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FIGURES 33–40 in Notes on the first instar larvae of Ctenophora and Nephrotoma (Diptera, Tipulidae)

FIGURES 33–40. Nephrotoma crocata, first instar larva: 33. Hypostomium. 34. Mandible. 35. Right antenna. 36. General view of labrum. 37. Dorsal abdominal setae (segments II–VII). 38. Ventral abdominal setae (segments II–VII). 39. Lateral abdominal setae (segments II–VII). 40. Spiracular field.

FIGURES 28–32 in Notes on the first instar larvae of Ctenophora and Nephrotoma (Diptera, Tipulidae)

FIGURES 28–32. Nephrotoma flavescens, first instar larva: 28. Abdominal segment, dorsal view. 29. Dorsal abdominal setae (segments II–VII). 30. Ventral abdominal setae (segments II–VII). 31. Lateral abdominal setae (segments II–VII). 32. Spiracular field.

FIGURES 11–17 in Notes on the first instar larvae of Ctenophora and Nephrotoma (Diptera, Tipulidae)

FIGURES 11–17. Ctenophora (Ctenophora) guttata, first instar larva: 11. Abdominal segment, lateral view. 12. Abdominal segment, dorsal view. 13. Abdominal segment, ventral view. 14. Dorsal abdominal setae (segments II–VII). 15. Ventral abdominal setae (segments II–VII). 16. Lateral abdominal setae (segments II–VII). 17. Spiracular field.

FIGURES 1–10 in Notes on the first instar larvae of Ctenophora and Nephrotoma (Diptera, Tipulidae)

FIGURES 1–10. Ctenophora (Ctenophora) guttata, first instar larva: 1. General view head capsule, dorsal aspect. 2. General view head capsule, ventral aspect. 3. Hypostomium. 4. Prementum. 5. General view of labrum. 6. Right antenna. 7. Mandible. 8. Right maxilla, ventral view. 9. The first thoracical segment, dorsal view. 10. The first thoracical segment, lateral view.

FIGURES 18–27 in Notes on the first instar larvae of Ctenophora and Nephrotoma (Diptera, Tipulidae)

FIGURES 18–27. Nephrotoma flavescens, first instar larva: 18. General view head capsule, dorsal aspect. 19. General view head capsule, ventral aspect. 20. Hypostomium. 21. Lateral plates of labrum. 22. General view of labrum. 23. Right antenna. 24. Mandible. 25. Right maxilla, ventral view. 26. The first thoracical segment, dorsal view. 27. The first thoracical segment, lateral view.

FIGURES 41–48 in Notes on the first instar larvae of Ctenophora and Nephrotoma (Diptera, Tipulidae)

FIGURES 41–48. Nephrotoma pratensis, first instar larva: 41. Hypostomium. 42. Mandible. 43. Right antenna. 44. General view of labrum. 45. Dorsal abdominal setae (segments II–VII). 46. Ventral abdominal setae (segments II–VII). 47. Lateral abdominal setae (segments II–VII). 48. Spiracular field.

FIGURES 9–17 in A new species of the genus Ctenophora Meigen (Diptera: Tipuloidea: Tipulidae) from China, with a key to the world species

FIGURES 9–17. Ctenophora fumosa Men, sp. nov. 9. antenna; 10. wing; 11. abdomen, dorsal view; 12. hypopygium, dorsal view; BL = lobe on basistylus, OG = outer gonostylus, TL = tergal lobe; 13. hypopygium, ventral view; 14. hypopygium, lateral view; T-S9 = fused tergite and sternite of segment nine; 15. inner gonostylus, lateral view; 16. outer gonostylus, lateral view; 17. outer gonostylus, ventral view.

FIGURES 1–8 in A new species of the genus Ctenophora Meigen (Diptera: Tipuloidea: Tipulidae) from China, with a key to the world species

FIGURES 1–8. Ctenophora fumosa Men, sp. nov. 1. lateral habitus (male adult); 2. dorsal habitus (male adult); 3. head and thorax, dorsal view; 4. head and thorax, lateral view; 5. right wing; 6. apex of right wing; 7. hypopygium, ventral view; 8. hypopygium, lateral view.

FIGURES 18, 19 in A new species of the genus Ctenophora Meigen (Diptera: Tipuloidea: Tipulidae) from China, with a key to the world species

FIGURES 18, 19. Ctenophora fumosa Men, sp. nov. 18. aedeagus and semen pump, lateral view; A = adminiculum, CA = compressor apodeme, AIA = anterior immovable apodeme, PIA = posterior immovable apodeme; 19. aedeagus and semen pump, dorsal view.

FIGURE 1 in Beroe gracilis (Ctenophora) from the Humboldt Current System: first occurrence of this species in the southern hemisphere

FIGURE 1. Beroe gracilis Künne, 1939: preserved specimen from Dichato, Chile (ZooTaxa Millennium Institute of Oceanography collection, ZOOTIMO201401). View of whole specimen in stomodeal plane. Legend: cc, circular canal; mo, mouth; pc, paragastric canal; sscr, substomodeal ctene row; stcr, subtentacular ctene row; stmc, subtentacular meridional canal.

FIGURES 32–40 in The diatom genus Ctenophora: A discussion on its morphology, relationships, and some species

FIGURES 32–40: Fig. 32, reproduction of the original drawing of Synedra saxonica (from Kützing 1844: pl. 15, fig. XIV); Fig. 33, reproduction of the original description of Synedra saxonica (from Kützing 1844: 68); Fig. 34, text from catalogue indicated sample 166; Fig. 35. packet for 'Kützing 166' ("Salzsee"); Figs 36–38, LM for specimens from BM 18344; Figs 39, 40, reproduction of figure for Synedra pulchella var. saxonica (Kütz.) Grunow in Van Heurck 1881: pl. 41, fig. 3, Fig. 40 the original, Fig. 39, from Van Heurck's annotated archived copy). Scale bars = 10μm.

FIGURES 13–16 in The diatom genus Ctenophora: A discussion on its morphology, relationships, and some species

FIGURES 13–16: Ctenophora pulchella (Ralfs, BM herb.). SEM micrographs, Fig. 13, external view of whole valve; Fig. 14, external view of portion of valve, to the right a portion of the VC with undulating pi and plain 'space' for the attachment at 'central area'; Fig. 15, details of stria structure showing shape of areolae, virgae and portion of sternum; Fig. 16, external view of pole, with ocellulimbus and rimoportula. Scale bars = 1μm (Figs 15, 16), = 2μm (Fig. 14), = 10μm (Fig. 13).

FIGURES 50–52 in The diatom genus Ctenophora: A discussion on its morphology, relationships, and some species

FIGURES 50–52: Fig. 50, Exilaria fasciculata sensu Kütz. (1834b [1833]: Dec. VIII, no. 74) in BR; Fig. 51, reproduction of description for E. fasciculata sensu Kützing (1833: 561); Fig. 52, reproduction of drawing for E. fasciculata Kütz. (1834a: taf. 15, fig. 40). Scale bar = 10μm

FIGURE 66a–c in The diatom genus Ctenophora: A discussion on its morphology, relationships, and some species

FIGURE 66a–c: Cladogram for the relationships of Ctenophora; Fig. 66a, modified from Williams & Round (1988); Fig. 66b, modified from Williams (2021), Fig. 66c, modified from Ma Dolores Belando et al. (2018); Tabularia1, Tabularia2, Tabularia3, and Tabularia#1 are all 'parts' of the paraphyletic Tabularia sensu Williams & Round.

FIGURES 27–31 in The diatom genus Ctenophora: A discussion on its morphology, relationships, and some species

FIGURES 27–31: Ctenophora pulchella ("Exilaria licmoidea Breb., Exilaria pulchella Ralfs?! 160", BM herb. Diat. 2542!). SEM micrographs, Figs 27 and 30, detail of central area showing buttressed central area (arrows); one plaque in the series indicated with dashed arrow. Fig. 28, details of pole with VC in situ, arrow indicated where arms meet; Fig. 29, detail of VC, white arrows indicating area of attachment to valve, irregular plaques indicated by dashed arrow; Fig. 31, detail of VC with attachment points to valve, undulating to fit virgae, plain to fit central area (arrows). Scale bars = 1μm (Fig. 28), = 2μm (Figs 27, 29, 30, 31).

FIGURES 1–12 in The diatom genus Ctenophora: A discussion on its morphology, relationships, and some species

FIGURES 1–12: Ctenophora pulchella. Fig. 1, reproduction of the original drawing of Synedra pulchella from Kützing (1844: pl. 29, fig. 87); Fig. 2, reproduction of the original description of Synedra pulchella from Kützing (1844: 68); Fig. 3, reproduction of de Brébisson's note on 'Exilaria licmoidea' from (Brébisson 1838: 41); Figs 4–11, LM micrographs of type specimens of Synedra pulchella (Figs 4–7, BM 18310, Figs 8–10, BM 18309, Fig. 12, colony from BM Adams Eul. 38. Scale bars = 10μm.

FIGURES 22–26 in The diatom genus Ctenophora: A discussion on its morphology, relationships, and some species

FIGURES 22–26: Ctenophora pulchella. SEM micrographs, Fig. 22, external view of whole valve; Fig. 23, internal view of whole valve; Fig. 24, detail of pole, internal view showing, virgae, vimines and sternum; Fig. 25, details of pole, external view of ocellulimbus, rimoportula and areolae; Fig. 26, detail of striae, external view of virgae, vimines, sternum and closing plates. Scale bars = 1μm (Figs 24–26), 10μm (Figs 22, 23).

FIGURE 41–45 in The diatom genus Ctenophora: A discussion on its morphology, relationships, and some species

FIGURE 41–45: SEM micrographs, Ctenophora saxonica, Fig. 41, internal view of whole valve; Fig. 42, detail of buttressed central area; Figs 43, 44, detail of poles, for rimoportula, virgae and vimines; Fig. 45, external detail of pole with narrow sternum, areolae ornamentation, rimoportula (arrow) and ocellulimbus. Scale bars = 2μm (Figs 42, 43, 45), = 1μm (Fig. 44), = 10μm (Fig. 41).

FIGURE 46–49 in The diatom genus Ctenophora: A discussion on its morphology, relationships, and some species

FIGURE 46–49: SEM micrographs, Ctenophora saxonica, Fig. 46, internal view of pole, with rimoportula, ocellulimbus, and striae; Fig. 47, detail of central area from valve and girdle view (arrows); Fig. 48, whole valve in girdle view; Fig. 49, details of VC and copula at pole, plain arrows indicating open bands and dashed arrows their ornamentation. Scale bars = 1μm (Fig. 46), = 2μm (Figs 47, 49), = 10μm (Fig. 48).

FIGURES 60–65 in The diatom genus Ctenophora: A discussion on its morphology, relationships, and some species

FIGURES 60–65: SEM micrographs. Figs 60, 61, Fragilaria sp., external and internal view of plain central area; Fig. 62, Tabulariopsis australis (M. Perag.) D.M.Williams (1988: 249), detail of central area; Figs 63, 64, Hannaea baicalensis Genkal et al. (2008: 322), detail of central area, Fig. 63, external view, Fig. 64, internal view, with robust buttressed area; Fig. 65, Fragilaria sp. (Lake Baikal), whole valve, external view of plain central area. Scale = 1μm (Figs 60, 61), Scale = 2μm (Fig. 64), Scale = 3μm (Fig. 62), Scale = 5μm (Fig. 63, 65).