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85 results for “Crotalus”
The spatial ecology of Mojave Rattlesnakes (Crotalus scutulatus), Prairie Rattlesnakes (C. viridis), and their hybrids in southwestern New Mexico
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Insights from the timber rattlesnake (<em>Crotalus horridus</em>) genome for MHC gene architecture and evolution in threatened rattlesnakes
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FIGURE 8 in Accessing cryptic diversity in Neotropical rattlesnakes (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus) with the description of two new species
FIGURE 8. Crotalus ehecatl in life, (A) ECO-CH-H 3778, holotype from San José Tintonishac, Las Margaritas, Chiapas; (B) adult specimen from Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas; (C) UTA-R 51456, adult male from Santa Inés, Santa María Chimalapa, Oaxaca; (D) neonate specimen from Santa María Mixtequilla, Oaxaca; (E) neonate specimen from San Pedro Tapanatepec, Oaxaca; (F) adult specimen from San Pedro Totolápam, Oaxaca. Photos by J.A. Hidalgo García (A), E.B. Jiménez Díaz (B), E.N. Smith courtesy of J.A. Campbell (C), I.T. Ahumada Carrillo (D), HERP.MX (E), and F. Martínez Belmar (F).
FIGURE 5 in Accessing cryptic diversity in Neotropical rattlesnakes (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus) with the description of two new species
FIGURE 5. Dorsal and lateral view of the head of the holotype of Crotalus mictlantecuhtli (SDNHM 22416).
FIGURE 3 in Accessing cryptic diversity in Neotropical rattlesnakes (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus) with the description of two new species
FIGURE 3. (A), Results of the principal component analyses between the members of the Crotalus durissus species complex with 95% confidence regions. PC1 and PC2 together explain 33.4% of the total variance. (B), Reanalysis including only members of norhten clade (Crotalus culminatus); (C), members of southern clade (Crotalus durissus) with morphological data available. (D), Bivariate plots with 95% confidence regions for the first two axes derived from scores of discriminant analyses for members of Crotalus durissus species complex.
FIGURE 1 in Accessing cryptic diversity in Neotropical rattlesnakes (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus) with the description of two new species
FIGURE 1. (A) Maximum-likelihood phylogram of the four genes (cyt b, ND4, ND2, c-mos, 2596 bp) analysis (-ln L=- 17,270.83). Tip labels are as follows: 3-letter subspecies code for the Crotalus durissus species complex, following Campbell & Lamar (2004), locality and haplotypes in parentheses, see Appendix 1. Numbers along branches indicate bootstrap support-ML and Bayesian posterior probability. For clarity, support is only shown for important nodes. (B) Maximum-likelihood phylogram of the four genes (cyt b, ND4, ND2, c-mos, 2596 bp) analysis (-ln L=-17,270.83). Tip labels are as follows: 3-letter subspecies code for the Crotalus molossus species complex and outgroups, following Campbell & Lamar (2004) and Anderson & Greenbaum (2012), locality and haplotypes in parentheses, see Appendix 1. Numbers along branches indicate bootstrap support-ML and Bayesian posterior probability. For clarity, support is only shown for important nodes.
Data from: Phenotypic integration in the feeding system of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus)
Selection can vary geographically across environments and temporally over the lifetime of an individual. Unlike geographic contexts, where different selective regimes can act on different alleles, age-specific selection is constrained to act on the same genome by altering age-specific expression. Snake venoms are exceptional traits for studying ontogeny because toxin expression variation directly changes the phenotype; relative amounts of venom components determine, in part, venom efficacy. Phenotypic integration is the dependent relationship between different traits that collectively produce a complex phenotype and, in venomous snakes, may include traits as diverse as venom, head shape and fang length. We examined the feeding system of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) across environments and over the lifetime of individuals and used a genotype–phenotype map approach, protein expression data and morphological data to demonstrate that: (i) ontogenetic effects explained more of the variation in toxin expression variation than geographic effects, (ii) both juveniles and adults varied geographically, (iii) toxin expression variation was a result of directional selection and (iv) different venom phenotypes covaried with morphological traits also associated with feeding in temporal (ontogenetic) and geographic (functional) contexts. These data are the first to demonstrate, to our knowledge, phenotypic integration between multiple morphological characters and a biochemical phenotype across populations and age classes. We identified copy number variation as the mechanism driving the difference in the venom phenotype associated with these morphological differences, and the parallel mitochondrial, venom and morphological divergence between northern and southern clades suggests that each clade may warrant classification as a separate evolutionarily significant unit.
FIGURE 6 in Multilocus species delimitation in the Crotalus triseriatus species group (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the description of two new species
FIGURE 6. Humid oak-pine forest habitat of Crotalus tlaloci sp. nov. at the paratype localities of (a) Los Álamos, near Valle de Bravo, Estado de México; and (b) Arroyo Seco, Michoacán.
FIGURE 3 in Multilocus species delimitation in the Crotalus triseriatus species group (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the description of two new species
FIGURE 3. Geographic distribution of species in the Crotalus triseriatus species group distributed across the Trans-Volcanic Belt. Circled dots indicate type localities. Arrows point to low-elevation depressions that are probable barriers to gene flow. Names of species reflect our proposed taxonomy.
FIGURE 2 in Multilocus species delimitation in the Crotalus triseriatus species group (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the description of two new species
FIGURE 2. Posterior density of species trees (cloudogram) from *BEAST analyses of seven nuclear loci for the Crotalus triseriatus species group. Darker areas represent regions of tree space where the majority of trees agree in topology. Upper left inset shows the maximum clade credibility species tree with posterior probability values for each node. Crotalus tlaloci sp. nov. and Crotalus campbelli sp. nov. indicated by bold font.
FIGURE 9 in Multilocus species delimitation in the Crotalus triseriatus species group (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the description of two new species
FIGURE 9. Humid montane forest habitat of Crotalus campbelli sp. nov. at the paratype localities of (a) Sierra de Mascota, Jalisco; and (b) Sierra de Manantlán, Colima.
FIGURE 5 in Multilocus species delimitation in the Crotalus triseriatus species group (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the description of two new species
FIGURE 5. Crotalus tlaloci sp. nov. in life, (a) MZFC 25114, paratype from Valle de Bravo, Estado de México; (b) HINIRENA 725, paratype from Valle de Bravo, Estado de México; (c) MZFC 25111, paratype from Cuernavaca-Ocuilán highway, Morelos; and (d) HINIRENA 724, paratype from Arroyo Seco, Michoacán.
FIGURE 4 in Multilocus species delimitation in the Crotalus triseriatus species group (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the description of two new species
FIGURE 4. Lateral and dorsal view of the holotype of Crotalus tlaloci sp. nov. (MZFC 3666). The symmetrical paired arrangement of intercanthal scales, shown here in gray, create the appearance of butterfly wings in the prefrontal region.
FIGURE 1 in Multilocus species delimitation in the Crotalus triseriatus species group (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the description of two new species
FIGURE 1. Simplified phylogeny of the Crotalus triseriatus species group based on Bayesian analysis of 2,408 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA obtained from 130 snakes (from Bryson et al. 2011).
FIGURE 8 in Multilocus species delimitation in the Crotalus triseriatus species group (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae), with the description of two new species
FIGURE 8. Crotalus campbelli sp. nov. in life, (a) MZFC 28669, paratype from the Sierra de Mascota, Jalisco; and (b) specimen in the wild, Sierra de Manantlán, Colima.
Variation in behavior drives multiscale responses to habitat conditions in timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus)
<p>Variations in both the behavior of wildlife and the scale at which the environment most influences the space use of wild animals (i.e., scale of effect) are critical, but often overlooked in habitat selection modeling. Ecologists have proposed that biological responses happening over longer time frames are influenced by environmental variables at larger spatial scales, but this has rarely been empirically tested. Here, we hypothesized that long-term patterns of behavior (i.e., lasting multiple weeks to months) would be associated with larger scales of effect than more sporadic behaviors. We predicted site use by 43 radio-telemetered timber rattlesnakes (<i>Crotalus horridus</i>) exhibiting four distinct, time-varying behaviors (foraging, digestion, ecdysis, and gestation) using remotely-sensed environmental variables related to forest structure and landscape topography. Among sites used by snakes, warmer temperatures and higher levels of forest disturbance were predictive of behaviors dependent on thermoregulation including gestation and ecdysis while more moderate temperatures and drier, more oak-dominated sites were predictive of foraging. Long-term behaviors were associated with larger spatial scales across most variables, supporting our hypothesis that the scale at which habitat selection occurs is linked to the temporal scale of relevant behaviors. Management recommendations based on single-scale models of habitat use that do not account for fine-scale variations in behavior may obscure the importance of potentially limiting habitat features needed for infrequent behaviors that are important for growth and reproduction of this and related species.</p>
Data from: Sexual differences in head form and diet in a population of Mexican Lance-headed Rattlesnakes, Crotalus polystictus
Sexual dimorphism of phenotypic traits associated with resource use is common in animals, and may result from niche divergence between sexes. Snakes have become widely used in studies of the ecological basis of sexual dimorphism because they are gape-limited predators and their head morphology is likely to be a direct indicator of the size and shape of prey consumed. We examined sexual dimorphism of body size and head morphology, and sexual differences in diet in a population of Mexican lance-headed rattlesnakes, Crotalus polystictus, from the State of México, Mexico. Maximum snout–vent length of males was greater than that of females by 21%. Males had relatively larger heads, and differed from females in head shape after removing effects of head size. In addition, male rattlesnakes showed positive allometry in head shape: head width was amplified while snout length was truncated with increased head size. In contrast, our data did not provide clear evidence of allometry in head shape of females. Adults of both males and females ate predominately mice and voles; however, males also consumed a greater proportion of larger mammalian species, and fewer small prey species. The differences in diet correspond with dimorphism in head morphology, and provide evidence of intersexual niche divergence in our study population. However, because the sexes overlapped greatly in diet, we hypothesize that diet and head dimorphisms in C. polystictus are likely related to different selection pressures in each sex arising from preexisting body size differences rather than from character displacement for reducing intersexual competition.
Figure 2 in Habitat use by the South-American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus) in south-eastern Brazil
Figure 2. Mean¡SD of body-surface temperature (°C) of Crotalus durissus in different microhabitats. Dots represent averages (°C) and bars, SD. Data obtained for captures and relocations of rattlesnakes at the Itirapina Ecological Station, State of São Paulo, south-eastern Brazil.
Figure 5 in Habitat use by the South-American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus) in south-eastern Brazil
Figure 5. Capture rates of rattlesnakes (rattlesnakes/km) during the dry (black columns) and rainy seasons (white columns) obtained from searchers by car in roads and firebreaks at the Itirapina Ecological Station, State of São Paulo, south-eastern Brazil.
Figure 3 in Habitat use by the South-American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus) in south-eastern Brazil
Figure 3. Observed (black columns) and expected (white columns) numbers of rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus) in the different microhabitats at the Itirapina Ecological Station, State of São Paulo, south-eastern Brazil.
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