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149 results for “Crocodylia”
FIGURE 19 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 19. Photographs and interpretative drawings of the posterior skull portion and orbitofrontal region as well as additional fragments (possibly jugal and lower jaw fragments) of Mourasuchus arendsi (AMU-CURS-218). 1, 2, skull fragment in dorsal view. Note squamosal eminences and orbital bony excrescences. 3, 4, skull fragment in occipital view. 5-9, skull fragments (partially from jugals?) found associated with the larger skull portions. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; eo, exoccipital; f, frontal; j, jugal; la, lacrimal; oc, occipital condyle; o, orbit, ok, orbital knob; p, parietal; po, postorbital; prf, prefrontal; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra.
FIGURE 8 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 8. Photographs of Globidentosuchus brachyrostris (AMU-CURS-067). 1-3, left ramus of lower jaw in lateral (1), medial (2), and dorsal (3) view. 4-6, anterior, portion of right ramus in lateral (4), medial (5), and dorsal (6) view. 7, 8, fragment of a (right?) maxilla in ventral (7) and lateral (8) view. 9, 10, Fragment of a (left?) premaxilla in ventral (9) and dorsal (10) view. 11, indeterminate cranial fragment found associated with the other skeletal element and therefore referred to the same specimen.
FIGURE 6 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 6. Photographs (1, 3, 5) and interpretative drawings (2, 4, 6) of Caiman wannlangstoni (AMU-CURS-49). 1, 2, dorsal view. 3, 4, ventral view. 5, 6, right lateral view. Occlusion pits are marked in grey. The partially preserved teeth in the third premaxillary alveolus and the third and tenth maxillary alveoli are marked in dark grey. Note that the two occlusion pits anteromedial and posteromedial to the fourth premaxillary alveolus are preserved only as very faint impressions on the bone surface. Abbreviations: mx, maxilla; n, nasal; op, occlusion pit; pmx, premaxilla.
FIGURE 12 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 12. Photographs of the holotype skull of Melanosuchus fisheri (MCNC-243; 1-4) and the skull and associated lower jaw assignable to Caimaninae aff. Melanosuchus fisheri (AMU-CURS-234, 5-8). 1, skull in dorsal view. 2, close-up of the sutures between the frontal, prefrontals and posterior portion of nasals. Compare to interpretative drawing in Figure 4.1. 3, skull in left lateral view. 4, skull in occipital view. 5, 6, skull in dorsal and ventral view. 7, 8, lower jaw in dorsal and ventral view. Abbreviations: f, frontal; n, nasal; prf, prefrontal.
FIGURE 5 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 5. Photograph (1) and interpretative drawing (2) of Caiman brevirostris (MCNC-1829) in occipital view. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; eo, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; j, jugal; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra; oc, occipital condyle; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal.
FIGURE 33 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 33. Photographs of isolated giant crocodylian teeth assignable to Purussaurus sp. All but the smallest specimen (19 mm) show maximal cross-sectional diameters between 27 and 39 mm, which lie in the alveolar diameters of the largest Purussaurus specimens from Urumaco. 1, 2, tooth AMU-CURS-006 in rostral (1) and medial (2) view, carrying a wear facet. 3, 4, strongly weathered tooth AMU-CURS-046 in rostral (3) and medial (4) view. 5, 6, two teeth labelled AMU-CURS-033. 7, tooth AMU-CURS-101. 8, small tooth AMU-CURS-022. 9, 10, tooth UNEFM-CIAAP- 1432 in medial view.
FIGURE 28 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 28. Photographs of isolated right premaxilla of Purussaurus cf. P. mirandai (AMU-CURS-602). 1, specimen prior to collection in the field (dorsal view). 2-4, surface scan model of specimen (taken with an Artec Spider Surface Scanner) in (2) dorsal, (3) ventral, and (4) lateral view.
FIGURE 1 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 1. Simplified phylogenetic framework based on Scheyer et al. (2013) and Salas-Gismondi et al. (2015). The caimanine taxa present in the Urumaco Formation are marked in bold face.
FIGURE 32 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 32. Photographs (1, 2) of the anterior portion of the lower jaw of Purussaurus sp. (AMU-CURS-671) and interpretative drawing of the natural cross-section (3) of the right dentary. Abbreviations: ab, alveolar bone; rf; functional tooth; rt1, first replacement tooth; rt2, second replacement tooth.
FIGURE 27 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 27. Photographs of lower jaw material of Purussaurus cf. P. mirandai in the show room of Museo Paleontológico Urumaco. 1, right mandibular ramus in lateral view (AMU-CURS-685). 2, lower jaw in dorsal view (MCNUSB no number).
FIGURE 4 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 4. Interpretative drawings of skull bone configuration in the rostro-orbital region of three small sized caimanines from the Urumaco Formation, in comparison to three living caimanines (anterior is to the top). 1, Melanosuchus fisheri based on holotype skull MCNC-243. 2, Globidentosuchus brachyrostris based on holotype skull AMU- CURS-222. 3, Caiman brevirostris based on MCNC-1829 from the late Miocene Urumaco Formation, Urumaco, Venezuela. 4, Caiman brevirostris from the Pleistocene of Acre, Brazil (UFAC-196) originally described by Souza Filho (1987, also figured in Fortier et al., 2014). Note that the anterior projection of the frontal appears much broader in the Venezuelan specimen than in the Pleistocene specimen. 5, extant Melanosuchus niger based on ZSM 76/1911 (picture courtesy: Julia Desojo; see also Foth et al., 2015). 6, extant Caiman crocodilus based on Iordansky (1973, figure 7A). 7, extant Caiman latirostris based on Bona and Desojo (2011, figure 2). 8, extant Paleosuchus trigonatus and 9, extant Paleosuchus palpebrosus based on Medem (1958, figure 36). The bridge of the 'spectacles' between the orbits is indicated in 1, 5, 6, and 7. Drawings not to scale. Abbreviations: f, frontal; n, nasal; o, orbit; prf, prefrontal.
FIGURE 22 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 22. Photographs of skull and lower jaw remains of several individuals of Mourasuchus sp. 1, heavily encrusted posterior portion of skull (AMU-CURS-530) in occipital view. Note squamosal eminences. 2, 3, maxillary fragment (UNEFM-CIAPP-1378) in dorsal (2) and ventral (3) view. 4, two maxillary fragments (UNEFM-CIAPP-1447) preserved in overlapping position in ventral view. 5, 6, right premaxilla (AMU-CURS-395) in dorsal (5) and ventral (6) view. 7, small fragment of lower jaw in dorsal view with 13 alveoli (AMU-CURS-537). 8, posterior portion of skull (AMU-CURS-695) in dorsal view. Note massive squamosal eminences. 9, twelve fragments of a lower jaw (AMU- CURS-430), with at least the larger fragments belonging to the right ramus. The largest pieces are in dorsal view, showing alveoli.
FIGURE 39 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 39. Photographs of remains including an associated posterior skull and maxilla fragments (AMU-CURS-429: 1-4) and a weathered and partly encrusted, isolated skull table of a small caimanine (AMU-CURS-451: 5-7). Posterior skull table and braincase in 1, dorsal, 2, ventral, and 3, occipital view. Maxillary fragment (4) in ventral view. Isolated skull table in dorsal (5), ventral (6), and occipital (7) view showing small exposure of supraoccipital on the skull roof.
FIGURE 3 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 3. Photographs (1, 3, 5) and interpretative drawings (2, 4, 6) of Caiman brevirostris (MCNC-1829). 1, 2, close-up of the fronto-nasal contact in right dorsolateral view. 3, 4, close-up of the skull roof in dorsal view. 5, 6, closeup of the craniomandibular articulation in slanted right dorsolateral view. Abbreviations: an, angular, ar, articular; d, dentary; f, frontal; j, jugal, itf, infratemporal fenestra; mf, mandibular fenestra; n, nasal; o, orbit; oc, occipital condyle; po, postorbital; prf, prefrontal, q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sa, surangular; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra.
FIGURE 31 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 31. Cranial and lower jaw specimens of Purussaurus sp. 1-4, lower jaw fragments (AMU-CURS-384). 1, 2, left dentary in dorsal and medial view. 3, 4, left articular and angular in dorsal and lateral view. 5, 6, quadrate and skull table (AMU-CURS-606) in dorsal view. 7, dentaries of lower jaw (AMU-CURS-394) in dorsal view. Note the evident deformation of the left dentary.
FIGURE 21 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 21. Photographs of weathered skull and lower jaw remains (AMU-CURS-396) of Mourasuchus sp. 1, posterior portion of skull and braincase in occipital view. Note squamosal eminences. 2, right premaxilla in dorsal view with perforations for anterior-most teeth of lower jaw. 3, fragment of maxilla with seven alveoli in ventral view. 4, portion of dentary in medial view. 5, unidentified bone fragment. 6, fragment of maxilla with about 26 alveoli in ventral view. 7, straight portion of lower jaw in dorsal view. The exact number of alveoli could not be elucidated.
FIGURE 7 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 7. Photographs (1, 3) and interpretative drawings (2, 4) of Caiman latirostris (MCNC-URU-145-72V). 1, 2, dorsal view. 3, 4, ventral view. Alveoli are marked with numbers, occlusion pits in dark grey. The internal trabecular space within the maxilla is marked in light grey. Abbreviations: en, external naris; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; op, occlusion pit; pmx, premaxilla.
FIGURE 15 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 15. Photograph without (1) and with superimposed interpretative drawing (2) of the right side of the posterior portion of holotype skull (UNEFM-CIAAP-1297) of Mourasuchus arendsi in angled lateral view. Note clear notch of jugal and system of cracks (indicated by dotted white lines and arrows) leading to displacement of right posterolateral portion of skull. Abbreviations: j, jugal; po, postorbital; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal.
FIGURE 17 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 17. Photographs of skull and lower jaw (MCNC-URU-110-72V) assignable to Mourasuchus arendsi. 1, dorsal view. 2, ventral view. 3, dorsal view. 4, medial view. Note that large parts of the specimen have been heavily reconstructed and all tooth alveoli are covered by plaster-cast teeth.
FIGURE 10 in The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela
FIGURE 10. Photographs of Globidentosuchus cf. G. brachyrostris. 1-6, AMU-CURS-083. 7-18, AMU-CURS-084. 1, articulated left and right associated dentary in dorsal view. 2, 3, isolated right dentary in dorsal and angled medial view. 4-6, right dentary of (1) in lateral (4), dorsolateral (5) and angled medial view (6). 7, 8, right maxilla in angled lateral and angled medial view. 9, 10, right angular in medial and dorsal view. 11, 12, left articular and portion of surangular in angled medial and lateral view. 13, 14, right surangular sutured to part of dentary in angled medial and lateral view. 15, 16, left surangular in medial and lateral view. 17, 18, teeth. Abbreviations: d, dentary; ds, scar for dentary articulation; fic; foramen intermandibularis caudalis; fo, foramen; sa, surangular.
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