as follows: A, QM F53653; B, QM F50696; C, QM F50695; D, QM F53784; E, QM F30833; F, QM F53659; G, QM F50694; H, QM F53643; I, QM F42677; J, QM F50745; K, QM F53654; L, QM F30781. Specimens A, E, J, K and L are mirror images of left P3's to facilitate comparison. 1, weak buccal emargination between anterior and posterior moieties compared with 2, strong emargination; 3, short parastylar shelf as opposed to 4, elongate; 5, weak anterolingual cingulum compared with 6, well developed; 7, hypocone absent compared to 8, small or 9, moderately developed; 10, anterior hypocone crest present; 11, protocone large and bulbous as opposed to 12, small, or 13, narrow and lingually compressed; 14, parastyle small compared with 15, well developed; 16, parastyle hooked; 17, deep transverse valley separating parastyle from parametacone base, compared with 18, shallow valley or 19, valley absent entirely; 20, anterolingual parametacone crest terminates at valley between protocone and parametacone bases as opposed to 21, meets the lingual cingulum or 22, meets a buccal protocone crest; 23, posterobuccal cingulum absent compared to 24, well developed; 25, mesostyle present; 26, weak anterolingual emargination between pas and protocone compared with 27, strong emargination.