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opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Cumulative cultural evolution and mechanisms for cultural selection in wild bird songs

Cumulative cultural evolution, the accumulation of sequential changes within a single socially learned behaviour that results in improved function, is prominent in humans and has been documented in experimental studies of captive animals and managed wild populations. Here, we provide evidence that cumulative cultural evolution has occurred in the learned songs of Savannah sparrows. In a first step, "click trains" replaced "high note clusters" over a period of three decades. We use mathematical modeling to show that this replacement is consistent with the action of selection, rather than drift or frequency-dependent learning biases. Generations later, young birds elaborated the "click train" song form by adding more clicks. We show that the new songs with more clicks elicit stronger behavioural responses from both males and females. Therefore, we suggest that a combination of social learning, innovation, and sexual selection favoring a specific discrete trait was followed by directional sexual selection that resulted in naturally occurring cumulative cultural evolution in the songs of this wild animal population.

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Spring-Summer cumulated water presence of "Marais Breton nord" calculated with the WIW

The WIW was calculated for all SENTINEL 2 cloudless images available within the period from May to September from 2017 to 2022. All WIW rasters were then added to provide the cumulated water presence ranging from 1 to 39 corresponding to the number of dates related to available cloudless images at that period in the Marais Breton Nord. The table provides the dates of the images used. EPSG 3857

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Winter cumulated water presence of "Loire-Atlantique et abord" calculated with the WIW

4 rasters cover the "Loire-Atlantique et abord" study area. The WIW was calculated for all SENTINEL 2 cloudless images available within the period from January to April from 2017 to 2023. All WIW rasters were then added to provide the cumulated water presence ranging from 1 to 15 corresponding to the number of dates related to available cloudless images at that period. The table provides the dates of the images used. EPSG 3857.

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Spring-Summer cumulated water presence of "Loire-Atlantique et abord" calculated with the WIW

4 rasters cover the "Loire-Atlantique et abord" study area. The WIW was calculated for all SENTINEL 2 cloudless images available within the period from May to September from 2017 to 2023. All WIW rasters were then added to provide the cumulated water presence ranging from 1 to 24 corresponding to the number of dates related to available cloudless images at that period. The table provides the dates of the images used. EPSG 3857.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Figure 1. Heat map indicating the cumulative percent seed shatter across the participating states for a in Seed-shattering phenology at soybean harvest of economically important weeds in multiple regions of the United States. Part 1: Broadleaf species

Figure 1. Heat map indicating the cumulative percent seed shatter across the participating states for a window starting from soybean physiological maturity to 4 wk past maturity in 2016 and 2017. States were included in these maps only if they conducted sampling during the week indicated (e.g., In 2017, Arkansas sampled on October 2, October 18, and November 3, none of which are within ±3 d of the October 10 maturity date or maturity þ2 wk on October 24 in the state that year. Hence only data from maturity þ3 wk are for Arkansas for 2017.)

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2020View details →

Figure 1. Heat map indicating the cumulative percent seed shatter across the participating states for a in Seed-shattering phenology at soybean harvest of economically important weeds in multiple regions of the United States. Part 2: Grass species

Figure 1. Heat map indicating the cumulative percent seed shatter across the participating states for a window starting from soybean physiological maturity to 4 wk past physiological maturity in 2016 and 2017. States were included in these maps only if they conducted sampling during the week indicated. (e.g., In 2017, Arkansas sampled on October 2, October 18, and November 3, none of which are within ±3 d of the October 10 maturity date or maturity +2 wk on October 24 in the state that year. Hence only data from maturity +3 wk are for Arkansas for 2017.)

Annexes to the external scientific report on the cumulative dietary exposure assessment of pesticides that have acute effects on the nervous system using MCRA software - Input and output data sets

Retrospective dietary exposure assessments were conducted for two groups of pesticides that have acute effects on the nervous system:  <ol> <li>brain and/or erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase inhibition (CAG-NAN);</li> <li>functional alterations of the motor division (CAG-NAM).</li> </ol> The pesticides considered in this assessment were identified and characterised in the scientific report on the establishment of cumulative assessment groups of pesticides for their effects on the nervous system (<a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5800">here</a>). The exposure calculations used monitoring data collected by Member States under their official pesticide monitoring programmes in 2014, 2015 and 2016 and individual food consumption data from ten populations of consumers from different countries and from different age groups. Regarding the selection of relevant food commodities, the assessment included water, foods for infants and young children and 30 raw primary commodities of plant origin that are widely consumed within Europe. Exposure estimates were obtained with Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) software using a 2-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation, which is composed of an inner-loop execution and an outer-loop execution. Variability within the population is modelled through the inner-loop execution and is expressed as a percentile of the exposure distribution. The outer-loop execution is used to derive 95% confidence intervals around those percentiles (reflecting the sampling uncertainty of the input data). Furthermore, calculations were carried out according to a tiered approach. While the first-tier calculations (Tier I) use very conservative assumptions for an efficient screening of the exposure with low risk for underestimation, the second-tier assessment (Tier II) includes assumptions that are more refined but still conservative. For each scenario, exposure estimates were obtained for different percentiles of the exposure distribution and the total margin of exposure (MOET, i.e. the ratio of the toxicological reference dose to the estimated exposure) was calculated at each percentile. The input and output data for the exposure assessment are reported in the following annexes: <ul> <li>Annex A.1 – Input data for the exposure assessment of CAG-NAN</li> <li>Annex A.2 – Input data for the exposure assessment of CAG-NAM</li> <li>Annex B.1 – Output data from the Tier II exposure assessment of CAG-NAN</li> <li>Annex B.2 – Output data from the Tier II exposure assessment of CAG-NAM</li> </ul> Further information on the data, methodologies and interpretation of the results are provided in the external scientific report on the cumulative dietary exposure assessment of pesticides that have acute effects on the nervous system using MCRA software (<a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.en-1708">here</a>). The results reported in this assessment only refer to the exposure and are not an estimation of the actual risks. These exposure estimates should therefore be considered as documentation for the final scientific report on the cumulative risk assessment of dietary exposure to pesticides for their effects on the nervous system (<a href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/consultations/call/public-consultation-scientific-report-cumulative">here</a>). The latter combines the hazard assessment and exposure assessment into a consolidated risk characterisation, including all related uncertainties.

Annexes to the external scientific report on the cumulative dietary exposure assessment of pesticides that have chronic effects on the thyroid using MCRA software - Input and output data sets

Retrospective dietary exposure assessments were conducted for two groups of pesticides that have chronic effects on the thyroid:  <ol> <li>hypertrophy, hyperplasia and neoplasia of C-cells, i.e. affecting the parafollicular cells or the calcitonin system of the thyroid (CAG-TCP);</li> <li>hypothyroidism, i.e. affecting the follicular cells and/or the hormone system of the thyroid (CAG-TCF).</li> </ol> The pesticides considered in this assessment were identified and characterised in the scientific report on the establishment of cumulative assessment groups of pesticides for their effects on the thyroid (<a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5801">here</a>). The exposure calculations used monitoring data collected by Member States under their official pesticide monitoring programmes in 2014, 2015 and 2016 and individual food consumption data from ten populations of consumers from different countries and from different age groups. Regarding the selection of relevant food commodities, the assessment included water, foods for infants and young children and 30 raw primary commodities of plant origin that are widely consumed within Europe. Exposure estimates were obtained with Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) software using a 2-dimensional probabilistic method, which is composed of an inner-loop execution and an outer-loop execution. Variability within the population is modelled through the inner-loop execution and is expressed as a percentile of the exposure distribution. The outer-loop execution is used to derive 95% confidence intervals around those percentiles (reflecting the sampling uncertainty of the input data). Furthermore, calculations were carried out according to a tiered approach. While the first-tier calculations (Tier I) use very conservative assumptions for an efficient screening of the exposure with low risk for underestimation, the second-tier assessment (Tier II) includes assumptions that are more refined but still conservative. For each scenario, exposure estimates were obtained for different percentiles of the exposure distribution and the total margin of exposure (MOET, i.e. the ratio of the toxicological reference dose to the estimated exposure) was calculated at each percentile. The input and output data for the exposure assessment are reported in the following annexes: <ul> <li>Annex A.1 – Input data for the exposure assessment of CAG-TCP</li> <li>Annex A.2 – Input data for the exposure assessment of CAG-TCF</li> <li>Annex B.1 – Output data from the Tier II exposure assessment of CAG-TCP</li> <li>Annex B.2 – Output data from the Tier II exposure assessment of CAG-TCF</li> </ul> Further information on the data, methodologies and interpretation of the results are provided in the external scientific report on the cumulative dietary exposure assessment of pesticides that have chronic effects on the thyroid using MCRA software (<a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.en-1707">here</a>). The results reported in this assessment only refer to the exposure and are not an estimation of the actual risks. These exposure estimates should therefore be considered as documentation for the final scientific report on the cumulative risk assessment of dietary exposure to pesticides for their effects on the thyroid (<a href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/consultations/call/public-consultation-scientific-report-cumulative">here</a>). The latter combines the hazard assessment and exposure assessment into a consolidated risk characterisation, including all related uncertainties.

Annexes to the scientific report on the cumulative dietary exposure assessment of pesticides that have chronic effects on the thyroid using SAS® software - Input and output data sets

Retrospective dietary exposure assessments were conducted for two groups of pesticides that have chronic effects on the thyroid:  <ol> <li>hypertrophy, hyperplasia and neoplasia of C-cells, i.e. affecting the parafollicular cells or the calcitonin system of the thyroid (CAG-TCP);</li> <li>hypothyroidism, i.e. affecting the follicular cells and/or the hormone system of the thyroid (CAG-TCF).</li> </ol> The pesticides considered in this assessment were identified and characterised in the scientific report on the establishment of cumulative assessment groups of pesticides for their effects on the thyroid (<a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5801">here</a>). The exposure calculations used monitoring data collected by Member States under their official pesticide monitoring programmes in 2014, 2015 and 2016 and individual food consumption data from ten populations of consumers from different countries and from different age groups. Regarding the selection of relevant food commodities, the assessment included water, foods for infants and young children and 30 raw primary commodities of plant origin that are widely consumed within Europe. Exposure estimates were obtained with SAS® software using a 2-dimensional probabilistic method, which is composed of an inner-loop execution and an outer-loop execution. Variability within the population is modelled through the inner-loop execution and is expressed as a percentile of the exposure distribution. The outer-loop execution is used to derive 95% confidence intervals around those percentiles (reflecting the sampling uncertainty of the input data). Furthermore, calculations were carried out according to a tiered approach. While the first-tier calculations (Tier I) use very conservative assumptions for an efficient screening of the exposure with low risk for underestimation, the second-tier assessment (Tier II) includes assumptions that are more refined but still conservative. For each scenario, exposure estimates were obtained for different percentiles of the exposure distribution and the total margin of exposure (MOET, i.e. the ratio of the toxicological reference dose to the estimated exposure) was calculated at each percentile. The input and output data for the exposure assessment are reported in the following annexes: <ul> <li>Annex A.1 – Input data for the exposure assessment of CAG-TCP</li> <li>Annex A.2 – Input data for the exposure assessment of CAG-TCF</li> <li>Annex B.1 – Output data from the Tier I exposure assessment of CAG-TCP</li> <li>Annex B.2 – Output data from the Tier I exposure assessment of CAG-TCF</li> <li>Annex C.1 – Output data from the Tier II exposure assessment of CAG-TCP</li> <li>Annex C.2 – Output data from the Tier II exposure assessment of CAG-TCF</li> </ul> Further information on the data, methodologies and interpretation of the results are provided in the scientific report on the cumulative dietary exposure assessment of pesticides that have chronic effects on the thyroid using SAS® software (<a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5763">here</a>). The results reported in this assessment only refer to the exposure and are not an estimation of the actual risks. These exposure estimates should therefore be considered as documentation for the final scientific report on the cumulative risk assessment of dietary exposure to pesticides for their effects on the thyroid (<a href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/consultations/call/public-consultation-scientific-report-cumulative">here</a>). The latter combines the hazard assessment and exposure assessment into a consolidated risk characterisation, including all related uncertainties.

Annexes to the scientific report on the cumulative dietary exposure assessment of pesticides that have acute effects on the nervous system using SAS® software - Input and output data sets

Retrospective dietary exposure assessments were conducted for two groups of pesticides that have acute effects on the nervous system:  <ol> <li>brain and/or erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase inhibition (CAG-NAN);</li> <li>functional alterations of the motor division (CAG-NAM).</li> </ol> The pesticides considered in this assessment were identified and characterised in the scientific report on the establishment of cumulative assessment groups of pesticides for their effects on the nervous system (<a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5800">here</a>). The exposure calculations used monitoring data collected by Member States under their official pesticide monitoring programmes in 2014, 2015 and 2016 and individual food consumption data from ten populations of consumers from different countries and from different age groups. Regarding the selection of relevant food commodities, the assessment included water, foods for infants and young children and 30 raw primary commodities of plant origin that are widely consumed within Europe. Exposure estimates were obtained with SAS® software using a 2-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation, which is composed of an inner-loop execution and an outer-loop execution. Variability within the population is modelled through the inner-loop execution and is expressed as a percentile of the exposure distribution. The outer-loop execution is used to derive 95% confidence intervals around those percentiles (reflecting the sampling uncertainty of the input data). Furthermore, calculations were carried out according to a tiered approach. While the first-tier calculations (Tier I) use very conservative assumptions for an efficient screening of the exposure with low risk for underestimation, the second-tier assessment (Tier II) includes assumptions that are more refined but still conservative. For each scenario, exposure estimates were obtained for different percentiles of the exposure distribution and the total margin of exposure (MOET, i.e. the ratio of the toxicological reference dose to the estimated exposure) was calculated at each percentile. The input and output data for the exposure assessment are reported in the following annexes: <ul> <li>Annex A.1 – Input data for the exposure assessment of CAG-NAN</li> <li>Annex A.2 – Input data for the exposure assessment of CAG-NAM</li> <li>Annex B.1 – Output data from the Tier I exposure assessment of CAG-NAN</li> <li>Annex B.2 – Output data from the Tier I exposure assessment of CAG-NAM</li> <li>Annex C.1 – Output data from the Tier II exposure assessment of CAG-NAN</li> <li>Annex C.2 – Output data from the Tier II exposure assessment of CAG-NAM</li> </ul> Further information on the data, methodologies and interpretation of the results are provided in the scientific report on the cumulative dietary exposure assessment of pesticides that have acute effects on the nervous system using SAS® software (<a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5764">here</a>). The results reported in this assessment only refer to the exposure and are not an estimation of the actual risks. These exposure estimates should therefore be considered as documentation for the final scientific report on the cumulative risk assessment of dietary exposure to pesticides for their effects on the nervous system (<a href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/consultations/call/public-consultation-scientific-report-cumulative">here</a>). The latter combines the hazard assessment and exposure assessment into a consolidated risk characterisation, including all related uncertainties.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Fig. 1. Cumulative Solenopsis invicta worker ant mortality among Solenopsis invicta virus 3 in Diet with sucrose ameliorates Solenopsis invicta virus 3 (Solinviviridae: Invictavirus) infection in Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) worker ants

Fig. 1. Cumulative Solenopsis invicta worker ant mortality among Solenopsis invicta virus 3-infected and -uninfected colonies provided a diet of crickets (Acheta domesticus) and either supplemented (open symbols) or not supplemented (solid symbols) with a 10% sucrose solution. Analysis of Variance by treatment was conducted for d 21 values and found to be significant (F = 10.0; df = 3,14; P <0.0009). Scheffe's multiple comparison procedure was used to separate the means. Symbols with the same letter are not statistically different.

openmpl-2.0Oct 2024View details →

Given Name Prevalence for Cumulative Gender Analysis

This dataset contains the 15000 most prominent given names from Wikidata and with their calculated prevalent gender based of the genders assigned to the people in Wikidata that have those names. As well as the software components and introduction to produce an updated version of this dataset at a later point. Within the description of the TETTRIs Task 3.2 "Automatic mapping of taxonomic expertise", it is stated that for the various expert groups gender balance should be one of the factors to profile for. Since the analysis on the various groups should be done automatically, it is necessary to estimate the gender balance of a group without manual curation. One approach that we are considering is to do this estimate based on the given names of the identified experts. This repository lays the ground work for such an approach. This is clearly a heuristical approach. The data from this repository is not to be used to assess the gender of any individual, but only to determine the gender balance amongst a group of people with room for statistical errors . We are aware that this approach relies on many oversimplifications as well as biases in the underlying data and some of those biases and oversimplifications are addressed in the file README.md, included in the data set.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Annexes to the EFSA external scientific report "Proposed prospective scenarios for cumulative risk assessment of pesticide residues"

In the context of prospective cumulative risk assessment of pesticides, different options and scenarios for a tiered approach were investigated by means of 15 case studies for the cumulative assessment group associated with an effect on the motor division of the nervous system (CAG-NAM) and 15 case studies for the cumulative assessment group associated with an effect on hypothyroidism (CAG-TCF) (doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2021.EN-6811). The results of the prospective exposure calculations are reported in the following annexes: Annex A: Acute exposure calculations - CAG-NAM Annex B: Chronic exposure calculations - CAG-TCF Annex C: Results supporting the discussion on prospective acute scenarios - CAG-NAM Annex D: Results supporting the discussion on prospective chronic scenarios - CAG-TCF The case studies reported above also include fictitious data, which were included for assessing the relevance of the various parameters in these calculations. The results of these case studies do not represent real estimates of exposure or risk, nor do they represent the formal outcome of a risk assessment.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Text-fig. 1. Result of cumulative random counting of MN 5 localities in central Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. Ten simulations were run for each area. a. Results of the count including the average in bold, showing the clearly lower diversity in IB. b. The average lines standardized, showing similar patterns in the two areas. Note that in the simulation around thirty localities were needed to capture 80 % of the regional diversity. in Generically Speaking, A Survey On Neogene Rodent Diversity At The Genus Level In The Now Database

Text-fig. 1. Result of cumulative random counting of MN 5 localities in central Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. Ten simulations were run for each area. a. Results of the count including the average in bold, showing the clearly lower diversity in IB. b. The average lines standardized, showing similar patterns in the two areas. Note that in the simulation around thirty localities were needed to capture 80 % of the regional diversity.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2023View details →

Cumulative and average bottom trawling fishing hours in the Mediterranean Sea for the period 2015-2022

An enhanced  version of the R4AIS workflow (Galdelli et al., 2021) was used to process T-AIS data, with a poll frequency of 5 min, of fishing vessels operating in the Mediterranean Sea during 8 years (2015-2022). Data of vessels categorized as bottom trawlers were aggregated to obtain cumulative (fahs) and average (mfahs) fishing hours by fishing category at 0.1° and 0.5° resolution. Maps of bottom trawling fishing activity were created for four main areas at 0.1° (Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Balearic Sea and Levantine Sea) and at 0.5° for the Mediterranean basin.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2023View details →

Cumulative and average fishing hours in the Mediterranean, Black and North-east Atlantic for the period 2015-2020

Fishing effort data publicly accessible thought the Global Fishing Watch (GFW) site (GFW, 2022) have been used to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of fishing activities in a wide area (Latitude: 30.7°N - 66°N; Longitude: 14.4°W - 41.9°E). Daily fishing effort data by flag state and vessel class at 0.01° resolution, from 2015 to 2020, have been filtered and aggregated to obtain fishing effort information of six main gear categories. Categories were created by aggregation of the following vessel classes: fixed gears (pots and traps, set longlines, set gillnets and fixed gear), purse seines (purse seines, tuna purse seines and other purse seines), trawlers (trawlers), drifting longlines (drifting longlines), dredge (dredge fishing) and other (pole and line, fishing, trollers, seiners, other seines and squid jigger). Data were aggregated to obtain cumulative (fahs) and average (mfahs) fishing hours by fishing category at 0.1° and 0.5° resolution. Maps of fishing activity for each gear have been created for eight main areas at 0.1° (Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Balearic Sea, Baltic Sea, Bay of Biscay, Black Sea, Levantine Sea and North Sea) and at Mediterranean and Atlantic level at 0.5°. The dataset presented includes for each gear spatial layers of the cumulative and average fishing hours at 0.1° and 0.5° resolution (.shp; .csv) and maps of each case study area.

publicDec 2024View details →

Data: Cumulative heat stress in fluctuating temperatures and implications for the distribution of freshwater fish

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publicFeb 2021View details →

Data from: Social network architecture and the tempo of cumulative cultural evolution

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publicMay 2022View details →

X-ray imaging of 30 year old wine grape wood reveals cumulative impacts of rootstocks on scion secondary growth and harvest index

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